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Al-Shami K, Awadi S, Khamees A, Alsheikh AM, Al-Sharif S, Ala’ Bereshy R, Al-Eitan SF, Banikhaled SH, Al-Qudimat AR, Al-Zoubi RM, Al Zoubi MS. Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20224. [PMID: 37809638 PMCID: PMC10559995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, the development and regulation of the reproductive system and non-reproductive system are significantly influenced by estrogens (oestrogens). In addition, lipid metabolism is another physiological role of estrogens. Estrogens act through different types of receptors to introduce signals to the target cell by affecting many estrogen response elements. Breast cancer is considered mostly a hormone-dependent disease. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors, and they are a good marker for cancer prognosis. This review will discuss estrogen metabolism and the interaction of estrogen metabolites with breast cancer. The carcinogenic role of estrogen is discussed in light of both conventional and atypical cancers susceptible to hormones, such as prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer, as we examine how estrogen contributes to the formation and activation of breast cancer. In addition, this review will discuss other factors that can be associated with estrogen-driven breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayry Al-Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sajeda Awadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Almu'atasim Khamees
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan
| | | | - Sumaiya Al-Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Sharaf F. Al-Eitan
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Boddy AM, Rupp S, Yu Z, Hanson H, Aktipis A, Smith K. Early life adversity, reproductive history and breast cancer risk. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:429-438. [PMID: 36101671 PMCID: PMC9464099 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Individuals who experience early life adversity are at an increased risk for chronic disease later in life. Less is known about how early life factors are associated with cancer susceptibility. Here, we use a life history framework to test whether early life adversity increases the risk of breast cancer. We predict that early life adversity can shift investment in somatic maintenance and accelerate the timing of reproduction, which may mediate or interact with the risk of breast cancer. Methodology We use population-wide data from the Utah Population Database (UPDB) and Utah Cancer Registry, leading to 24 957 cases of women diagnosed with breast cancer spanning 20 years (1990-2010) and 124 785 age-matched controls. We generated a cumulative early life adversity summation score to evaluate the interaction (moderation) and mediation between early life adversity, reproductive history and their association with breast cancer risk. Results Our analyses led to three key findings: (i) more early life adversity, when considered as a main effect, accelerates the time to first birth and death, (ii) early age at first birth and high parity decreases the risk of breast cancer and (iii) we find no association between early adversity and breast cancer risk either as a main effect or in its interaction with reproductive history. Conclusion and implications Early adversity elevates the risk of overall mortality through mechanisms other than breast cancer risk. This suggests early life factors can generate different effects on health. Future work should incorporate more complex view of life history patterns, including multiple life stages, when making predictions about cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Boddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Rupp
- Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security, and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Zhe Yu
- Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Heidi Hanson
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Department of Psychology & Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ken Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies and Population Science/Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Katuwal S, Tapanainen J, Pukkala E. Multivariate analysis of independent roles of socioeconomic status, occupational physical activity, reproductive factors, and postmenopausal hormonal therapy in risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 193:495-505. [PMID: 35366162 PMCID: PMC9090885 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case-control study assesses the independent roles of reproductive history, postmenopausal hormonal therapy (HT), socioeconomic status (SES), and occupational physical activity on the risk of breast cancer (BC). METHODS Odds ratios (OR) were estimated from conditional logistic multivariate regression model in a data set of 19,253 Finnish women diagnosed with BC between 1994 and 2013 and 96,265 age-matched population controls. RESULTS Both pre- and postmenopausal white-collar workers had significantly increased risk of ductal and lobular BC as compared to manual workers. Moderate occupational physical activity reduced risk of lobular BC by 14%. There was a transient increase in the risk of BC observed after each birth followed by a protective effect starting some years after the delivery. As the number of children increased, the short-term excess risk was lower and protective effect was observed earlier. Continuous estrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) significantly increased the risk of both ductal and lobular BC and the magnitude of risk was directly proportional to duration of use (OR for 5+ years of use 2.26, 95% confidence interval 2.12-2.42). Monthly EPT for 5+ years increased the risk (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.20-1.45). Users of estradiol plus levonorgestrel intrauterine system devices showed ORs of 1.56 (95% CI 1.45-1.69) and 2.18 (95% CI 1.81-2.64) for ductal and lobular BC, respectively. CONCLUSION This study concludes that pregnancy has a dual effect on BC risk, with a transient increase in risk followed by a long-term protective effect. The SES and HT have a large effect on BC risk while occupational physical activity has only a small independent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Katuwal
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Juha Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Roble AK, Osman MO, Ibrahim AM, Wedajo GT, Abdi Usman S. Determinants of short birth interval among ever married reproductive age women living in Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia 2020 (unmatched case-control study). SAGE Open Med 2022; 9:20503121211067870. [PMID: 34992784 PMCID: PMC8725026 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211067870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: A short birth interval is a universal public health problem resulting in adverse maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify determinants of short birth interval among ever married reproductive age mothers who live in Jigjiga city administration, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: A community-based unmatched case–control study was used among 194 cases and 194 controls in Jigjiga city administration from September to December 2020. Cases were women with short birth interval (less than 3 years) and controls were women with optimum birth interval (3–5 years). Simple random sampling technique was employed to select cases and controls. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.2 and analysis with SPSS version 22. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence interval at p < 0.05 is used to declare significantly associated predictors of short birth interval. Result: This study reported that women who have not attended formal education (adjusted odds ratio = 5.28, 95% confidence interval: (2.25–12.36)), attended primary education (adjusted odds ratio = 2.79, 95% confidence interval: (1.46–5.34)), women who married to a polygamous husband (adjusted odds ratio = 3.69, 95% confidence interval: (1.80–7.58)), having a history of neonatal death (adjusted odds ratio = 2.15, 95% confidence interval: (1.07–4.32)), preceding child being female (adjusted odds ratio = 3.69, 95% confidence interval: (2.02–6.72)), and never used contraceptive methods (adjusted odds ratio = 3.69, 95% confidence interval: (2.02–6.72)) were identified as determinants of the short birth interval. Conclusion: Short birth intervals were associated with educational level of the women, sex of the baby, husband marriage types, history of neonatal death, and contraceptive utilization. Strategy should be engaged to enhance women education, contraceptive uses, and to decrease neonatal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurahman Kedir Roble
- Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed Omar Osman
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Tadesse Wedajo
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Seid Abdi Usman
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Results from epidemiologic studies on age at last birth (ALB) and the risk of developing breast cancer were inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the association between ALB and the risk of developing breast cancer quantitatively. METHODS Relevant articles published up to May 2019 were identified by searching systematically in PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wan Fang Med Online. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model. RESULTS Fourteen studies with 132 133 cases and 1 314 005 participants were eligible for this meta-analysis. The pooled RR (95% CI) of breast cancer for the highest vs. the lowest stratification of ALB was 1.22 (1.04-1.42). In the subgroup analysis, significant positive associations were also found in studies conducted in Europe (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38), studies with results adjusted for parity (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04-1.54), and studies with results adjusted for age at first birth (RR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08-1.74). The results of the dose-response analysis indicated that the departure from linearity was NS between ALB and the risk of breast cancer (Pnonlinearity = 0.711), but the linear associations were NS. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggested that ALB was positively associated with the risk of breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer increased gradually with the ALB for women. Our findings may have implications for family planning.
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Diaz-Perez HM, Mesa-Chavez F, Lopez-Martinez EA, Villarreal-Garza C. Short inter-pregnancy interval and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109951. [PMID: 32535457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between pregnancy and breast cancer risk is not fully understood. Most of the literature has described this interaction in terms of the age at first pregnancy and the number of full-term pregnancies. During the prospective accrual of the "Joven & Fuerte: Program for young women with breast cancer in Mexico" cohort, a series of cases with pregnancy-associated breast cancer and a history of a short inter-pregnancy interval was identified. To date, there is a very limited number of descriptions about the interaction between a short inter-pregnancy interval and breast cancer, but none specifically regarding the association of a short inter-pregnancy interval and pregnancy-associated breast cancer. Based on findings from a prospective cohort of young Mexican breast cancer patients, we hypothesize that a short inter-pregnancy interval may increase the incidence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer, possibly by amplifying the effects of the pregnancy-associated factors involved in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector M Diaz-Perez
- Centro de Cancer de Mama, Hospital Zambrano Hellion - Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Mesa-Chavez
- Centro de Cancer de Mama, Hospital Zambrano Hellion - Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Joven & Fuerte: Programa para la Atencion e Investigacion de Mujeres Jovenes con Cancer de Mama, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edna A Lopez-Martinez
- Centro de Cancer de Mama, Hospital Zambrano Hellion - Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Joven & Fuerte: Programa para la Atencion e Investigacion de Mujeres Jovenes con Cancer de Mama, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Villarreal-Garza
- Centro de Cancer de Mama, Hospital Zambrano Hellion - Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Joven & Fuerte: Programa para la Atencion e Investigacion de Mujeres Jovenes con Cancer de Mama, Mexico City, Mexico.
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