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van der Kleij MBA, Guchelaar NAD, Meertens M, Westerdijk K, Giraud EL, Bleckman RF, Groenland SL, van Eerden RAG, Imholz ALT, Vulink AJE, Otten HM, Fiebrich-Westra HB, Lubberman FJE, Desar IME, Moes DJAR, Touw DJ, Koolen SLW, Gelderblom H, Reyners AKL, van Erp NP, Mathijssen RHJ, Huitema ADR, Steeghs N. Reasons for non-feasibility of therapeutic drug monitoring of oral targeted therapies in oncology - an analysis of the closed cohorts of a multicentre prospective study. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:843-851. [PMID: 38971952 PMCID: PMC11369282 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) - performing dose adjustments based on measured drug levels and established pharmacokinetic (PK) targets - could optimise treatment with drugs that show large interpatient variability in exposure. We evaluated the feasibility of TDM for multiple oral targeted therapies. Here we report on drugs for which routine TDM is not feasible. METHODS We evaluated drug cohorts from the Dutch Pharmacology Oncology Group - TDM study. Based on PK levels taken at pre-specified time points, PK-guided interventions were performed. Feasibility of TDM was evaluated, and based on the success and practicability of TDM, cohorts could be closed. RESULTS For 10 out of 24 cohorts TDM was not feasible and inclusion was closed. A high incidence of adverse events resulted in closing the cabozantinib, dabrafenib/trametinib, everolimus, regorafenib and vismodegib cohort. The enzalutamide and erlotinib cohorts were closed because almost all PK levels were above target. Other, non-pharmacological reasons led to closing the palbociclib, olaparib and tamoxifen cohort. CONCLUSIONS Although TDM could help personalising treatment for many drugs, the above-mentioned reasons can influence its feasibility, usefulness and clinical applicability. Therefore, routine TDM is not advised for cabozantinib, dabrafenib/trametinib, enzalutamide, erlotinib, everolimus, regorafenib and vismodegib. Nonetheless, TDM remains valuable for individual clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud B A van der Kleij
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels A D Guchelaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinda Meertens
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Westerdijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline L Giraud
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos F Bleckman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie L Groenland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben A G van Eerden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex L T Imholz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Annelie J E Vulink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Martin Otten
- Department of Medical Oncology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ingrid M E Desar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan J Touw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - An K L Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nielka P van Erp
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tan Z, Völler S, Yin A, Rieborn A, Gelderblom AJ, van der Hulle T, Knibbe CAJ, Moes DJAR. Population Pharmacokinetics of Cabozantinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: Towards Drug Expenses Saving Regimens. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:857-869. [PMID: 38874883 PMCID: PMC11222182 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-024-01379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cabozantinib is one of the preferred treatment options in the latest metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) guidelines. Cabozantinib is also associated with high drug expenses irrespective of the used dose, because a flat-prizing model has been implemented. In addition, concomitant intake with a high-fat meal increases its bioavailability on average by 57%. Combined with the long terminal half-life of cabozantinib (99 h), this creates possibilities to extend the dosing interval to reduce drug expenses whilst maintaining equivalent exposure. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to evaluate the population pharmacokinetic (POPPK) model of cabozantinib developed for its registration using real-world patients' therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data. The secondary objective was to design, simulate, and evaluate alternative dose regimens with the aim to reduce drug expenses whilst maintaining comparable exposure. METHODS Retrospective TDM data from mRCC patients treated with cabozantinib were obtained. The data were evaluated using the published Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cabozantinib POPPK model, a two-compartment disposition model with a dual (fast and slow) lagged first-order absorption process derived from FDA registration documents, as a basis. Subsequently, simulations of alternative drug expenses saving regimens were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-seven mRCC patients with 75 pharmacokinetic observations were included. Patients were treated for a median of 75 days with a median dose of 40 mg. Model evaluation results showed that the cabozantinib TDM concentrations were adequately predicted by the published FDA cabozantinib POPPK model, except for a slightly higher clearance (CL) of 3.11 L/h compared to the reported value (2.23 L/h). The simulation study indicated that an alternative dose regimen that consists of taking 60 mg of cabozantinib for 2 days and then skipping 1 day results in comparable average exposure when compared with a 40 mg daily dose, both without food interaction, while saving 33.3% of the total drug expenses per month. The food effect of a high-fat meal was also taken into account when simulating other alternative dose regimens; 40 mg every 72 h combined with a high-fat meal resulted in comparable exposure when compared with a 20 mg daily dose fasted, while saving 66.7% in drug expenses. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the optimized cabozantinib POPPK model resulted in adequate prediction of real-world cabozantinib pharmacokinetic data. Alternative dosing regimens with and without using known food interactions were proposed that resulted in potential strategies to significantly reduce cabozantinib drug expenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tan
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Swantje Völler
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anyue Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Rieborn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A J Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Hulle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catherijne A J Knibbe
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan A R Moes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Blanchet B, Xu-Vuilard A, Jouinot A, Puisset F, Combarel D, Huillard O, Le Louedec F, Thomas F, Teixeira M, Flippot R, Mourey L, Albiges L, Pudlarz T, Joly C, Tournigand C, Chauvin J, Puszkiel A, Chatelut E, Decleves X, Vidal M, Goldwasser F, Oudard S, Medioni J, Vano YA. Exposure-response relationship of cabozantinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated in routine care. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:961-969. [PMID: 38272963 PMCID: PMC10950854 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interindividual pharmacokinetic variability may influence the clinical benefit or toxicity of cabozantinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We aimed to investigate the exposure-toxicity and exposure-response relationship of cabozantinib in unselected mRCC patients treated in routine care. METHODS This ambispective multicenter study enrolled consecutive patients receiving cabozantinib in monotherapy. Steady-state trough concentration (Cmin,ss) within the first 3 months after treatment initiation was used for the PK/PD analysis with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and survival outcomes. Logistic regression and Cox proportional-hazards models were used to identify the risk factors of DLT and inefficacy in patients, respectively. RESULTS Seventy-eight mRCC patients were eligible for the statistical analysis. Fifty-two patients (67%) experienced DLT with a median onset of 2.1 months (95%CI 0.7-8.2). In multivariate analysis, Cmin,ss was identified as an independent risk factor of DLT (OR 1.46, 95%CI [1.04-2.04]; p = 0.029). PFS and OS were not statistically associated with the starting dose (p = 0.81 and p = 0.98, respectively). In the multivariate analysis of PFS, Cmin, ss > 336 ng/mL resulted in a hazard ratio of 0.28 (95%CI, 0.10-0.77, p = 0.014). By contrast, Cmin, ss > 336 ng/mL was not statistically associated with longer OS. CONCLUSION Early plasma drug monitoring may be useful to optimise cabozantinib treatment in mRCC patients treated in monotherapy, especially in frail patients starting at a lower than standard dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Blanchet
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM, U1268, F-75006, Paris, France.
- Biologie du Médicament - Toxicologie, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France.
| | - Alexandre Xu-Vuilard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jouinot
- Department of Medical Oncology, ARIANE, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Florent Puisset
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Oncopole Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - David Combarel
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
- Medical School, University of Paris XI, Saclay, France
| | - Olivier Huillard
- Department of Medical Oncology, ARIANE, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Félicien Le Louedec
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Oncopole Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Thomas
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Oncopole Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31059, Toulouse, France
- CRCT, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm U1037, Université Paul Sabatier, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Marcus Teixeira
- Department of Oncological Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Medical School, University of Paris XI Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Ronan Flippot
- Department of Oncological Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Medical School, University of Paris XI Saclay, Saclay, France
- Laboratoire d'immunomonitoring en oncologie, CNRS3655 & INSERM US23, Université Paris Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Loic Mourey
- Oncopole Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Department of Oncological Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Medical School, University of Paris XI Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Thomas Pudlarz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Joly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université de Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université de Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | | | - Alicja Puszkiel
- Biologie du Médicament - Toxicologie, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Oncopole Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, 31059, Toulouse, France
- CRCT, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm U1037, Université Paul Sabatier, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Biologie du Médicament - Toxicologie, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
- Groupe de Pharmacologie Clinique Oncologique GPCO-Unicancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM, U1268, F-75006, Paris, France
- Biologie du Médicament - Toxicologie, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, ARIANE, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U970, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Medioni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Yann-Alexandre Vano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université de Paris Cité, UMR_S1138-INSERM, Paris, France
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Henriksen JN, Andersen CU, Fristrup N. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102064. [PMID: 38555681 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Inter-individual variability in drug response pose significant challenges to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). TKIs meet traditional criteria for using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), but research is still limited. Understanding the role of TDM in individualizing treatment strategies could help optimize treatment. Here we review the state of knowledge of TDM for TKIs in mRCC treatment. A comprehensive literature review of original research studies focusing on TDM of TKIs in mRCC treatment, clinical in vivo studies reporting on pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics, therapeutic ranges, drug concentrations, dose adjustments, clinical outcomes, or other relevant aspects related to TDM. We reviewed studies involving human subjects published in peer-reviewed journals. A narrative synthesis approach was employed to summarize the findings. Key themes and trends related to TDM of TKIs in mRCC treatment were identified and synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge. Our search yielded 25 articles. Most were observational. The most consistently reported association between plasma concentration and effect was pazopanib Ctrough >20 µg/mL, but this concentration was not significant across all studies. We found inconsistent evidence for sunitinib and cabozantinib. For axitinib, we found a clear exposure-response relationship, but research was too diverse to conclude on a therapeutic window to use for TDM. We found much heterogeneity between recommended time of measurement (minimum plasma concentration [Cmin], maximal plasma concentration [Cmax], area under the curve [AUC]) and large variation in plasma concentration associated with clinical outcomes, which makes it difficult to recommend specific concentration intervals based on 1 or more of these measurements. Results were more consistent with TKIs continuously administered. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term impact of TDM to possibly establish standardized therapeutic intervals. Prospective studies are suggested. The application of TDM in TKI-combination therapy is warranted in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob N Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Charlotte U Andersen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Fristrup
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Gross-Goupil M, Bodnar L, Campbell MT, Michael A, Venugopal B, Żołnierek J, Dutailly P, Procopio G, Albiges L. Cabozantinib in the Routine Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Literature Review of Real-World Evidence. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:84-97. [PMID: 38101983 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Real-world cabozantinib use has increased since its approval to treat patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 2016. We reviewed cabozantinib use in real-world clinical practice and compared outcomes with pivotal cabozantinib randomized control trials (RCTs). This PRISMA-standard systematic literature review evaluated real-world effectiveness and tolerability of cabozantinib in patients with RCC (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021245854). Systematic MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane database searches were conducted on November 2, 2022. Eligible publications included ≥ 20 patients with RCC receiving cabozantinib. After double-screening for eligibility, standardized data were abstracted, qualitatively summarized, and assessed for risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of 353 screened publications, 41 were included, representing approximately 11,000 real-world patients. Most publications reported cabozantinib monotherapy cohort studies (40/41) of retrospective (39/41) and multicenter (32/41) design; most included patients from North America and/or Europe (30/41). Baseline characteristics were demographically similar between real-world and pivotal RCT populations, but real-world populations showed greater variation in prevalence of prior nephrectomy, multiple-site/brain metastasis, and nonclear-cell RCC histology. Cabozantinib activity was reported across real-world treatment lines and tumor types. Overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rate values from pivotal RCTs were within the ranges reported for equivalent outcomes across real-world studies. Common real-world grade ≥ 3 adverse events were consistent with those in pivotal RCTs (fatigue, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome, diarrhea, hypertension), but less frequent. No new tolerability concerns were identified. Real-world RCC survival outcomes for cabozantinib monotherapy were broadly consistent with pivotal RCTs, despite greater heterogeneity in real-world populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lubomir Bodnar
- University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Institute of Health Sciences, Siedlce, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Michael
- University of Surrey, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Guildford, UK
| | - Balaji Venugopal
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Haigentz M, Lee JY, Chiao EY, Aboulafia DM, Ratner L, Ambinder RF, Baiocchi RA, Mitsuyasu RT, Wachsman W, Sparano JA, Rudek MA. Phase I Trial of the Multi-kinase Inhibitor Cabozantinib, a CYP3A4 Substrate, plus CYP3A4-Interacting Antiretroviral Therapy in People Living with HIV and Cancer (AMC-087). Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5038-5046. [PMID: 37523145 PMCID: PMC10829065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects of cabozantinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, in people living with human immunodeficiency virus and cancer receiving antiretrovirals (ARV). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received a reduced dose of cabozantinib (20 mg orally daily) with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (ARV ritonavir or non-ARV cobicistat, stratum A), or a standard 60 mg dose with ARVs that are CYP3A4 inducers (efavirenz or etravirine, stratum B) or noninteracting ARVs (stratum C). Initial dose escalation in stratum A and stratum B was performed on the basis of tolerability. RESULTS 36 patients received cabozantinib plus ARVs, including 20 in stratum A, 9 in B, and 7 in C. The recommended initial cabozantinib doses for stratum A, B, and C were 20, 60, and 60 mg, respectively. Doses of 40 or 60 mg plus CYP3A4 inhibitors in stratum A and 100 mg plus CYP3A4 inducers in stratum B were associated with excessive toxicity, whereas 60 mg with noninteracting ARVs was not. The steady state minimal concentrations were lower at 20 mg in stratum A or 60 mg in stratum B compared with 60 mg in stratum C, while total exposure was only lower in 60 mg in stratum B compared with 60 mg in stratum C. Activity was observed in Kaposi sarcoma and an AXL-amplified sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Cabozantinib as a single agent should be initiated at 20 mg daily and 60 mg daily when taken concurrently with ARVs that are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers, respectively, with consideration for subsequent escalation per current cabozantinib guidelines. See related commentary by Eisenmann and Sparreboom, p. 4999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Missak Haigentz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | | | - David M. Aboulafia
- The Floyd and Delores Jones Cancer Institute at Virginia Mason Medical Center and the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lee Ratner
- Siteman Cancer Center, University of Washington in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Richard F. Ambinder
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ronald T. Mitsuyasu
- University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Clinical AIDS Research and Education Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - William Wachsman
- University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Joseph A. Sparano
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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7
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van der Kleij MBA, Guchelaar NAD, Mathijssen RHJ, Versluis J, Huitema ADR, Koolen SLW, Steeghs N. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Kinase Inhibitors in Oncology. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1333-1364. [PMID: 37584840 PMCID: PMC10519871 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although kinase inhibitors (KI) frequently portray large interpatient variability, a 'one size fits all' regimen is still often used. In the meantime, relationships between exposure-response and exposure-toxicity have been established for several KIs, so this regimen could lead to unnecessary toxicity and suboptimal efficacy. Dose adjustments based on measured systemic pharmacokinetic levels-i.e., therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-could therefore improve treatment efficacy and reduce the incidence of toxicities. Therefore, the aim of this comprehensive review is to give an overview of the available evidence for TDM for the 77 FDA/EMA kinase inhibitors currently approved (as of July 1st, 2023) used in hematology and oncology. We elaborate on exposure-response and exposure-toxicity relationships for these kinase inhibitors and provide practical recommendations for TDM and discuss corresponding pharmacokinetic targets when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud B A van der Kleij
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels A D Guchelaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Versluis
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Yasu T, Gando Y, Nishijima R, Ikuta R, Suzuki M, Shirota M. Plasma Cabozantinib Level Measurement in Patients with Renal Cell and Hepatocellular Carcinomas Using a Simple HPLC-UV Method Suitable for Clinical Application. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4871-4879. [PMID: 37232825 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib, which is used to treat renal cell and hepatocellular carcinomas, is often associated with dose-dependent adverse events. Monitoring the levels of cabozantinib in the blood may maximize the therapeutic effect and prevent serious adverse events. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) method of measuring plasma cabozantinib concentration. Human plasma samples (50 µL) were processed by simple deproteinization with acetonitrile, followed by chromatographic separation on a reversed-phase column with an isocratic mobile phase of 0.5% KH₂PO4 (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile (43:57, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with a 250 nm ultraviolet detector. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range (0.05-5 µg/mL) with a coefficient of determination of 0.99999. The accuracy of the assay ranged from -4.35% to 0.98%, and recovery was >96.04%. The measurement time was 9 min. These findings confirm the effectiveness of this HPLC-UV method for cabozantinib quantification in human plasma, which is sufficiently simple for use for monitoring patients in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Yasu
- Department of Medicinal Therapy Research, Pharmaceutical Education and Research Center, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Bokutoh Hospital-Meiji Pharmaceutical University Joint Research Center, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshito Gando
- Department of Medicinal Therapy Research, Pharmaceutical Education and Research Center, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nishijima
- Department of Medicinal Therapy Research, Pharmaceutical Education and Research Center, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Risa Ikuta
- Bokutoh Hospital-Meiji Pharmaceutical University Joint Research Center, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
| | - Mikio Shirota
- Bokutoh Hospital-Meiji Pharmaceutical University Joint Research Center, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo 130-8575, Japan
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9
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Ly NS, Li J, Faggioni R, Roskos LK, Brose MS. Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Analysis for the Phase 3 COSMIC-311 Trial of Cabozantinib for Radioiodine-Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:587-598. [PMID: 36869986 PMCID: PMC10085936 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In the USA, cabozantinib was approved for the treatment of patients aged ≥ 12 years with radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who progressed on prior vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy based on the Phase 3 COSMIC-311 trial, which evaluated cabozantinib 60 mg/day versus placebo. Approved dosing is 60 mg/day for adults and for pediatric patients aged ≥ 12 years with body surface area (BSA) ≥ 1.2 m2, and 40 mg/day for pediatric patients aged ≥ 12 years with BSA < 1.2 m2. This report describes a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) and exposure-response analysis of COSMIC-311. METHODS A PopPK model was developed using concentration-time data from COSMIC-311 and 6 other cabozantinib studies. The final (full) PopPK model was used to simulate the effect of sex, body weight, race, and patient population. For exposure-response analysis, derived datasets from COSMIC-311 were constructed for time-to-event analyses of progression-free survival (PFS) and safety endpoints. RESULTS The PopPK analysis included 4746 cabozantinib PK samples from 1745 patients and healthy volunteers. Body weight had minimal impact on cabozantinib exposure but increasing body weight was associated with increased apparent volume of distribution. Based on model-based simulation, adolescents < 40 kg had higher maximum plasma concentration at steady state of cabozantinib 60 mg/day compared to adults. Allometric scaling simulation in adolescents < 40 kg demonstrated higher exposure with 60 mg/day relative to adults receiving the same dose, while exposure with 40 mg/day in adolescents < 40 kg was similar to 60 mg/day in adults. The exposure-response analysis included 115 patients. There was no clear relationship between PFS or dose modification and cabozantinib exposure. A statistically significant relationship was demonstrated for cabozantinib exposure and hypertension (Grade ≥ 3) and fatigue/asthenia (Grade ≥ 3). CONCLUSIONS These results support the dosing strategy implemented in COSMIC-311 and the BSA-based label recommendations for adolescents. The cabozantinib dose should be reduced to manage adverse events as indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neang S Ly
- Exelixis, Inc., 1851 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA, 94502, USA.
| | - Jing Li
- Exelixis, Inc., 1851 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA, 94502, USA
| | | | - Lorin K Roskos
- Exelixis, Inc., 1851 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA, 94502, USA
| | - Marcia S Brose
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Puisset F, Mseddi M, Mourey L, Pouessel D, Blanchet B, Chatelut E, Chevreau C. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15010313. [PMID: 36612311 PMCID: PMC9818258 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven tyrosine kinase inhibitor compounds with anti-angiogenic properties remain key drugs to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma. There is a strong rationale to develop therapeutic drug monitoring for these drugs. General considerations of such monitoring of the several groups of anticancer drugs are given, with a focus on oral therapy. Pharmacokinetics and the factors of inter- and intraindividual variabilities of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors are described together with an exhaustive presentation of their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. The latter was observed in studies where every patient was treated with the same dose, and the results of several prospective studies based on dose individualization support the practice of increasing individual dosage in case of low observed plasma drug concentrations. Finally, the benefits and limits of therapeutic drug monitoring as a routine practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Puisset
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France
- CRCT, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm U1037, Université Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Mourad Mseddi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CARPEM, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Mourey
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Pouessel
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit Blanchet
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacochemistry, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, CARPEM, 75014 Paris, France
- UMR8038 CNRS, U1268 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CARPEM, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France
- CRCT, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Inserm U1037, Université Paul Sabatier, 31037 Toulouse, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-3115-5250
| | - Christine Chevreau
- Institut Claudius-Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse–Oncopole, 31059 Toulouse, France
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11
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Impact of Cabozantinib Exposure on Proteinuria and Muscle Toxicity in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121460. [PMID: 36558911 PMCID: PMC9783864 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study investigated the impact of cabozantinib exposure on proteinuria and muscle toxicity, in a cohort of 14 Japanese patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). We measured the trough concentration of cabozantinib (Ctrough) weekly for 6 weeks after starting treatment. Although the initial dose was less than 60 mg in most cases, dose interruption occurred in 79%, primarily because of proteinuria and/or malaise. The median and coefficient of variation of maximum Ctrough at 7−42 d were 929.0 ng/mL and 59.2%, respectively. The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR), serum creatine kinase, and serum aldolase values were all significantly elevated following treatment. Moreover, maximum changes in serum creatine kinase and aldolase were significantly associated with maximum Ctrough (r = 0.736, p < 0.01; r = 0.798, p < 0.001; respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that changes in serum creatine kinase ≥70.5 U/L and aldolase ≥6.1 U/L from baseline relatively accurately predicted inclusion in the high-maximum Ctrough (≥929.0 ng/mL) group, with an area under the ROC of 0.929 and 0.833, respectively. Measurement of serum creatine kinase and aldolase may increase the clinical usefulness of cabozantinib treatment for uHCC and help alleviate difficulties with dose adjustments.
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12
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Iaxx R, Lefort F, Domblides C, Ravaud A, Bernhard JC, Gross-Goupil M. An Evaluation of Cabozantinib for the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focus on Patient Selection and Perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2022; 18:619-632. [PMID: 35677148 PMCID: PMC9169675 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s251673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with activity against several receptors involved in the angiogenesis pathway, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), c-MET and AXL. The antiangiogenic properties of cabozantinib led to its use as a monotherapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC), and quickly resulted in this treatment becoming part of the standard of care for these tumors. Since the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), new standards of care have emerged in first-line settings, involving dual ICI or ICI-VEGF-TKI (including ICI-cabozantinib) combination treatments, and leading to a more complex algorithm of care. Cabozantinib remains an option in second-line settings and is still a first-line standard of care treatment in cases where the use of ICIs is contraindicated. This review focuses on the selection of patients who may benefit most from cabozantinib therapy, including those with bone and brain metastases and those with a non-clear cell RCC histology. The need to consider disease-related symptoms, comorbidities, age, drug interactions and biomarker analyses in the choice of therapeutic strategy is also highlighted. Finally, the perspectives for the use of cabozantinib in RCC treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Iaxx
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Felix Lefort
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte Domblides
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Alain Ravaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Bernhard
- Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marine Gross-Goupil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
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