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Stribbling SM, Beach C, Ryan AJ. Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108631. [PMID: 38467308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Stribbling
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Fast Biopharma, Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, OX49 5SW, UK.
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Boutin J, Genevois C, Couillaud F, Lamrissi-Garcia I, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Bibeyran A, Lalanne M, Amintas S, Moranvillier I, Richard E, Blouin JM, Dabernat S, Moreau-Gaudry F, Bedel A. CRISPR editing to mimic porphyria combined with light: A new preclinical approach for prostate cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200772. [PMID: 38596305 PMCID: PMC10899051 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to its very high genome-editing efficiency, CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be a promising anticancer weapon. Clinical trials using CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease to ex vivo edit and alter immune cells are ongoing. However, to date, this strategy still has not been applied in clinical practice to directly target cancer cells. Targeting a canonical metabolic pathway essential to good functioning of cells without potential escape would represent an attractive strategy. We propose to mimic a genetic metabolic disorder in cancer cells to weaken cancer cells, independent of their genomic abnormalities. Mutations affecting the heme biosynthesis pathway are responsible for porphyria, and most of them are characterized by an accumulation of toxic photoreactive porphyrins. This study aimed to mimic porphyria by using CRISPR-Cas9 to inactivate UROS, leading to porphyrin accumulation in a prostate cancer model. Prostate cancer is the leading cancer in men and has a high mortality rate despite therapeutic progress, with a primary tumor accessible to light. By combining light with gene therapy, we obtained high efficiency in vitro and in vivo, with considerable improvement in the survival of mice. Finally, we achieved the preclinical proof-of-principle of performing cancer CRISPR gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Boutin
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Coralie Genevois
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Vivoptic Platform INSERM US 005—CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Couillaud
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Vivoptic Platform INSERM US 005—CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Lamrissi-Garcia
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Guyonnet-Duperat
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Vect’UB, Vectorology Platform, INSERM US 005—CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Bibeyran
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Vect’UB, Vectorology Platform, INSERM US 005—CNRS UAR 3427-TBM-Core, Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Magalie Lalanne
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Samuel Amintas
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Tumor Biology and Tumor Bank Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Moranvillier
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Richard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Blouin
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Dabernat
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélie Bedel
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR 1312, Bordeaux Institute of Oncology, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Biochemistry Laboratory, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Dakir EH, Gajate C, Mollinedo F. Antitumor activity of alkylphospholipid edelfosine in prostate cancer models and endoplasmic reticulum targeting. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115436. [PMID: 37683591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death among men worldwide. While the five-year survival in local and regional prostate cancer is higher than 99%, it falls to about 28% in advanced metastatic prostate cancer. The ether lipid edelfosine is considered the prototype of a family of promising antitumor drugs collectively named as alkylphospholipid analogs. Here, we found that edelfosine was the most potent alkylphospholipid analog in inducing apoptosis in three different human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3, and DU145) with distinct androgen dependency, and differing in tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p53 status. Edelfosine accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of prostate cancer cells, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death in the three prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy potentiated the pro-apoptotic activity of edelfosine in LNCaP and PC3 cells, where autophagy was induced as a survival response. Edelfosine induced a slight and transient inhibition of AKT in PTEN-negative LNCaP and PC3 cells, but not in PTEN-positive DU145 cells. Daily oral administration of edelfosine in murine prostate restricted AKT kinase transgenic mice, expressing active AKT in a prostate-specific manner, and in a DU145 xenograft mouse model resulted in significant tumor regression and apoptosis in tumor cells. Taken together, these results show a significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of edelfosine against prostate cancer, and highlight the endoplasmic reticulum as a novel and promising therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Habib Dakir
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas - Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Olkowski C, Fernandes B, Griffiths GL, Lin F, Choyke PL. Preclinical Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:644-662. [PMID: 36882335 PMCID: PMC10440231 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity, affecting millions of men, with a large percentage expected to develop the disease as they reach advanced ages. Treatment and management advances have been dramatic over the past 50 years or so, and one aspect of these improvements is reflected in the multiple advances in diagnostic imaging techniques. Much attention has been focused on molecular imaging techniques that offer high sensitivity and specificity and can now more accurately assess disease status and detect recurrence earlier. During development of molecular imaging probes, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) must be evaluated in preclinical models of the disease. If such agents are to be translated to the clinic, where patients undergoing these imaging modalities are injected with a molecular imaging probe, these agents must first be approved by the FDA and other regulatory agencies prior to their adoption in clinical practice. Scientists have worked assiduously to develop preclinical models of prostate cancer that are relevant to the human disease to enable testing of these probes and related targeted drugs. Challenges in developing reproducible and robust models of human disease in animals are beset with practical issues such as the lack of natural occurrence of prostate cancer in mature male animals, the difficulty of initiating disease in immune-competent animals and the sheer size differences between humans and conveniently smaller animals such as rodents. Thus, compromises in what is ideal and what can be achieved have had to be made. The workhorse of preclinical animal models has been, and remains, the investigation of human xenograft tumor models in athymic immunocompromised mice. Later models have used other immunocompromised models as they have been found and developed, including the use of directly derived patient tumor tissues, completely immunocompromised mice, orthotopic methods for inducing prostate cancer within the mouse prostate itself and metastatic models of advanced disease. These models have been developed in close parallel with advances in imaging agent chemistries, radionuclide developments, computer electronics advances, radiometric dosimetry, biotechnologies, organoid technologies, advances in in vitro diagnostics, and overall deeper understandings of disease initiation, development, immunology, and genetics. The combination of molecular models of prostatic disease with radiometric-based studies in small animals will always remain spatially limited due to the inherent resolution sensitivity limits of PET and SPECT decay processes, fundamentally set at around a 0.5 cm resolution limit. Nevertheless, it is central to researcher's efforts and to successful clinical translation that the best animal models are adopted, accepted, and scientifically verified as part of this truly interdisciplinary approach to addressing this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Olkowski
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD
| | - Bruna Fernandes
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD
| | - Gary L Griffiths
- Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Frank Lin
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD.
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