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Zhang T, Zhang B, Tian W, Wei Y, Wang F, Yin X, Wei X, Liu J, Tang X. Trends in gastroesophageal reflux disease research: A bibliometric and visualized study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:994534. [PMID: 36250094 PMCID: PMC9556905 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.994534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a disorder resulting from the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the esophagus, affects an estimated 10-30% of the Western population, which is characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis. Over the past few decades, there have been many aspects of uncertainty regarding GERD leading to an ongoing interest in the field as reflected by a large number of publications, whose heterogeneity and variable quality may present a challenge for researchers to measure their scientific impact, identify scientific collaborations, and to grasp actively researched themes in the GERD field. Accordingly, we aim to evaluate the knowledge structure, evolution of research themes, and emerging topics of GERD research between 2012 and 2022 with the help of bibliometric approaches. Methods The literature focusing on GERD from 2012 to 2022 was retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. The overall publication performance, the most prolific countries or regions, authors, journals and resources-, knowledge- and intellectual-networking, as well as the co-citation analysis of references and keywords, were analyzed through Microsoft Office Excel 2019, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. Results A total of 8,964 publications were included in the study. The USA published the most articles (3,204, 35.74%). Mayo Clin ranked first in the number of articles published (201, 2.24%). EDOARDO SAVARINO was the most productive author (86, 0.96%). The most productive journal in this field was SURGICAL ENDOSCOPY AND OTHER INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES (304, 3.39%). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY had the most co-citations (4,953, 3.30%). Keywords with the ongoing strong citation bursts were transoral incision less fundoplication, eosinophilic esophagitis, baseline impedance, and functional heartburn. Conclusion For the first time, we obtained deep insights into GERD research through bibliometric analysis. Findings in this study will be helpful for scholars seeking to understand essential information in this field and identify research frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Tian
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Yin
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Thorne LS, Rochford G, Williams TD, Southam AD, Rodriguez-Blanco G, Dunn WB, Hodges NJ. Cytoglobin protects cancer cells from apoptosis by regulation of mitochondrial cardiolipin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:985. [PMID: 33441751 PMCID: PMC7806642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin is important in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma but the molecular and cellular basis remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we develop a new cell model to study the function of cytoglobin in oral squamous carcinoma and response to cisplatin. Transcriptomic profiling showed cytoglobin mediated changes in expression of genes related to stress response, redox metabolism, mitochondrial function, cell adhesion, and fatty acid metabolism. Cellular and biochemical studies show that cytoglobin expression results in changes to phenotype associated with cancer progression including: increased cellular proliferation, motility and cell cycle progression. Cytoglobin also protects cells from cisplatin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress with levels of the antioxidant glutathione increased and total and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels reduced. The mechanism of cisplatin resistance involved inhibition of caspase 9 activation and cytoglobin protected mitochondria from oxidative stress-induced fission. To understand the mechanism behind these phenotypic changes we employed lipidomic analysis and demonstrate that levels of the redox sensitive and apoptosis regulating cardiolipin are significantly up-regulated in cells expressing cytoglobin. In conclusion, our data shows that cytoglobin expression results in important phenotypic changes that could be exploited by cancer cells in vivo to facilitate disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna S Thorne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Garret Rochford
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Timothy D Williams
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew D Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Giovanny Rodriguez-Blanco
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Ramos-Martín F, D’Amelio N. Molecular Basis of the Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties of CecropinXJ Peptide: An In Silico Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E691. [PMID: 33445613 PMCID: PMC7826669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an aggressive lethal malignancy causing thousands of deaths every year. While current treatments have poor outcomes, cecropinXJ (CXJ) is one of the very few peptides with demonstrated in vivo activity. The great interest in CXJ stems from its low toxicity and additional activity against most ESKAPE bacteria and fungi. Here, we present the first study of its mechanism of action based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and sequence-property alignment. Although unstructured in solution, predictions highlight the presence of two helices separated by a flexible hinge containing P24 and stabilized by the interaction of W2 with target biomembranes: an amphipathic helix-I and a poorly structured helix-II. Both MD and sequence-property alignment point to the important role of helix I in both the activity and the interaction with biomembranes. MD reveals that CXJ interacts mainly with phosphatidylserine (PS) but also with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) headgroups, both found in the outer leaflet of cancer cells, while salt bridges with phosphate moieties are prevalent in bacterial biomimetic membranes composed of PE, phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL). The antibacterial activity of CXJ might also explain its interaction with mitochondria, whose phospholipid composition recalls that of bacteria and its capability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Nicola D’Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
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Liu G, Zhao Y, Chen H, Jia J, Cheng X, Wang F, Ji Q, Thorne RF, Chen S, Liu X. Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in a Chinese Cohort of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:3783-3793. [PMID: 32328183 PMCID: PMC7171491 DOI: 10.7150/jca.40850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading malignancy in China with both high incidence and mortality. Towards improving outcomes, clinically-relevant biomarkers are urgently needed for use as prognostic and treatment targets. Herein we applied RNA-seq for deep sequencing of ten matched pairs of ESCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (NT) from Chinese patients. Transcriptomic data mapped to approximately 64% of all annotated genes with 2,047 and 708 unigenes being differentially up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, between ESCCs and NT samples (p<0.05). Dividing cases by pathological grade revealed significant differentially expressed genes (DEG) between ESCC and NT in both low and high differentiation cases (p<0.05) whereas gene expression differences were not significantly different between high and low differentiation ESCC tissues (p=0.053). Moreover, the majority of ESCC and NT tissues formed clusters in principal component analyses. The veracity of the DEG list was validated in a larger cohort of 45 patient samples, with down-regulated CLIC3, up-regulated CLIC4 and unchanged expression of CLIC2 confirmed in ESCC using quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Our data reveal both previously identified ESCC biomarkers along with novel candidates and represent a ready resource of DEGs in ESCC for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huili Chen
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Jinru Jia
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Xiaomin Cheng
- Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Song Chen
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an, 223005, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Biology Department, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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Grewal US, Randhawa MS, Mehta A. Role of Mitochondrial Markers in Improved Detection and Risk-Stratification in Barrett's Esophagus Patients. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:533-539. [PMID: 31543714 PMCID: PMC6747936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and is amenable to treatment. However, more than 90 percent of EAC patients are never diagnosed with antecedent BE. Identification of molecular markers for BE is needed to improve detection of BE through efficient non-endoscopic methods that are cost-effective, sensitive and can be used to cater to a larger group of the population at risk. Alterations in mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA have been shown to be associated with various cancers, including esophageal cancer. Mitochondrial response to oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial genetic mutations have been found to be associated with BE pathogenesis. This mini-review focuses on the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of BE and EAC and the prospects of using that knowledge to develop effective strategies for the improved detection and risk-stratification in BE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhayvir S. Grewal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Udhayvir S. Grewal, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Tel: 216-482-9379;
| | | | - Aryan Mehta
- Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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O'Farrell NJ, Phelan JJ, Feighery R, Doyle B, Picardo SL, Ravi N, O'Toole D, Reynolds JV, O'Sullivan J. Differential Expression Profiles of Oxidative Stress Levels, 8-oxo-dG and 4-HNE, in Barrett's Esophagus Compared to Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184449. [PMID: 31509954 PMCID: PMC6770156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett’s esophagus (BE), a chronic inflammatory condition, is the leading risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In inflammation to cancer pathways, oxidative stress profiles have been linked to cancer progression. However, the relevance of oxidative stress profiles along the BE-disease sequence remains to be elucidated. In this study, markers of oxidative stress; DNA adducts (8-oxo-dG) and lipoperoxidation (4-HNE), and markers of proliferation (Ki67) were measured in patient biopsies representing the BE-disease sequence. Differences in expression of these markers in Barrett’s patients with cancer-progression and non-progression were examined. Proliferation was reduced in Barrett’s specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM) compared with EAC (p < 0.035). Correcting for cell proliferation levels, a confounding factor, linked to oxidative stress profiles, SIM demonstrated increased levels of 8-oxo-dG and 4-HNE (p < 0.05) compared with EAC. Longitudinal analysis of Barrett’s patients demonstrated decreased levels of 8-oxo-dG in SIM cancer progression (p < 0.05). BE is an environment of increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Patients with progressive disease demonstrated reduced oxidative stress levels in 8-oxo-dG. Perhaps these alterations facilitate Barrett’s progression, whereas in non-progressive disease, cells follow the rules of increased oxidative stress ultimately triggers cell apoptosis, thereby preventing propagation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoimh J O'Farrell
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - James J Phelan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ronan Feighery
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Brendan Doyle
- Department of Histopathology, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Picardo
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Narayanasamy Ravi
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Dermot O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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7
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Samuels TL, Altman KW, Gould JC, Kindel T, Bosler M, MacKinnon A, Hagen CE, Johnston N. Esophageal pepsin and proton pump synthesis in barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:2687-2695. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth W. Altman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Jon C. Gould
- Department of SurgeryMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Tammy Kindel
- Department of SurgeryMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | - Matthew Bosler
- Department of SurgeryMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication SciencesMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMedical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Ji Q, Cheng X, Ding Y, Geng H, Zhao Y, Liu G, Liu X. Association of mitochondrial DNA mutations with Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) by analyzing the whole mitochondrial DNA genomes. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1619493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ji
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Cheng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yinan Ding
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Huiwu Geng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R. China
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9
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Cytoglobin affects tumorigenesis and the expression of ulcerative colitis-associated genes under chemically induced colitis in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6905. [PMID: 29720595 PMCID: PMC5931983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a member of the hemoglobin family and is thought to protect against cellular hypoxia and oxidative stress. These functions may be particularly important in inflammation-induced cancer, e.g., in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we investigated the development of inflammation and tumors in a murine model of inflammation-induced colorectal cancer using a combined treatment of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. A bioinformatics analysis of genome-wide expression data revealed increased colonic inflammation at the molecular level accompanied by enhanced macroscopic tumor development in Cygb-deficient mice. Moreover, the expression of the UC-associated gene neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 4 (Nxpe4) depended on the presence of Cygb in the inflamed colonic mucosa. Compared to wild type mice, RT-qPCR confirmed a 14-fold (p = 0.0003) decrease in Nxpe4 expression in the inflamed colonic mucosa from Cygb-deficient mice. An analysis of Cygb protein expression suggested that Cygb is expressed in fibroblast-like cells surrounding the colonic crypts. Histological examinations of early induced lesions suggested that the effect of Cygb is primarily at the level of tumor promotion. In conclusion, in this model, Cygb primarily seemed to inhibit the development of established microadenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur 30322, GA, USA.
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