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Song PN, Lynch SE, DeMellier CT, Mansur A, Gallegos CA, Wright BD, Hartman YE, Minton LE, Lapi SE, Warram JM, Sorace AG. Dual anti-HER2/EGFR inhibition synergistically increases therapeutic effects and alters tumor oxygenation in HNSCC. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3771. [PMID: 38355949 PMCID: PMC10866896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and hypoxia are associated with radioresistance. The goal of this study is to study the synergy of anti-HER2, trastuzumab, and anti-EGFR, cetuximab, and characterize the tumor microenvironment components that may lead to increased radiation sensitivity with dual anti-HER2/EGFR therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging ([89Zr]-panitumumab and [89Zr]-pertuzumab) was used to characterize EGFR and HER2 in HNSCC cell line tumors. HNSCC cells were treated with trastuzumab, cetuximab, or combination followed by radiation to assess for viability and radiosensitivity (colony forming assay, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry). In vivo, [18F]-FMISO-PET imaging was used to quantify changes in oxygenation during treatment. Bliss Test of Synergy was used to identify combination treatment synergy. Quantifying EGFR and HER2 receptor expression revealed a 50% increase in heterogeneity of HER2 relative to EGFR. In vitro, dual trastuzumab-cetuximab therapy shows significant decreases in DNA damage response and increased response to radiation therapy (p < 0.05). In vivo, tumors treated with dual anti-HER2/EGFR demonstrated decreased tumor hypoxia, when compared to single agent therapies. Dual trastuzumab-cetuximab demonstrates synergy and can affect tumor oxygenation in HNSCC. Combination trastuzumab-cetuximab modulates the tumor microenvironment through reductions in tumor hypoxia and induces sustained treatment synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Song
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Shannon E Lynch
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chloe T DeMellier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Ameer Mansur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Carlos A Gallegos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Brian D Wright
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Yolanda E Hartman
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Laura E Minton
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jason M Warram
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Anna G Sorace
- Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
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2
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Hu CT, Pei SJ, Wang JL, Zu LD, Shen WW, Yuan L, Gao F, Jiang LR, Yau SST, Fu GH. Quantitative proteomics profiling reveals the inhibition of trastuzumab antitumor efficacy by phosphorylated RPS6 in gastric carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2023; 92:341-355. [PMID: 37507485 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-023-04571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab is a standard treatment for gastric carcinoma with HER2 overexpression, but not all patients benefit from treatment with HER2-targeted therapies due to intrinsic and acquired resistance. Thus, more precise predictors for selecting patients to receive trastuzumab therapy are urgently needed. METHODS We applied mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to 38 HER2-positive gastric tumor biopsies from 19 patients pretreated with trastuzumab (responders n = 10; nonresponders, n = 9) to identify factors that may influence innate sensitivity or resistance to trastuzumab therapy and validated the results in tumor cells and patient samples. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed significantly lower phosphorylated ribosomal S6 (p-RPS6) levels in responders than nonresponders, and this downregulation was associated with a durable response and better overall survival after anti-HER2 therapy. High p-RPS6 levels could trigger AKT/mTOR/RPS6 signaling and inhibit trastuzumab antitumor efficacy in nonresponders. We demonstrated that RPS6 phosphorylation inhibitors in combination with trastuzumab effectively suppressed HER2-positive GC cell survival through the inhibition of the AKT/mTOR/RPS6 axis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide for the first time a detailed proteomics profile of current protein alterations in patients before anti-HER2 therapy and present a novel and optimal predictor for the response to trastuzumab treatment. HER2-positive GC patients with low expression of p-RPS6 are more likely to benefit from trastuzumab therapy than those with high expression. However, those with high expression of p-RPS6 may benefit from trastuzumab in combination with RPS6 phosphorylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Hu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Jun Pei
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Long Wang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Dong Zu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ren Jiang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen S-T Yau
- Yanqi Lake Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (BIMSA), Huairou District, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guo-Hui Fu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Zhang M, Sun W, You X, Xu D, Wang L, Yang J, Li E, He S. LINE-1 repression in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer through viral-host genome interaction. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:4867-4880. [PMID: 36942479 PMCID: PMC10250212 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long INterspersed Element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) acts as a major remodeling force in genome regulation and evolution. Accumulating evidence shows that virus infection impacts L1 expression, potentially impacting host antiviral response and diseases. The underlying regulation mechanism is unclear. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus linked to B-cell and epithelial malignancies, is known to have viral-host genome interaction, resulting in transcriptional rewiring in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). By analyzing publicly available datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we found that EBVaGC has L1 transcriptional repression compared with EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). More specifically, retrotransposition-associated young and full-length L1s (FL-L1s) were among the most repressed L1s. Epigenetic alterations, especially increased H3K9me3, were observed on FL-L1s. H3K9me3 deposition was potentially attributed to increased TASOR expression, a key component of the human silencing hub (HUSH) complex for H3K9 trimethylation. The 4C- and HiC-seq data indicated that the viral DNA interacted in the proximity of the TASOR enhancer, strengthening the loop formation between the TASOR enhancer and its promoter. These results indicated that EBV infection is associated with increased H3K9me3 deposition, leading to L1 repression. This study uncovers a regulation mechanism of L1 expression by chromatin topology remodeling associated with viral-host genome interaction in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Weikang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoxin You
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Dongge Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jingping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Institute of Medical Virology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Yancheng Medical Research Center, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng 224000, China
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4
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Ebert K, Haffner I, Zwingenberger G, Keller S, Raimúndez E, Geffers R, Wirtz R, Barbaria E, Hollerieth V, Arnold R, Walch A, Hasenauer J, Maier D, Lordick F, Luber B. Combining gene expression analysis of gastric cancer cell lines and tumor specimens to identify biomarkers for anti-HER therapies-the role of HAS2, SHB and HBEGF. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:254. [PMID: 35264144 PMCID: PMC8908634 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The standard treatment for patients with advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer is a combination of the antibody trastuzumab and platin-fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. As some patients do not respond to trastuzumab therapy or develop resistance during treatment, the search for alternative treatment options and biomarkers to predict therapy response is the focus of research. We compared the efficacy of trastuzumab and other HER-targeting drugs such as cetuximab and afatinib. We also hypothesized that treatment-dependent regulation of a gene indicates its importance in response and that it can therefore be used as a biomarker for patient stratification. Methods A selection of gastric cancer cell lines (Hs746T, MKN1, MKN7 and NCI-N87) was treated with EGF, cetuximab, trastuzumab or afatinib for a period of 4 or 24 h. The effects of treatment on gene expression were measured by RNA sequencing and the resulting biomarker candidates were tested in an available cohort of gastric cancer patients from the VARIANZ trial or functionally analyzed in vitro. Results After treatment of the cell lines with afatinib, the highest number of regulated genes was observed, followed by cetuximab and trastuzumab. Although trastuzumab showed only relatively small effects on gene expression, BMF, HAS2 and SHB could be identified as candidate biomarkers for response to trastuzumab. Subsequent studies confirmed HAS2 and SHB as potential predictive markers for response to trastuzumab therapy in clinical samples from the VARIANZ trial. AREG, EREG and HBEGF were identified as candidate biomarkers for treatment with afatinib and cetuximab. Functional analysis confirmed that HBEGF is a resistance factor for cetuximab. Conclusion By confirming HAS2, SHB and HBEGF as biomarkers for anti-HER therapies, we provide evidence that the regulation of gene expression after treatment can be used for biomarker discovery. Trial registration. Clinical specimens of the VARIANZ study (NCT02305043) were used to test biomarker candidates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09335-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Ebert
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Ivonne Haffner
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gwen Zwingenberger
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Simone Keller
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Elba Raimúndez
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralph Wirtz
- STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology GmbH, 50935, Köln, Germany
| | - Elena Barbaria
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hollerieth
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Rouven Arnold
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Lordick
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University Leipzig Medical Center, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Luber
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany.
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5
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Kunzke T, Hölzl FT, Prade VM, Buck A, Huber K, Feuchtinger A, Ebert K, Zwingenberger G, Geffers R, Hauck SM, Haffner I, Luber B, Lordick F, Walch A. Metabolomic therapy response prediction in pretherapeutic tissue biopsies for trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e547. [PMID: 34586736 PMCID: PMC8473480 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kunzke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian T Hölzl
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Verena M Prade
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Huber
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karolin Ebert
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, München, Germany
| | - Gwen Zwingenberger
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, München, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science and Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ivonne Haffner
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Birgit Luber
- Technische Universität München, Fakultät für Medizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, München, Germany
| | - Florian Lordick
- University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Ebert K, Zwingenberger G, Barbaria E, Keller S, Heck C, Arnold R, Hollerieth V, Mattes J, Geffers R, Raimúndez E, Hasenauer J, Luber B. Correction to: Determining the effects of trastuzumab, cetuximab and afatinib by phosphoprotein, gene expression and phenotypic analysis in gastric cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1127. [PMID: 33225928 PMCID: PMC7682055 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Ebert
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Gwen Zwingenberger
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Elena Barbaria
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Simone Keller
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Corinna Heck
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Rouven Arnold
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hollerieth
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany
| | - Julian Mattes
- MATTES Medical Imaging GmbH, A-4232, Hagenberg, Austria
| | - Robert Geffers
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elba Raimúndez
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Luber
- Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 81675, München, Germany.
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