Posterior reversible encephalopathy as the first manifestation of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis

Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis Presenting With Negative Anti-GM1 and Anti-GQ1B Antibodies

A woman in her 60s initially presented with rapid-onset left-sided hemiparesis with later development of slurred speech and left-sided facial droop. Despite ruling out common causes, her condition rapidly progressed with the development of bilateral proximal weakness, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and pyramidal signs eventually leading to a cardiorespiratory arrest. Extensive investigations, including computerised tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lumbar puncture (LP), were negative for infectious or vascular aetiologies. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) revealed severe peripheral nerve damage, and despite a provisional diagnosis of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), the clinical picture aligned more with Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis (BBE) given the central nervous system (CNS) involvement, despite negative anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1b autoantibodies. Treatment involved ventilatory support, immunoglobulins, and steroids. This case report describes a rare and challenging presentation of BBE and reminds clinicians to have a systematic approach to a patient presenting with rapid onset neurological symptoms and that BBE is a clinical diagnosis.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, a clinically diverse and challenging disorder

The characterizing features of Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are broad and diverse, making early recognition and diagnosis challenging tasks. To illustrate the heterogeneous nature of PRES, we present three cases and discuss their clinical and radiological presentation.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome: Case report and clinical management considerations

Around half of the patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) present autonomic dysfunction requiring admission to intensive care unit in up to a quarter of patients. Treatment of GBS consists of plasma exchange (PE) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) consists in a reversible subcortical vasogenic brain edema caused by endothelial damage triggered by abrupt blood pressure changes. We report on a woman who presented with PRES in the course of GBS treated first with IVIG, and then with PE. The present report underlines the challenge that the clinicians face when these two rare syndromes concur. The literature is not helpful considering that both blood pressure fluctuations and IVIG are reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of PRES. In the present letter, both pathogenic mechanisms and clinical management considerations are discussed.