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Shan H, Tian G, Zhang Y, Qiu Z. Exploring the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SMAD4 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2392341. [PMID: 39164192 PMCID: PMC11340766 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2392341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the occurrence and development of CRC are influenced by the molecular biology characteristics of CRC, especially alterations in key signaling pathways. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a crucial role in cellular growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis, with SMAD4 protein serving as a key transcription factor in the TGF-β signaling pathway, thus playing a significant role in the onset and progression of CRC. CRC is one of the malignancies with a high mortality rate worldwide. Despite significant research progress in recent years, especially regarding the role of SMAD4, its dual role in the early and late stages of tumor progression has promoted further discussion on its complexity as a therapeutic target, highlighting the urgent need for a deeper analysis of its role in CRC. This review aims to explore the function of SMAD4 protein in CRC and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shan
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangyu Tian
- Department of Oncology, Jiangdu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yeqing Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Li P, Zhao Y. Methods and biomarkers for early detection, prediction, and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114786. [PMID: 37119736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common digestive diseases worldwide. It has steadily ascended to the top three cancers in terms of incidence and mortality. The primary cause is the inability to diagnose it at an early stage. Therefore, early detection and diagnosis are essential for colorectal cancer prevention. Although there are now various methods for CRC early detection, in addition to recent developments in surgical and multimodal therapy, the poor prognosis and late detection of CRC still remain significant. Thus, it is important to investigate novel technologies and biomarkers to improve the sensitization and specification of CRC diagnosis. Here, we present some common methods and biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of CRC, we hope this review will encourage the adoption of screening programs and the clinical use of these potential molecules as biomarkers for CRC early detection and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province affiliated to Qingdao University, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Immune Cells of Qingdao, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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3
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Ma J, Wang G, Ding X, Wang F, Zhu C, Rong Y. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Drug Delivery Agents for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Preface to Colorectal Cancer Citing Their Markers and Existing Theranostic Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10656-10668. [PMID: 37008124 PMCID: PMC10061522 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the universally established cancers with a higher incidence rate. Novel progression toward cancer prevention and cancer care among countries in transition should be considered seriously for controlling CRC. Hence, several cutting edge technologies are ongoing for high performance cancer therapeutics over the past few decades. Several drug-delivery systems of the nanoregime are relatively new in this arena compared to the previous treatment modes such as chemo- or radiotherapy to mitigate cancer. Based on this background, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment possibilities, and theragnostic markers for CRC were revealed. Since the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the management of CRC has been less studied, the present review analyzes the preclinical studies on the application of carbon nanotubes for drug delivery and CRC therapy owing to their inherent properties. It also investigates the toxicity of CNTs on normal cells for safety testing and the clinical use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) for tumor localization. To conclude, this review recommends the clinical application of carbon-based nanomaterials further for the management of CRC in diagnosis and as carriers or therapeutic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiheng Ma
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guofang Wang
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunning Zhu
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunxia Rong
- Department
of Oncology, Danyang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212300, Jiangsu Province, China
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4
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Abbes S, Baldi S, Sellami H, Amedei A, Keskes L. Molecular methods for colorectal cancer screening: Progress with next-generation sequencing evolution. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:425-442. [PMID: 37009313 PMCID: PMC10052664 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly cancer worldwide, with a higher incidence in developed countries. Like other solid tumors, CRC is a heterogeneous genomic disease in which various alterations, such as point mutations, genomic rearrangements, gene fusions or chromosomal copy number alterations, can contribute to the disease development. However, because of its orderly natural history, easily accessible onset location and high lifetime incidence, CRC is ideally suited for preventive intervention, but the many screening efforts of the last decades have been compromised by performance limitations and low penetrance of the standard screening tools. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has both facilitated the identification of previously unrecognized CRC features such as its relationship with gut microbial pathogens and revolutionized the speed and throughput of cataloguing CRC-related genomic alterations. Hence, in this review, we summarized the several diagnostic tools used for CRC screening in the past and the present, focusing on recent NGS approaches and their revolutionary role in the identification of novel genomic CRC characteristics, the advancement of understanding the CRC carcinogenesis and the screening of clinically actionable targets for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Abbes
- Laboratory of Parasitic and Fungal Molecular Biology, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Hayet Sellami
- Drosophila Research Unit-Parasitology and Mycologie Laboratory, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
- SOD of Interdisciplinary Internal Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Leila Keskes
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetic, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
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Quan X, Cai W, Xi C, Wang C, Yan L. AIMedGraph: a comprehensive multi-relational knowledge graph for precision medicine. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:7059703. [PMID: 36856726 PMCID: PMC9976745 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-throughput molecular testing techniques has enabled the large-scale exploration of the underlying molecular causes of diseases and the development of targeted treatment for specific genetic alterations. However, knowledge to interpret the impact of genetic variants on disease or treatment is distributed in different databases, scientific literature studies and clinical guidelines. AIMedGraph was designed to comprehensively collect and interrogate standardized information about genes, genetic alterations and their therapeutic and diagnostic relevance and build a multi-relational, evidence-based knowledge graph. Graph database Neo4j was used to represent precision medicine knowledge as nodes and edges in AIMedGraph. Entities in the current release include 30 340 diseases/phenotypes, 26 140 genes, 187 541 genetic variants, 2821 drugs, 15 125 clinical trials and 797 911 supporting literature studies. Edges in this release cover 621 731 drug interactions, 9279 drug susceptibility impacts, 6330 pharmacogenomics effects, 30 339 variant pathogenicity and 1485 drug adverse reactions. The knowledge graph technique enables hidden knowledge inference and provides insight into potential disease or drug molecular mechanisms. Database URL: http://aimedgraph.tongshugene.net:8201.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Quan
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Xueping Quan. Tel: +8621-58886662;
| | - Weijing Cai
- Department of Innovative Technology, Shanghai Tongshu Biotechnology Research Institute, No26 and 28, 377 Lane of Shanlian Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chenghang Xi
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Tongshu Biotechnology Research Institute, No26 and 28, 377 Lane of Shanlian Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Department of Innovative Technology, Shanghai Tongshu Biotechnology Research Institute, No26 and 28, 377 Lane of Shanlian Road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 200444, China
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Mizukami T, Takahashi M, Sunakawa Y, Yuki S, Kagawa Y, Takashima A, Kato K, Hara H, Denda T, Yamamoto Y, Shiozawa M, Oki E, Okamoto W, Yoshino T, Eguchi Nakajima T. Genomic Landscape of Primary Tumor Site and Clinical Outcome for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Standard-of-Care Chemotherapy. Target Oncol 2022; 17:343-353. [PMID: 35524872 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-022-00880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary tumor site and genomic status are utilized for regimen selection in metastatic colorectal cancer; however, the impact on clinical practice is not well known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify the impact of primary tumor site and genomic status on clinical practice in metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS The relationship between primary tumor site, genomic alterations, and clinical outcomes was evaluated in patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer using real-world data of a prospective observational study, SCRUM-Japan GI-SCREEN with clinical and genomic data set in 1011 patients enrolled from February 2015 to March 2017. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one patients were eligible for this study. Patients with right-sided tumors had a significantly worse survival, left-sided tumors with wild-type RAS had favorable outcomes when treated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies, and cecum tumors had poor prognosis when treated with bevacizumab. The rate of gene alterations varied considerably depending on the primary site. In addition, gene alterations of KRAS, BRAF, SMAD4, or TP53 had individually different contributions to survival from site to site. KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, or SMAD4 mutations were associated with efficacy of bevacizumab or anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Primary tumor site is a clinically useful biomarker to predict survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy. Moreover, the prognostic or predictive value of several gene alterations by primary tumor site should be considered in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Mizukami
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Medical Informatics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yu Sunakawa
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Prefectural General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuo Takashima
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kato
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiozawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Cancer Treatment Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.,Translational Research Support Section, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takako Eguchi Nakajima
- Department of Early Clinical Development, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Frey P, Devisme A, Rose K, Schrempp M, Freihen V, Andrieux G, Boerries M, Hecht A. SMAD4 mutations do not preclude epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:824-837. [PMID: 34857888 PMCID: PMC8816731 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily signaling is a prime inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) that foster cancer cell invasion and metastasis, a major cause of cancer-related deaths. Yet, TGFβ signaling is frequently inactivated in human tumor entities including colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) with a high proportion of mutations incapacitating SMAD4, which codes for a transcription factor (TF) central to canonical TGFβ and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Beyond its role in initiating EMT, SMAD4 was reported to crucially contribute to subsequent gene regulatory events during EMT execution. It is therefore widely assumed that SMAD4-mutant (SMAD4mut) cancer cells are unable to undergo EMT. Here, we scrutinized this notion and probed for potential SMAD4-independent EMT execution using SMAD4mut CRC cell lines. We show that SMAD4mut cells exhibit morphological changes, become invasive, and regulate EMT marker genes upon induction of the EMT-TF SNAIL1. Furthermore, SNAIL1-induced EMT in SMAD4mut cells was found to be entirely independent of TGFβ/BMP receptor activity. Global assessment of the SNAIL1-dependent transcriptome confirmed the manifestation of an EMT gene regulatory program in SMAD4mut cells highly related to established EMT signatures. Finally, analyses of human tumor transcriptomes showed that SMAD4 mutations are not underrepresented in mesenchymal tumor samples and that expression patterns of EMT-associated genes are similar in SMAD4mut and SMAD4 wild-type (SMAD4wt) cases. Altogether, our findings suggest that alternative TFs take over the gene regulatory functions of SMAD4 downstream of EMT-TFs, arguing for considerable plasticity of gene regulatory networks operating in EMT execution. Further, they establish that EMT is not categorically precluded in SMAD4mut tumors, which is relevant for their diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antoine Devisme
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Rose
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monika Schrempp
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vivien Freihen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecht
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Pakravan K, Razmara E, Mahmud Hussen B, Sattarikia F, Sadeghizadeh M, Babashah S. SMAD4 contributes to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1-15. [PMID: 34841647 PMCID: PMC8742202 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to chondrocyte and osteocyte development. Although vital roles of the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (also called 'SMAD4') have been discussed in different cancers and stem cell-related studies, there are a few reviews summarizing the roles of this protein in the skeletal development and bone homeostasis. In order to fill this gap, we discuss the critical roles of SMAD4 in the skeletal development. To this end, we review the different signalling pathways and also how SMAD4 defines stem cell features. We also elaborate how the epigenetic factors-ie DNA methylation, histone modifications and noncoding RNAs-make a contribution to the chondrocyte and osteocyte development. To better grasp the important roles of SMAD4 in the cartilage and bone development, we also review the genotype-phenotype correlation in animal models. This review helps us to understand the importance of the SMAD4 in the chondrocyte and bone development and the potential applications for therapeutic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of PharmacognosyCollege of PharmacyHawler Medical UniversityKurdistan RegionIraq
| | - Fatemeh Sattarikia
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biological SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
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9
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Zheng Y, Qin Y, Gong W, Li H, Li B, Wang Y, Chao B, Zhao S, Liu L, Yao S, Shi J, Shi X, Wang K, Xu S. Specific genomic alterations and prognostic analysis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and distal cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:2631-2642. [PMID: 35070393 PMCID: PMC8748027 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which consists of intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), perihilar CCA (pCCA), and distal CCA (dCCA), is an aggressive malignancy worldwide. PCCA and dCCA are often classified as extrahepatic CCA (exCCA). However, the differences in mutational characteristics between pCCA and dCCA remain unclear. METHODS Deep sequencing targeting of 450 cancer genes was performed for genomic alteration detection. The tumor mutational burden (TMB) was measured by an algorithm developed in-house. Correlation analysis was conducted using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS FGFR2 and ERBB2 mutations mainly occurred in iCCA and exCCA, respectively. In exCCA, the frequencies of PIK3CA, FAT4, KDM6A, MDM2, and TCF7L2 mutations were significantly higher in pCCA compared to dCCA, while the frequencies of TP53 and KRAS mutations were markedly lower in pCCA than those in dCCA. The prognosis-related mutations were different among the CCA subtypes. NF1 mutation was associated with short disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and ERBB2 mutation was associated with short DFS in dCCA patients. Meanwhile, MAP2K4 mutation was associated with long DFS and OS, and TERT mutation was associated with short DFS in pCCA. A series of mutations in genes, including ARID1A, ARID2, SMAD4, TERT, TP53, and KRAS, were found to be associated with the TMB. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we investigated the comprehensive genomic characterizations of CCA patients, identified the significant alterations in each subtype, and identified potential biomarkers for prognosis prediction. These results provide molecular evidence for the heterogeneity of CCA subtypes and evidence for further precision targeted therapy of CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yejun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongguang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tumor Research and Therapy Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoting Chao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shulei Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Luguang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuzhan Yao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Shanghai OrigiMed Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- Shanghai OrigiMed Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Tak E, Kim M, Cho Y, Choi S, Kim J, Han B, Kim HD, Jang CSH, Kim JE, Hong YS, Kim SY, Kim TW. Expression of neurofibromin 1 in colorectal cancer and cetuximab resistance. Oncol Rep 2021; 47:15. [PMID: 34779495 PMCID: PMC8611403 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin 1 (NF1) is a tumor suppressor that has been previously reported to regulate RAS‑MAPK signaling. The present study investigated the possible relationship between NF1 expression and anti‑EGFR antibody (cetuximab) sensitivity in colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, primary or metastatic colorectal cancer samples from patients treated with cetuximab were assessed for the association of cetuximab sensitivity. The quantities of the NF1 transcript, NF1‑related pathway enrichment and NF1 mutation profile were measured and investigated using RNA sequencing and targeted DNA sequencing. Based on growth inhibition and colony formation assay results, cell lines were designated to be cetuximab‑sensitive (NCI‑H508 and Caco2) or cetuximab‑resistant (KM12C and SM480). Western blotting revealed NF1 was highly expressed in cetuximab‑sensitive cell lines whilst there was little expression in their cetuximab‑resistant counterparts. Knocking down NF1 expression using small interfering RNA in the cetuximab‑sensitive cell lines enhanced the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK according to western blotting. NF1 knockdown also reduced apoptosis, as observed by the decreased number of apoptotic bodies by DAPI nuclear staining and reduced cleavage of caspase and poly‑(ADP ribose) polymerase. NF1 overexpression by transfection with GTPase‑activating protein‑related domain subunit rendered the cetuximab‑resistant cell lines, KM12C and SW480, more susceptible to cetuximab‑induced apoptosis. RNA sequencing of 111 RAS and BRAFV600 wild‑type tumor samples collected from cetuximab‑treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer revealed that the pre‑treatment NF1 expression levels were not associated with the cetuximab response. However, tumor samples obtained after cetuximab treatment displayed slightly lower NF1 transcript levels compared with those in the pre‑treatment samples, suggesting that exposure to the anti‑EGFR antibody may be associated with reduced NF1 expression levels. Next‑generation sequencing revealed that the frequency of inactivating mutations in NF1 were rare (1.8%) in patients with colorectal cancer and were not associated with the protein expression levels of NF1 except for in a small number of cases (0.5%), where the biallelic inactivation of NF1 was observed. To conclude, the present study showed that modification of NF1 expression can affect sensitivity to cetuximab in colorectal cancer cell lines, though a limitation exists in terms of its potential application as a biomarker for RAS and BRAFV600 wild‑type tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Tak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngra Cho
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sueun Choi
- Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology (AMIST), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Buhm Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongro, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Don Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chloe Soo-Hyun Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongro, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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11
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Fang T, Liang T, Wang Y, Wu H, Liu S, Xie L, Liang J, Wang C, Tan Y. Prognostic role and clinicopathological features of SMAD4 gene mutation in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 34301194 PMCID: PMC8299661 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5.0-24.2% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) have inactivating mutations in SMAD4, making it one of the frequently mutated genes in CRC. We thus carried out a comprehensive system review and meta-analysis investigating the prognostic significance and clinicopathological features of SMAD4 gene mutation in CRC patients. METHODS A detailed literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases to study the relationship between SMAD4 mutations and the demographic and clinicopathological characteristics in CRC patients. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the effect of SMAD4 mutations on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS Ten studies enrolling 4394 patients were eligible for inclusion. Data on OS were available from 5 studies and data on PFS/RFS were available from 3 studies. Comparing SMAD4-mutated CRC patients with SMAD4 wild-type CRC patients, the summary HR for OS was 1.46 (95% CI 1.28-1.67, P = 0.001), the summary HR for PFS/RFS was 1.59 (95% CI 1.14-2.22, P = 0.006). In terms of clinicopathology parameters, 9 studies have data that can be extracted, SMAD4 mutations were associated with tumor location (odds ratio [OR] = 1.15, colon/rectum, 95% CI 1.01-1.31, P = 0.042), TNM stage (OR = 1.28, stage IV/I-III, 95% CI 1.03-1.58, P = 0.025), lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.42, N1 + N2/N0, 95% CI 1.20-1.67, P < 0.001), mucinous differentiation (OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.85-2.70, P < 0.001) and rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) mutation status (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.37-3.34, P = 0.001). No connection was found with age, gender, tumor grade, microsatellite instability status and b-viral oncogene homolog B1 mutation status. Besides, publication bias was not observed in any study. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that SMAD4 mutation was associated with OS, PFS/RFS, and clinicopathological parameters, including tumor site, disease stage, RAS status, lymph node metastasis and mucinous differentiation. Our meta-analysis indicated that SMAD4 mutations could predict the poor prognosis and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. More large-sample cohort studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. Since SMAD4 mutations are closely related to RAS mutations, their relationship warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Fang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tingting Liang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Linying Xie
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiaying Liang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Yehui Tan
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China.
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12
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Beklen H, Yildirim E, Kori M, Turanli B, Arga KY. Systems-level biomarkers identification and drug repositioning in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:638-661. [PMID: 34322194 PMCID: PMC8299930 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i7.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed fatal cancer in both women and men worldwide. CRC ranked second in mortality and third in incidence in 2020. It is difficult to diagnose CRC at an early stage as there are no clinical symptoms. Despite advances in molecular biology, only a limited number of biomarkers have been translated into routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. In the last decades, systems biology approaches at the omics level have gained importance. Over the years, several biomarkers for CRC have been discovered in terms of disease diagnosis and prognosis. On the other hand, a few drugs are being developed and used in clinics for the treatment of CRC. However, the development of new drugs is very costly and time-consuming as the research and development takes about 10 years and more than $1 billion. Therefore, drug repositioning (DR) could save time and money by establishing new indications for existing drugs. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC from the systems biology perspective and insights into DR approaches for the prevention or treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Beklen
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Esra Yildirim
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Medi Kori
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Beste Turanli
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
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Muraro E, Fanetti G, Lupato V, Giacomarra V, Steffan A, Gobitti C, Vaccher E, Franchin G. Cetuximab in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Biological mechanisms involved in efficacy, toxicity and resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 164:103424. [PMID: 34245856 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction, the use of cetuximab in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has experienced an evolution. Currently, cetuximab associated with radiotherapy is limited to the treatment of patients affected by a locally advanced malignancy and unfit for cisplatin. However, reliable biomarkers of cetuximab efficacy in this cancer setting are still lacking. This review focuses on the mechanisms of action of cetuximab, highlighting, in particular, the consequences of the binding to EGFR, and the pathways involved in the development of adverse events or acquired resistance. Indeed, adverse events, such as skin rash, have been associated with cetuximab efficacy in HNSCC several times. Acquired resistance is associated with microenvironment plasticity, which is, in turn, characterized by an increased immune infiltrate. The better definition of patients eligible for this kind of therapy could improve HNSCC management, possibly proposing a combined treatment with radiotherapy, cetuximab and immune checkpoint inhibitors as recently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Fanetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Valentina Lupato
- Unit of Otolaryngology, General Hospital "S. Maria degli Angeli", Pordenone, Italy
| | - Vittorio Giacomarra
- Unit of Otolaryngology, General Hospital "S. Maria degli Angeli", Pordenone, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Carlo Gobitti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franchin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, PN, Italy
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15
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Sur D, Havasi A, Gorzo A, Burz C. A Critical Review of Second-Generation Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibodies in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1034-1042. [PMID: 32718285 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200727121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a relevant solution for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Current anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies face a series of problems, including resistance and non-durable response, and RAS and BRAF mutations serve as exclusion criteria for treatment with anti-EGFR mAbs. Advances in molecular tumor profiling and information on subsequent pathways responsible for disease progression and drug resistance helped develop a new generation of anti-EGFR mAbs. These second-generation mAbs have been developed to overcome existing resistance mechanisms and to limit common side effects. For the moment, existing literature suggests that these novel anti-EGFR mAbs are far from finding their way to clinical practice soon. OBJECTIVE In this review, we summarize and evaluate current data regarding ongoing research and completed clinical trials for different second-generation anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION Anti-EGFR mAbs exhibit efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer, but second-generation mAbs failed to prove their benefit in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Understanding the biological basis of primary and acquired drug resistance could allow scientists to design better clinical trials and develop improved second-generation mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj- Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Havasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alecsandra Gorzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Burz
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Ion Chiricuta" Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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16
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Accurate Prognosis Prediction of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Integrated Clinico-Genomic Data of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Biopsy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112791. [PMID: 34205170 PMCID: PMC8199936 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of minimal specimens acquired from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) and perform targeted deep sequencing as a prognosis prediction tool for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). A total of 116 specimens with pathologically confirmed PDAC via EUS-FNB were tested using CancerSCAN® panel for a customized targeted deep sequencing. Clinical prognostic factors significantly associated with survival in PDACs were as follows: stage, tumor mass size, tumor location, metastasis, chemotherapy, and initial CA19-9 level. A total of 114 patients (98.3%) had at least a single genetic alteration, and no mutations were detected in two patients, although they were qualified for the targeted deep sequencing. The frequencies of major gene mutations responsible for PDACs were KRAS 90%, CDKN2A 31%, TP53 77%, and SMAD4 29%. A somatic point mutation of NF1, copy number alteration of SMAD4, and loss-of-function of CDKN2A were significantly associated genetic factors for overall survival. Moreover, BRCA2 point mutation was related to liver metastasis. Finally, a clinico-genomic model was developed to estimate the prognosis of patients with PDAC based on clinical parameters and genetic alterations affecting survival in patients; 20 single nucleotide variants and three copy number variations were selected. Targeted deep sequencing on minimal specimens of PDACs was performed, and it was applied to establish a clinico-genomic model for prognosis prediction.
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17
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Mishra RK, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Kumar A, Khan R. Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Involvement in Targeting the Activation of Tumor Suppressor Genes. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1810-1823. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200616133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have always provided outstanding therapeutic arsenal in the
treatment of cancer, be it hematological malignancies or solid tumors. Monoclonal antibodies mediated
targeting of cancer genes in general and tumor-suppressor genes, in particular, have appreciably allowed
the possibilities of trafficking these antibodies to specific tumor mechanisms and aim for the pin-point
maneuvered tumor treatment strategies. The conventional cancer treatment options are associated with
enormous limitations like drug resistance, acute and pan-toxic side effects and collateral damage to other
unrelated cells and organs. Therefore, monoclonal antibody-mediated treatments have some special advantages
of specific targeting of cancer-related genes and minimizing the off-target side effects. A large
number of monoclonal antibody-mediated treatment regimen viz. use of immunoconjugates, clinically
targeting TGFβ with pan-TGFβ monoclonal antibodies, p53 by its monoclonal antibodies and EGFRtargeted
monoclonal antibodies, etc. have been observed in the recent past. In this review, the authors
have discussed some of the significant advances in the context of targeting tumor suppressor genes with
monoclonal antibodies. Approximately 250 articles were scanned from research databases like PubMed
central, Europe PubMed Central and google scholar up to the date of inception, and relevant reports on
monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of cancer genes were selected. mAb mediated targeting of tumor
suppressor genes is a recent grey paradigm, which has not been explored up to its maximum potential.
Therefore, this review will be of appreciable significance that it will boost further in-depth understanding
of various aspects of mAb arbitrated cancer targeting and will warrant and promote further rigorous
research initiatives in this regard. The authors expect that this review will acquaint the readers
with the current status regarding the recent progress in the domain of mAbs and their employability and
targetability towards tumor suppressor genes in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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18
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Stahler A, Stintzing S, von Einem JC, Westphalen CB, Heinrich K, Krämer N, Michl M, Modest DP, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, Kiani A, Heintges T, Kahl C, Kullmann F, Scheithauer W, Moehler M, Kaiser F, Kirchner T, Jung A, Heinemann V. Single-nucleotide variants, tumour mutational burden and microsatellite instability in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Next-generation sequencing results of the FIRE-3 trial. Eur J Cancer 2020; 137:250-259. [PMID: 32810748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular biomarkers and primary tumour sidedness guide treatment decisions in metastatic colorectal cancer. Comprehensive molecular profiling aims to identify targetable alterations and measure tumour mutational burden (TMB) to enable precision oncology. MATERIAL AND METHODS FoundationOne® next-generation sequencing identified single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), copy number alterations, high TMB (TMB-H) and high-grade microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in patients treated in the FIRE-3 trial. Data were correlated with objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Three hundred seventy-three (49.6%) of 752 patients provided material for this analysis. Frequent SNVs included TP53, APC, KRAS, PIK3CA, BRAF, SMAD4 and FBXW7. KRAS, BRAF V600E and SMAD4 mutations were confirmed as prognostic biomarkers by logistic penalised regression for ORR. OS was significantly longer in patients with SMAD4 wild-type (WT) tumours than in those with SMAD4-mutated tumours (hazard ratio = 0.59 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.34-1.01], p = 0.05), with a higher probability of ORR [odds ratio, SMAD4 SNV versus WT = 0.32 [95% CI = 0.10-0.98], p = 0.05] when treated with cetuximab. MSI-H (30.0%, p = 0.03) and TMB-H (17.3%, p = 0.003) tumours were enriched by FBXW7 mutations. Numerically lower ORR, OS and PFS were observed in MSI-H tumours. CONCLUSIONS RAS, BRAF V600E and SMAD4 mutations were identified as poor prognostic biomarkers in patients of the FIRE-3 trial, whereas improved outcome was observed for BRAF non-V600E mutation. SMAD4 mutation might provide predictive relevance for cetuximab efficacy. MSI-H tumours showed numerically lower ORR, OS and PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Stahler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (CCM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jobst C von Einem
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (CCM), Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinrich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Krämer
- STABURO Statistical Consulting GmbH, Aschauer Strasse 26b, 81549, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlies Michl
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik P Modest
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (CVK), Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, MIttelallee 11, 10117, Berlin, Germany; DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Decker
- Onkologische Praxis, Elisabethenstrasse 19, 88212, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kiani
- Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Preuschwitzer Strasse 101, 95445, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Heintges
- Department of Medicine II, Lukaskrankenhaus, Preussenstrasse 84, 41464, Neuss, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahl
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Klinikum Magdeburg gGmbH, Birkenallee 34, 39130, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kullmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Weiden, Soellnerstrasse 16, 92637, Weiden, Germany
| | - Werner Scheithauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I & CCC, Medical University Vienna, Heiligenstaedter Strasse 46-48, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Moehler
- University Medical Center Mainz, I. Dept. of Internal Medicine, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- VK&K Studien GbR, Achdorfer Weg 5a, 84036, Landshut, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36a, 80337, Munich, Germany; DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Thalkirchner Strasse 36a, 80337, Munich, Germany; DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany; DKTK, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lou H, Zhai C, Gong L, Pan H, Pan H, Zhang Y, Yang M, Hu Z. NF1 germline mutation in a Chinese family with colon cancer. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519896435. [PMID: 32814491 PMCID: PMC7444156 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519896435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Recent advances in genomic medicine have identified novel gene mutations that contribute to an increased risk of CRC. Here, we describe a diagnosis of colon cancer in a 63-year-old woman and also in her brother. Next-generation sequencing showed that both patients harbored a germline mutation in NF1. The female patient also carried co-mutations in KRAS and NRAS. Furthermore, the NF1 germline mutation was identified in a healthy offspring of the brother. The female patient received three cycles of bevacizumab plus capecitabine/oxaliplatin therapy and achieved stable disease of the primary lesion in the colon and partial response of metastasis in the right abdominal cavity. This study highlights the association of NF1 germline mutations with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology 1, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongya Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology 1, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology 1, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology 1, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology 1, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Zimin Hu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Cixi Sixth Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Zimin Hu, Department of Respiratory Disease, Cixi Sixth Hospital, 100 Youth Palace South Road, Ningbo 315300, China.
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20
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Georgiou A, Stewart A, Cunningham D, Banerji U, Whittaker SR. Inactivation of NF1 Promotes Resistance to EGFR Inhibition in KRAS/NRAS/BRAFV600 -Wild-Type Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:835-846. [PMID: 32098826 PMCID: PMC7611272 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Through the use of an unbiased, genome-scale CRISPR modifier screen, we identified NF1 suppression as a mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibition in NRAS/KRAS/BRAFV600 -wild-type colorectal cancer cells. Reduced NF1 expression permitted sustained signaling through the MAPK pathway to promote cell proliferation in the presence of EGFR inhibition. Targeting of MEK in combination with EGFR inhibition leads to synergistic antiproliferative activity. Human KRAS/NRAS/BRAFV600 -wild-type colorectal cancer cell lines with NF1 mutations displayed reduced NF1 mRNA or protein expression and were resistant to EGFR blockade by gefitinib or cetuximab. Cooccurring loss-of-function mutations in PTEN were associated with resistance to dual EGFR/MEK inhibition but cotreatment with a PI3K inhibitor further suppressed proliferation. Loss of NF1 may be a useful biomarker to identify patients that are less likely to benefit from single-agent anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer and may direct potential combination strategies. IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that further clinical validation of NF1 status as predictor of response to anti-EGFR targeting antibodies in patients with colorectal cancer with KRAS/NRAS/BRAFV600 -wild-type tumors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Georgiou
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Stewart
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Whittaker
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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21
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Cao H, Liu X, Chen Y, Yang P, Huang T, Song L, Xu R. Circulating Tumor DNA Is Capable of Monitoring the Therapeutic Response and Resistance in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Combined Target and Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:466. [PMID: 32318348 PMCID: PMC7154135 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly lethal disease worldwide. The majority of patients receiving targeted therapy or chemotherapy develop drug resistance, while its molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. The plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) exhibited the potential in identifying gene variations and monitoring drug resistance in CRC treatment. In this study, we monitored the ctDNA mutational changes in advanced CRC patients underwent first-line therapy with bevacizumab and cetuximab combined with chemotherapy. The mutation spectrum of 43 patients was established by a 605-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. The baseline measurement shows that genes with the highest mutation frequency were TP53 (74%), APC (58%), KRAS (40%), SYNE1 (33%), LRP1B (23%), TOP1 (23%), and PIK3CA (21%). Mutations in TP53, APC, and KRAS were detected in 29 paired plasma and tissue samples with the consistency of 81, 67, and 42%, respectively. Clinically targetable gene mutations, such as APC, RNF43, SMAD4, BRAD1, KRAS, RAF1, and TP53, were also identified in ctDNA. The overall consistency between ctDNA and tissue samples was 54.6%. Alleviation of mutational burden in BRAF, KRAS, AMER1, and other major driving genes was observed following the first-line therapy. Patients with KRAS and TP53 mutations in tissues appeared to benefit more than the wild-type counterpart. The dynamic change of plasma mutation status was consistent with the tissue tumor burden and was closely correlated with disease progression. In conclusion, ctDNA monitoring is a useful method for molecular genotyping of colorectal cancer patients. Dynamic changes in resistance can be sensitively monitored by gene variation status, which potentially helps to develop treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Yang
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Lele Song
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Mohd Yunos RI, Ab Mutalib NS, Tieng FYF, Abu N, Jamal R. Actionable Potentials of Less Frequently Mutated Genes in Colorectal Cancer and Their Roles in Precision Medicine. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030476. [PMID: 32245111 PMCID: PMC7175115 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global statistics have placed colorectal cancer (CRC) as the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fourth principal cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Improving survival for CRC is as important as early detection. Personalized medicine is important in maximizing an individual's treatment success and minimizing the risk of adverse reactions. Approaches in achieving personalized therapy in CRC have included analyses of specific genes with its clinical implications. Tumour genotyping via next-generation sequencing has become a standard practice to guide clinicians into predicting tumor behaviour, disease prognosis, and treatment response. Nevertheless, better prognostic markers are necessary to further stratify patients for personalized treatment plans. The discovery of new markers remains indispensable in providing the most effective chemotherapy in order to improve the outcomes of treatment and survival in CRC patients. This review aims to compile and discuss newly discovered, less frequently mutated genes in CRC. We also discuss how these mutations are being used to assist therapeutic decisions and their potential prospective clinical utilities. In addition, we will summarize the importance of profiling the large genomic rearrangements, gene amplification, and large deletions and how these alterations may assist in determining the best treatment option for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rahman Jamal
- Correspondence: (N.S.A.M.); (R.J.); Tel.: +60-3-91459073 (N.S.A.M.); +60-3-91459000 (R.J.)
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23
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Rachiglio AM, Sacco A, Forgione L, Esposito C, Chicchinelli N, Normanno N. Colorectal cancer genomic biomarkers in the clinical management of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:53-70. [PMID: 36046264 PMCID: PMC9400741 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is an heterogeneous disease in which different genetic alterations play a role in its pathogenesis and progression and offer potential for therapeutic intervention. The research on predictive biomarkers in metastatic CRC (mCRC) mainly focused on the identification of biomarkers of response or resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. In this respect, international guidelines suggest testing mCRC patients only for KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations and for microsatellite instability. However, the use of novel testing methods is raising relevant issue related to these biomarkers, such as the presence of sub-clonal RAS mutations or the clinical interpretation of rare no-V600 BRAF variants. In addition, a number of novel biomarkers is emerging from recent studies including amplification of ERBB2, mutations in ERBB2, MAP2K1 and NF1 and rearrangements of ALK, ROS1, NTRK and RET. Mutations in POLE and the levels of tumor mutation burden also appear as possible biomarkers of response to immunotherapy in CRC. Finally, the consensus molecular subtypes classification of CRC based on gene expression profiling has prognostic and predictive implications. Integration of all these information will be likely necessary in the next future in order to improve precision/personalized medicine in mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Rachiglio
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacco
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Forgione
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Esposito
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Chicchinelli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
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24
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Wong CK, Lambert AW, Ozturk S, Papageorgis P, Lopez D, Shen N, Sen Z, Abdolmaleky HM, Győrffy B, Feng H, Thiagalingam S. Targeting RICTOR Sensitizes SMAD4-Negative Colon Cancer to Irinotecan. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:414-423. [PMID: 31932471 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering molecular targets to enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy is becoming a priority for effectively treating cancers. Loss of function mutations of SMAD4 in colon cancer are associated with metastatic progression and resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the most extensively used drug of almost all chemotherapy combinations used in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. Here, we report that SMAD4 deficiency also confers resistance to irinotecan, another common chemotherapeutic frequently used alone or in combination with 5-FU against colon cancer. Mechanistically, we find that SMAD4 interacts with and inhibits RICTOR, a component of the mTORC2 complex, resulting in suppression of downstream effector phosphorylation of AKT at Serine 473. In silico meta-analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets derived from tumors indicates that lower levels of SMAD4 or higher levels of RICTOR/AKT, irrespective of the SMAD4 status, correlate with poor survival, suggesting them as strong prognostic biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, we find that overexpression of SMAD4 or depletion of RICTOR suppresses AKT signaling and increases sensitivity to irinotecan in SMAD4-deficient colon cancer cells. Consistent with these observations, pharmacologic inhibition of AKT sensitizes SMAD4-negative colon cancer cells to irinotecan in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our study suggests that hyperactivation of the mTORC2 pathway is a therapeutic vulnerability that could be exploited to sensitize SMAD4-negative colon cancer to irinotecan. IMPLICATIONS: Hyperactivation of the mTORC2 pathway in SMAD4-negative colon cancer provides a mechanistic rationale for targeted inhibition of mTORC2 or AKT as a distinctive combinatorial therapeutic opportunity with chemotherapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Khuan Wong
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Biomedical Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur W Lambert
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sait Ozturk
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Delia Lopez
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zaina Sen
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hamid M Abdolmaleky
- Biomedical Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Biomedical Genetics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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25
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Sabatier R, Lopez M, Guille A, Billon E, Carbuccia N, Garnier S, Adelaide J, Extra JM, Cappiello MA, Charafe-Jauffret E, Pakradouni J, Viens P, Gonçalves A, Chaffanet M, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F. High Response to Cetuximab in a Patient With EGFR-Amplified Heavily Pretreated Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-8. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Sabatier
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Lopez
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Guille
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Emilien Billon
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Nadine Carbuccia
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Séverine Garnier
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - José Adelaide
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Patrice Viens
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Gonçalves
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Max Chaffanet
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - François Bertucci
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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26
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Targeting EGFR and RAS/RAF Signaling in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: From Current Treatment Strategies to Future Perspectives. Drugs 2019; 79:633-645. [PMID: 30968289 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and RAS/RAF signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in tumor progression via proliferation, survival, invasion, and immune evasion. Two anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab and panitumumab, have become essential components in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Treatment with these anti-EGFR antibodies has shown definite benefits when administered in all treatment lines and is strongly recommended as the preferred regimen to prolong survival, especially when administered in the first- and third-lines. Recent efforts have revealed not only mechanisms responsible for resistance to anti-EGFR antibodies, including expanded RAS mutations as a negative predictive biomarker, but also the possibility of continuing anti-EGFR antibody treatment in combination with chemotherapy. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the pharmaceutical development of treatments for patients with mutant-type BRAF mCRC are ongoing. In this review, we provide an overview of the EGFR and RAS/RAF signaling pathway and antitumor activity, focusing on practical aspects such as established treatments including patient selection, treatment strategies, and future perspectives for drug development targeting the EGFR and RAS/RAF signaling pathway.
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27
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Nelson RS, Mehta RJ, McLeod HL, Walko CM. Prioritization of Therapy Options for a Patient With High Tumor Mutation Burden and Microsatellite Instability but No Clinical Benefit From Immunotherapy. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:PO.19.00197. [PMID: 32923851 PMCID: PMC7446362 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Lin Z, Zhang L, Zhou J, Zheng J. Silencing Smad4 attenuates sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to cetuximab by promoting epithelial‑mesenchymal transition. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3735-3745. [PMID: 31485652 PMCID: PMC6755154 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of tumor suppressor Smad4 often occurs in colorectal cancer (CRC), and this phenomenon is believed to be associated with drug resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Smad4 on the sensitivity of CRC cells to cetuximab, and the possible mechanism underlying such an effect. A total of 629 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and a Smad4 mutation rate of ~21% was demonstrated among the cases. Low expression of Smad4 was present in CRC tissues analyzed by TCGA and in four CRC cell lines, as determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analysis. Cell Counting kit‑8 (CCK‑8) was used to measure the effects of different concentrations of cetuximab on SW480 cell viability at 24 and 48 h. The results demonstrated that treatment of SW480 cells with 20 µg/ml cetuximab for 48 h markedly reduced cell viability. In addition, plasmids were transfected into SW480 cells to induce Smad4 silencing or overexpression. Silencing Smad4 attenuated the sensitivity of SW480 CRC cells to cetuximab; this effect was reflected in increased cell viability and slightly increased migration and invasion, as determined by CCK‑8, wound scratch and Transwell analyses. RT‑qPCR and western blotting was performed to assess the expression levels of apoptosis‑ and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related genes. Silencing Smad4 partly reversed the effects of cetuximab on the mRNA and protein expression levels of vimentin, Bax/Bcl‑2 and E‑cadherin. However, Smad4 overexpression enhanced SW480 cell sensitivity to cetuximab. In conclusion, Smad4 may serve a vital role in the sensitivity of CRC cells to chemotherapeutic drugs by promoting EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlv Lin
- Department of Surgical Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Surgical Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Department of Surgical Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Zheng
- Department of Surgical Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
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29
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Woolston A, Khan K, Spain G, Barber LJ, Griffiths B, Gonzalez-Exposito R, Hornsteiner L, Punta M, Patil Y, Newey A, Mansukhani S, Davies MN, Furness A, Sclafani F, Peckitt C, Jiménez M, Kouvelakis K, Ranftl R, Begum R, Rana I, Thomas J, Bryant A, Quezada S, Wotherspoon A, Khan N, Fotiadis N, Marafioti T, Powles T, Lise S, Calvo F, Guettler S, von Loga K, Rao S, Watkins D, Starling N, Chau I, Sadanandam A, Cunningham D, Gerlinger M. Genomic and Transcriptomic Determinants of Therapy Resistance and Immune Landscape Evolution during Anti-EGFR Treatment in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:35-50.e9. [PMID: 31287991 PMCID: PMC6617392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite biomarker stratification, the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab is only effective against a subgroup of colorectal cancers (CRCs). This genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the cetuximab resistance landscape in 35 RAS wild-type CRCs identified associations of NF1 and non-canonical RAS/RAF aberrations with primary resistance and validated transcriptomic CRC subtypes as non-genetic predictors of benefit. Sixty-four percent of biopsies with acquired resistance harbored no genetic resistance drivers. Most of these had switched from a cetuximab-sensitive transcriptomic subtype at baseline to a fibroblast- and growth factor-rich subtype at progression. Fibroblast-supernatant conferred cetuximab resistance in vitro, confirming a major role for non-genetic resistance through stromal remodeling. Cetuximab treatment increased cytotoxic immune infiltrates and PD-L1 and LAG3 immune checkpoint expression, potentially providing opportunities to treat cetuximab-resistant CRCs with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Woolston
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Khurum Khan
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Georgia Spain
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Louise J Barber
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Beatrice Griffiths
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Reyes Gonzalez-Exposito
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Lisa Hornsteiner
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Marco Punta
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer Bioinformatics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Yatish Patil
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer Bioinformatics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alice Newey
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sonia Mansukhani
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Matthew N Davies
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Andrew Furness
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | | | - Clare Peckitt
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Mirta Jiménez
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Romana Ranftl
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ruwaida Begum
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Isma Rana
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Janet Thomas
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Annette Bryant
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Sergio Quezada
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | | | - Nasir Khan
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Nikolaos Fotiadis
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Departments of Pathology and Histopathology, University College Hospital, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stefano Lise
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer Bioinformatics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Fernando Calvo
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sebastian Guettler
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Katharina von Loga
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Sheela Rao
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - David Watkins
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | | | - Ian Chau
- GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Systems and Precision Cancer Medicine Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Marco Gerlinger
- Translational Oncogenomics Lab, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK; GI Cancer Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
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30
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Rachiglio AM, Lambiase M, Fenizia F, Roma C, Cardone C, Iannaccone A, De Luca A, Carotenuto M, Frezzetti D, Martinelli E, Maiello E, Ciardiello F, Normanno N. Genomic Profiling of KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients Reveals Novel Mutations in Genes Potentially Associated with Resistance to Anti-EGFR Agents. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E859. [PMID: 31226844 PMCID: PMC6627713 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous findings suggest that metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) patients with KRAS/NRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA wild-type (quadruple-wt) tumors are highly sensitive to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). However, additional molecular alterations might be involved in the de novo resistance to these drugs. We performed a comprehensive molecular profiling of 21 quadruple-wt tumors from mCRC patients enrolled in the "Cetuximab After Progression in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer patients" (CAPRI-GOIM) trial of first line FOLFIRI plus cetuximab. Tumor samples were analyzed with a targeted sequencing panel covering single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions/deletions (Indels), copy number variations (CNVs), and gene fusions in 143 cancer-related genes. The analysis revealed in all 21 patients the presence of at least one SNV/Indel and in 10/21 cases (48%) the presence of at least one CNV. Furthermore, 17/21 (81%) patients had co-existing SNVs/Indels in different genes. Quadruple-wt mCRC from patients with the shorter progression free survival (PFS) were enriched with peculiar genetic alterations in KRAS, FBXW7, MAP2K1, and NF1 genes as compared with patients with longer PFS. These data suggest that a wide genetic profiling of quadruple-wt mCRC patients might help to identify novel markers of de novo resistance to anti-EGFR MoAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Rachiglio
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Matilde Lambiase
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Fenizia
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristin Roma
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cardone
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania L Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessia Iannaccone
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Department of food and feed control, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marianeve Carotenuto
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Frezzetti
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania L Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania L Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Chen J, Wang J. Efficacy and safety assessment of S-1-based regimens comparing to intravenous fluorouracil-based ones in Asian patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma: A system review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15999. [PMID: 31169742 PMCID: PMC6571363 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed the present systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety for S-1-based regimens comparing to intravenous fluorouracil-based ones in Asian patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC). METHODS Eligible prospective and controlled randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included, of which data were extracted by inclusion criteria and exclusion ones. Odds ratio (OR) and Hazard ratio (HR) of outcomes including objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progressive-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) were explored for the final analysis between the 2 groups. RESULTS A total of 23 eligible prospective, controlled RCTs including 2269 patients were enrolled for the pooled analysis. With the meta-analysis of available data, the results of the present research showed that there was no statistical difference on short-term efficacy including ORR (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.71-1.01; P = .07) or DCR (HR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.69-1.11; P = .27), as well as long-term efficacy including PFS (HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.90-1.11; P = .98) or OS (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.82-1.10; P = .50). In addition, the incidences of AEs including leucopenia, neutropenia, and vomiting were statistically lower in S-1-based regimens comparing to intravenous fluorouracil-based ones, regardless of all grade or high grade (all P <.05). However, there were no significant differences detected among other AEs including anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased alanine aminotransferase concentration, stomatitis, anorexia, diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome (HFS), or sensory neuropathy among the 2 groups (all P >.05). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis revealed that S-1-based regimens might be associated with comparable efficacy, as well as lower risk of leucopenia, neutropenia, and vomiting at all/high grade comparing to intravenous fluorouracil-based ones in Asian patients with mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junhui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
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32
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Duan L, Yang W, Wang X, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Hong L, Fan D. Advances in prognostic markers for colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:313-324. [PMID: 30907673 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1592679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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33
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Post JB, Hami N, Mertens AEE, Elfrink S, Bos JL, Snippert HJG. CRISPR-induced RASGAP deficiencies in colorectal cancer organoids reveal that only loss of NF1 promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1440-1457. [PMID: 30858928 PMCID: PMC6402720 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-EGFR therapy is used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, for which initial response rates of 10-20% have been achieved. Although the presence of HER2 amplifications and oncogenic mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF are associated with EGFR-targeted therapy resistance, for a large population of CRC patients the underlying mechanism of RAS-MEK-ERK hyperactivation is not clear. Loss-of-function mutations in RASGAPs are often speculated in literature to promote CRC growth as being negative regulators of RAS, but direct experimental evidence is lacking. We generated a CRISPR-mediated knock out panel of all RASGAPs in patient-derived CRC organoids and found that only loss of NF1, but no other RASGAPs e.g. RASA1, results in enhanced RAS-ERK signal amplification and improved tolerance towards limited EGF stimulation. Our data suggests that NF1-deficient CRCs are likely not responsive to anti-EGFR monotherapy and can potentially function as a biomarker for CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin B Post
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nizar Hami
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander E E Mertens
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suraya Elfrink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Netherlands, Institute Netherlands, Office Jaarbeurs Innovation Mile, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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