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Davoodvandi A, Fallahi F, Tamtaji OR, Tajiknia V, Banikazemi Z, Fathizadeh H, Abbasi-Kolli M, Aschner M, Ghandali M, Sahebkar A, Taghizadeh M, Mirzaei H. An Update on the Effects of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680400. [PMID: 34992527 PMCID: PMC8724544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their increasing prevalence, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are regarded as an important global health challenge. Microorganisms residing in the human GI tract, termed gut microbiota, encompass a large number of living organisms. The role of the gut in the regulation of the gut-mediated immune responses, metabolism, absorption of micro- and macro-nutrients and essential vitamins, and short-chain fatty acid production, and resistance to pathogens has been extensively investigated. In the past few decades, it has been shown that microbiota imbalance is associated with the susceptibility to various chronic disorders, such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psychiatric disorders, and various types of cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that oral administration of various strains of probiotics can protect against cancer development. Furthermore, clinical investigations suggest that probiotic administration in cancer patients decreases the incidence of postoperative inflammation. The present review addresses the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action of probiotics against GI cancers. The safety of the most commercial probiotic strains has been confirmed, and therefore these strains can be used as adjuvant or neo-adjuvant treatments for cancer prevention and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, well-designed clinical studies are still needed for a better understanding of the properties and mechanisms of action of probiotic strains in mitigating GI cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fallahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan Faculty of Medicine Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Fu X, Li Y, Gao S, Lv Y. Selective recognition of tumor cells by molecularly imprinted polymers. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2483-2495. [PMID: 33835702 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers, developed 50 years ago, have garnered enormous attention as receptor-like materials. Lately, molecularly imprinted polymers have been employed as a specific target tool in favor of cancer diagnosis and therapy by the selective recognition of tumor cells. Although the molecular imprinting technology has been well-innovated recently, the cell still remains the most challenging target for imprinting. In this review, we summarize the advances in the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers suitable for the selective recognition of tumor cells. Through a sustained effort, three strategies have been developed including peptide-imprinting, polysaccharide-imprinting, and whole-cell imprinting, which have resulted in inspiring applications in effective cancer diagnosis and therapy. The major challenges and perspectives on the further directions related to the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers were also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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Calaf GM, Bleak TC, Roy D. Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:24. [PMID: 33649804 PMCID: PMC7905528 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is a multistep process that may be induced by a variety of compounds. Environmental substances, such as pesticides, have been associated with different human diseases. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are among the most commonly used insecticides. Despite the fact that organophosphorus has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly hormone-mediated cancer, few prospective studies have examined the use of individual insecticides. Reported results have demonstrated that OPs and estrogen induce a cascade of events indicative of the transformation of human breast epithelial cells. In vitro studies analyzing an immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line may provide us with an approach to analyzing cell transformation under the effects of OPs in the presence of estrogen. The results suggested hormone-mediated effects of these insecticides on the risk of cancer among women. It can be concluded that, through experimental models, the initiation of cancer can be studied by analyzing the steps that transform normal breast cells to malignant ones through certain substances, such as pesticides and estrogen. Such substances cause genomic instability, and therefore tumor formation in the animal, and signs of carcinogenesis in vitro. Cancer initiation has been associated with an increase in genomic instability, indicated by the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes in the presence of malathion, parathion, and estrogen. In the present study, a comprehensive summary of the impact of OPs in human and rat breast cancer, specifically their effects on the cell cycle, signaling pathways linked to epidermal growth factor, drug metabolism, and genomic instability in an MCF-10F estrogen receptor-negative breast cell line is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Tammy C Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
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Clinical relevance of H-RAS, K-RAS, and N-RAS mRNA expression in primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 179:403-414. [PMID: 31646390 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The RAS family comprises three proto-oncogenes (H-RAS, K-RAS, and N-RAS) and is among the most widely studied of oncogenes. The present study aimed at investigating the clinical relevance of mRNA levels of the three isoforms in a large group of breast cancer patients with a long-term follow-up. METHODS 198 previously untreated patients were enrolled in the study. mRNA levels of K-RAS, H-RAS, and N-RAS were measured using microarray (Affymetrix HG-U133A). RESULTS Elevated H-RAS levels were found significantly more frequently in patients with larger (p = 0.021) and ER-positive tumors (p = 0.048), while elevated K-RAS levels were associated with nodal positivity (p = 0.001) and HER2-positivity (p = 0.010). Patients with high N-RAS mRNA levels were more likely to be diagnosed with triple-negativity (p < 0.001) and higher grading (p = 0.001). Patients with high K-RAS levels were more likely to show an elevated H-RAS (p = 0.003). After a median follow-up of 183 months, patients with high N-RAS expression had significantly reduced overall survival (OS) compared with patients with low N-RAS (mean: 146.9 vs. 211.0 months; median 169.3 vs. not reached; p = 0.009). In patients with non-metastatic disease at the time of tissue sampling, mean disease-free survival (DFS) was 150.1 months for patients with high N-RAS versus 227.7 months with low N-RAS; median DFS was not reached (p = 0.004). The expression of H-RAS and K-RAS was not associated with DFS/OS. In the multivariable analysis, distant metastasis, HER2 positivity, and elevated N-RAS mRNA levels independently predicted reduced OS, while nodal status, HER2 status, and N-RAS predicted reduced DFS. CONCLUSIONS Elevated N-RAS mRNA levels predict impaired clinical outcome; hypothetically, further exploration of the RAS signaling pathway might enable identifying potential targeted treatment strategies. The association between high N-RAS levels and the most aggressive among breast cancer subtypes, the triple-negative phenotype, for which targeted approaches are still lacking, underlines the need to further investigate the RAS family.
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The prognostic relevance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in the blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2318. [PMID: 30783124 PMCID: PMC6381129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer (BC), elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in tumor tissue have been confirmed as a strong prognostic factor in level-of-evidence-1 studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of uPA levels in serum of metastatic BC patients and to compare uPA with other blood-based biomarkers. 252 patients were enrolled in this prospective, multicentre study. Blood samples were collected before begin of first-line or later-line systemic treatment. Serum uPA was quantified by a commercially available ELISA. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were detected using CellSearch; other biomarkers (EGFR, VEGF, HER2, RAS p21, TIMP1, CAIX) by ELISA. Using the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value (determined by the Youden index) of serum uPA was 2.52 ng/ml. Using this value, 26% of patients had elevated uPA levels. Patients with visceral metastasis and more than one metastatic site were significantly more likely to present with elevated uPA levels. CTC status, serum HER2, RAS p21, CAIX, TIMP1 and VEGF correlated significantly with uPA levels. Elevated uPA levels predicted shorter overall and progression-free survival in univariate analysis (median OS: 7.5 months [95%-CI 4.5–10.5 months] vs. not reached, p < 0.001; PFS: 4.8 [95%-CI: 3.1–6.5] vs. 9.1 [7.4–10.8] months, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, elevated uPA, presence of ≥5 CTCs, elevated RAS p21, higher grading and higher line of therapy were independent predictors of shorter OS, while elevated CTC counts, higher line of therapy and negative estrogen receptor status were independent predictors of shorter PFS. In conclusion, elevated uPA levels independently predict reduced overall survival and improved prognostication in patients with known CTC status. Whether high serum uPA might identify patients most likely to benefit from therapies targeting uPA, remains to be evaluated in future trials.
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The clinical relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in correlation to circulating tumor cells and other serum biomarkers in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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