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Kushwaha PP, Verma S, Kumar S, Gupta S. Role of prostate cancer stem-like cells in the development of antiandrogen resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:459-471. [PMID: 35800367 PMCID: PMC9255247 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2022.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care treatment for advance stage prostate cancer. Treatment with ADT develops resistance in multiple ways leading to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Present research establishes that prostate cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) play a central role in the development of treatment resistance followed by disease progression. Prostate CSCs are capable of self-renewal, differentiation, and regenerating tumor heterogeneity. The stemness properties in prostate CSCs arise due to various factors such as androgen receptor mutation and variants, epigenetic and genetic modifications leading to alteration in the tumor microenvironment, changes in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and adaptations in molecular signaling pathways. ADT reprograms prostate tumor cellular machinery leading to the expression of various stem cell markers such as Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A1 (ALDH1A1), Prominin 1 (PROM1/CD133), Indian blood group (CD44), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (Sox2), POU Class 5 Homeobox 1(POU5F1/Oct4), Nanog and ABC transporters. These markers indicate enhanced self-renewal and stemness stimulating CRPC evolution, metastatic colonization, and resistance to antiandrogens. In this review, we discuss the role of ADT in prostate CSCs differentiation and acquisition of CRPC, their isolation, identification and characterization, as well as the factors and pathways contributing to CSCs expansion and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash Kushwaha
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shiv Verma
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,The Urology Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Divison of General Medical Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Alsamraae M, Cook LM. Emerging roles for myeloid immune cells in bone metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:413-425. [PMID: 33855680 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, especially bone metastasis, is a major cause of cancer-related deaths, which is associated with long-term pain due to skeletal-related events and poor quality of life. Tumor cells alter the bone microenvironment through aberrant activation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts which induces bone osteolysis and release of growth factors leading to cancer growth. Though this phenomenon has been well characterized, bone-targeted therapies have shown little improvement in patient survival. Recent evidence indicates a growing appreciation for the complex bone environment, in addition to bone-remodeling stromal cells, which includes an abundance of myeloid immune cells that can either protect against or contribute to the progression of the disease within the bone cavity. Additionally, myeloid cells are recruited into primary tumor sites, where they promote development of the pre-metastatic niche and also can regulate tumor progression within the tumor-bone microenvironment through a milieu of complex mechanisms and involving heterogeneous myeloid populations. In this review, we have highlighted the complex roles of myeloid immunity in bone metastasis and hope to bring attention to the potential of novel immunotherapeutic interventions for the elimination of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massar Alsamraae
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA. .,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Johnson BM, Radwan FFY, Hossain A, Doonan BP, Hathaway-Schrader JD, God JM, Voelkel-Johnson CV, Banik NL, Reddy SV, Haque A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagic and apoptotic cell death, and immune activation by a natural triterpenoid in human prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:6264-6276. [PMID: 30378157 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Though the current therapies are effective at clearing an early stage prostate cancer, they often fail to treat late-stage metastatic disease. We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of a natural triterpenoid, ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM), on two human prostate cancer cell lines: the androgen-independent prostate carcinoma (PC-3), and androgen-sensitive prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP). Cell viability assay showed that GA-DM was relatively more toxic to LNCaP cells than to PC-3 cells (IC50 s ranged 45-55 µM for PC-3, and 20-25 µM for LNCaP), which may have occurred due to differential expression of p53. Hoechst DNA staining confirmed detectable nuclear fragmentation in both cell lines irrespective of the p53 status. GA-DM treatment decreased Bcl-2 proteins while it upregulated apoptotic Bax and autophagic Beclin-1, Atg5, and LC-3 molecules, and caused an induction of both early and late events of apoptotic cell death. Biochemical analyses of GA-DM-treated prostate cancer cells demonstrated that caspase-3 cleavage was notable in GA-DM-treated PC-3 cells. Interestingly, GA-DM treatment altered cell cycle progression in the S phase with a significant growth arrest in the G2 checkpoint and enhanced CD4 + T cell recognition of prostate tumor cells. Mechanistic study of GA-DM-treated prostate cancer cells further demonstrated that calpain activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to cell death. These findings suggest that GA-DM is a candidate for future drug design for prostate cancer as it activates multiple pathways of cell death and immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Faisal F Y Radwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Bently P Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jason M God
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Christina V Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Narendra L Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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