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Farnes N, Jacobsen HB, Stubhaug A, Vambheim SM. H-coil repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not improve executive function in patients with chronic peripheral neuropathic pain: a randomized sham-controlled crossover study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1401008. [PMID: 39086728 PMCID: PMC11288963 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1401008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deep rTMS is an increasingly popular noninvasive brain stimulation technique which has shown promise for treating cognitive impairments. However, few studies have investigated the cognitive effects it could exert in patients with chronic peripheral neuropathic pain. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of deep rTMS on executive functioning in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Methods In total, 17 patients were randomly assigned to receive both active and sham deep H-coil rTMS targeting the primary motor cortex. Each treatment period consisted of five daily rTMS sessions. Selected tests of executive functioning from the CANTAB test battery (paired associates learning, stop signal task, spatial working memory and multitasking test) were performed at baseline, and at 1 week and 3 weeks follow-ups. Results We did not find any significant interactions between time and treatment for the measures of executive functioning for the patient group, or for patients with reduced cognition compared to normative means. Conclusion High-frequency deep H-coil rTMS targeting the hand area of the primary motor cortex and delivered over 5 consecutive days did not improve executive functioning in patients with chronic peripheral neuropathic pain. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05488808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Farnes
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik B. Jacobsen
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Mind Body Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Stubhaug
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara M. Vambheim
- Department of Pain Management and Research, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Li Y, Hu Y, Pozzato I, Arora M, Schoffl J, McBain C, Middleton J, Craig A. Efficacy of Interventions to Improve Cognitive Function in Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38623777 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common complication following spinal cord injury (SCI) and imposes a significant negative impact on adjustment, functional independence, physical and mental health, and quality of life. It is unclear whether interventions for cognitive impairment following SCI are effective. A systematic review of controlled trials was performed to evaluate the effect of interventions on cognitive functions in adults with SCI using search engines: Embase, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, and Web of Science up to December 2023. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, and study findings were synthesized and summarized. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Eight moderate-quality studies were found that investigated the effects of physical exercise/activity-based therapy plus cognitive training or intermittent hypoxia, diet modification and dietary supplements, tibial nerve or cortical stimulation, and drug therapy on cognitive function in SCI. Physical exercise/activity-based therapy plus cognitive training showed most promise for improving cognitive functions, while drug therapy, diet modification, and dietary supplements showed potential for improving cognitive function. However, about half of the participants experienced heightened instability in blood pressure following the administration of midodrine, and one participant reported gastrointestinal side effects after taking omega-3 fatty acids. There was no evidence of improvement in cognitive function for stimulation techniques. The current review highlights the scarcity of research investigating the effectiveness of interventions that target cognitive function after SCI. Further, the effects of these eight studies are uncertain due to concerns about the quality of designs and small sample sizes utilized in the trials, as well as the employment of insensitive neurocognitive tests when applied to adults with SCI. This review highlights a significant gap in knowledge related to SCI cognitive rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yule Hu
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ilaria Pozzato
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohit Arora
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob Schoffl
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Candice McBain
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Middleton
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashley Craig
- John Walsh Centre Rehabilitation Research, The Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Raffaeli W, Felzani G, Tenti M, Greco L, D’Eramo MP, Proietti S, Morone G. A Nutritional Supplement as Adjuvant of Gabapentinoids for Adults with Neuropathic Pain following Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke: Preliminary Results. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2563. [PMID: 37761760 PMCID: PMC10531277 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentinoids are first choice drugs for central neuropathic pain (CNP) despite limited evidence of efficacy and side effects affecting therapy outcomes. Nutraceuticals could improve their efficacy and tolerability. Our aim is to investigate the effect of NACVAN®, in addition to gabapentinoids, on pain symptomatology in CNP patients. The effect of 6 weeks of treatment of NACVAN® was preliminary observed among 29 adult inpatients with spinal cord injury (SCI) or stroke-related CNP recruited to the experimental group. Pain intensity, neuropathic pain, and quality-of-life were measured at baseline (T0) and after 3 (T1) and 6 weeks (T2). Change in each outcome over time was assessed through a repeated measures analysis of variance or Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. Preliminary results show a significant reduction in pain intensity (T0 → T1, p = 0.021; T0 → T2, p = 0.011; T1 → T2, p = 0.46), neuropathic symptoms (T0 → T1, p = 0.024; T0 → T2, p = 0.003), and evoked pain (T0 → T2, p = 0.048). There were no significant reductions in other neuropathic pain dimensions and in quality-of-life components. No side-effects were detected. NACVAN® could have a beneficial adjuvant effect when used as an add-on to gabapentinoids in patients suffering from CNP due to SCI or stroke, with no adverse effect. Future analysis on a larger sample, compared with a placebo condition, could confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Raffaeli
- ISAL Foundation, Institute for Research on Pain, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | | | - Michael Tenti
- ISAL Foundation, Institute for Research on Pain, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Luca Greco
- San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, 67039 Sulmona, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Proietti
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morone
- San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, 67039 Sulmona, Italy
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Han K, Liu J, Tang Z, Su W, Liu Y, Lu H, Zhang H. Effects of excitatory transcranial magnetic stimulation over the different cerebral hemispheres dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1102311. [PMID: 37260845 PMCID: PMC10228699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a significant health concern. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is considered a promising rehabilitation therapy for improving cognition, and the effects of excitatory TMS on PSCI have received much attention in recent years. However, the effects of different cerebral hemispheres on excitatory TMS treatment of cognitive impairment have not been studied. This review aimed to study the effects of excitatory TMS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of different cerebral hemispheres on the cognitive function of patients with PSCI. Methods Literature published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Wiley from inception to September 30, 2022, were searched. Two researchers independently performed literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Furthermore, we conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan software (version 5.4) and rated the strength of evidence using GRADEpro. Results A total of 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that excitatory TMS over the left hemisphere DLPFC was significantly better in improving global cognition (SMD = 2.26, 95% CI 1.67-2.86, P < 0.00001; vs. SMD = 2.53, 95% CI 1.86-3.20, P < 0.00001), memory (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI 0.72-1.87, P < 0.0001), attention (SMD = 2.32, 95% CI 1.64-3.01, P < 0.00001), executive (SMD = 0.64, 95% CI 0.21-1.07, P = 0.004), P300 latency (SMD = 2.69, 95% CI 2.13-3.25, P < 0.00001), and depression (SMD = 0.95, 95% CI 0.26-1.63, P = 0.007) than that of the control group, but the effect on improving activities of daily living (ADL) was unclear (P = 0.03 vs. P = 0.17). Subgroup analysis further showed that excitatory TMS over the right hemisphere DLPFC was effective in improving the global cognition of PSCI patients (P < 0.00001), but the stimulation effect over the ipsilateral hemisphere DLPFC was unclear (P = 0.11 vs. P = 0.003). Additionally, excitatory TMS over the ipsilateral hemisphere DLPFC showed no statistical difference in improving ADL between the two groups (P = 0.25). Conclusions Compared to other hemispheric sides, excitatory TMS over the left hemisphere DLPFC was a more effective stimulation area, which can significantly improved the global cognitive function, memory, attention, executive, P300 latency, and depression in patients with PSCI. There was no apparent therapeutic effect on improving activities of daily living (ADL). In the future, more randomized controlled trials with large-sample, high quality, and follow-up are necessary to explore a usable protocol further. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022369096.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Han
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajie Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqing Tang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Su
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Lu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Bo'ai Hospital, Beijing, China
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ju P, Zhao D, Zhu C, Zheng Y, Peng S, Wu H, Yang B, Yi Z, Yuan T, Chen J. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Potential Approach for Digital Pain Management in Patients with Psychotic Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:89-93. [PMID: 35836055 PMCID: PMC9849504 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Ju
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhu
- Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Department of Pain Management, HuaDong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Shiyu Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Haisu Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Beibei Yang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China.
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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Yang Y, Zhang Q, Yang J, Wang Y, Zhuang K, Zhao C. Possible Association of Nucleobindin-1 Protein with Depressive Disorder in Patients with HIV Infection. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091151. [PMID: 36138887 PMCID: PMC9496684 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mental disorders linked with dysfunction in the temporal cortex, such as anxiety and depression, can increase the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWHA). Expressions of both nucleobindin 1 (NUCB1) and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) in the neurons have been found to alter in patients with depressive disorder, but whether it is involved in the development of depression in the context of HIV infection is unknown. Objectives To investigate the effects of NUCB1 on depressive disorder among PLWHA and preliminarily explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Individuals who were newly HIV diagnosed were assessed on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS). Then SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys were used to investigate the possible involvement of the NUCB1 and the CNR1 protein in depression-like behavior. Results: The prevalence rate of depression among PLWHA was 27.33% (41/150). The mechanism results showing elevated NUCB1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-infected patients suffering from depression were confirmed compared to those of HIV-infected patients. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analysis indicated the expression of NUCB1 in the temporal cortex neurons of SHIV-infected monkeys was higher than that of the healthy control. Conversely, CNR1 expression was down-regulated at protein levels. Conclusions: Depression symptoms are common among PLWHA and associate with NUCB1 expression increases, and NUCB1 may be a potential target for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jing Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Changcheng Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (C.Z.)
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7
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Kalkhoran AK, Alipour MR, Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin M, Zangbar HS, Shahabi P. Intersection of hippocampus and spinal cord: a focus on the hippocampal alpha-synuclein accumulation, dopaminergic receptors, neurogenesis, and cognitive function following spinal cord injury in male rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:44. [PMID: 35820831 PMCID: PMC9277791 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), innumerable inflammatory and degenerative fluctuations appear in the injured site, and even remotely in manifold areas of the brain. Howbeit, inflammatory, degenerative, and oscillatory changes of motor cortices have been demonstrated to be due to SCI, according to recent studies confirming the involvement of cognitive areas of the brain, such as hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Therefore, addressing SCI induced cognitive complications via different sights can be contributory in the treatment approaches. Results Herein, we used 16 male Wistar rats (Sham = 8, SCI = 8). Immunohistochemical results revealed that spinal cord contusion significantly increases the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and decreases the expression of Doublecortin (DCX) in the hippocampal regions like Cornu Ammonis1 (CA1) and Dentate Gyrus (DG). Theses degenerative manifestations were parallel with a low expression of Achaete-Scute Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1 (ASCL1), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and dopaminergic receptors (D1 and D5). Additionally, based on the TUNEL assay analysis, SCI significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in the CA1 and DG regions. Cognitive function of the animals was assessed, using the O-X maze and Novel Object Recognition (NORT); the obtained findings indicted that after SCI, hippocampal neurodegeneration significantly coincides with the impairment of learning, memory and recognition capability of the injured animals. Conclusions Based on the obtained findings, herein SCI reduces neurogenesis, decreases the expression of D1 and D5, and increases apoptosis in the hippocampus, which are all associated with cognitive function deficits. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Karimzadeh Kalkhoran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, East Azarbayjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, East Azarbayjan, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, East Azarbayjan, Iran.
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 51666-14766, East Azarbayjan, Iran.
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New updates on transcranial magnetic stimulation in chronic pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2022; 16:65-70. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) on cognition. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135906. [PMID: 33892000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a modern non-invasive brain stimulation method demonstrated as effective in the treatment of major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This review aims to survey present knowledge concerning the cognitive function changes identified in dTMS research. A systematic literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed and 23 out of 64 studies on dTMS and cognitive functioning were included in the review. Ten studies were conducted with patients with affective disorders, six with healthy participants, two with schizophrenia patients, two with OCD patients, and one study each with patients suffering from central neuropathic pain, autistic disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The best outcomes were obtained after 20 sessions of high-frequency dTMS with OCD patients, where, in addition to clinical improvement, patients showed amelioration of cognitive functions, specifically in cognitive control domains. The studies on patients with depression appear to show inconsistent results, from cognitive improvement in open-label studies to no improvement versus sham dTMS in controlled trials. Experimental research in healthy volunteers suggests an influence of dTMS on memory and self-agency, and also contain contradictory results. Most studies did not demonstrate a significant improvement in cognitive functioning. However, randomized sham-controlled trials with larger groups of medication-free patients and inclusion of functional imaging or electrophysiological recording connected with dTMS application are necessary for more detailed and confident conclusions concerning the effect of dTMS on cognitive functions.
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Li F, Huo S, Song W. Multidimensional review of cognitive impairment after spinal cord injury. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:37-46. [PMID: 32989706 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is highly prevalent in the population with spinal cord injury (SCI) and exerts a significant impact on functional independence and quality of life in this population. A number of neuroscientists have conducted preliminary investigations of cognitive deficits after SCI, but achieved marginally contradictory results due to some limitations such as the heterogeneity in the sample population, sample size, types of tests utilized, study design, and time since SCI. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the characteristics, assessments, potential causality and treatment of cognitive impairment for better understanding such deficits in the SCI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Chang Chun Street, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Huo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Chang Chun Street, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqun Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Chang Chun Street, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
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