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Tsehay B, Seyoum G. Sonographic Evaluation of the Morphology of Kidneys Among Apparently Healthy Children in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: The Normal Limits and Percentile Curves. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231158071. [PMID: 36875056 PMCID: PMC9983084 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231158071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing a customized reference chart and curve of renal size for a specific population of the same sociodemographic characteristics enables a better interpretation of sonographic assessments. Objective To evaluate the morphology of kidneys using ultrasound and establish the normal limits and percentile curves among apparently healthy children in northwest Ethiopia, 2021. Design A hospital-based cross-sectional study design. Setting The study was conducted in Debre Markos comprehensive specialized hospital, Finote Selam general hospital, and Bichena primary hospitals. Patients The study participants were 403 apparently healthy school-age children, from December 2019 to June 2020. Methods Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and ultrasound. We used EPI-Data Version 3.1 for data entry. Height and body surface area-related kidney length and volume curves and tables were generated after lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) quantile regression with a Box-Cox Transformation to Normality using the vector generalized additive model (VGAM) method and generalized additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) (R, VGAM, and GAMLSS package). Results The height and body surface area of children was the best predictor of the sonographic dimensions of the kidneys. Reference intervals were established using height and body surface area specific for clinically practical dimensions of the kidney (length and volume). Limitations Calibration of measuring tools in the hospitals was not conducted frequently; community fatigue due to presence of many research projects in the selected hospitals was observed. Conclusions According to this study, the children are considered to have normal sonographic dimensions if ultrasound values lie between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile based on their respective height and body surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binalfew Tsehay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
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Walker TM, Hambleton IR, Mason KP, Serjeant G. Spleen size in homozygous sickle cell disease: trends in a birth cohort using ultrasound. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20220634. [PMID: 36259419 PMCID: PMC9733612 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20220634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide ultrasound baselines for spleen length in homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) and in normal controls with a HbAA genotype. METHODS The Jamaican cohort study identified 311 babies with HbSS and 246 matched HbAA controls during the screening of 100,000 consecutive deliveries in Kingston, Jamaica from 1973 to 1981. Ultrasonography commenced in 1988 when the youngest patients were aged 6 years at which time deaths, emigrations and default had reduced the numbers to 206 HbSS and 89 controls. It continued annually until 2000. RESULTS The spleen was visualized in all HbAA controls but in only 1103/2138 (52%) scans in HbSS. Where available, mean splenic lengths were significantly lower in HbSS (77-103 mm in males, 70-83 mm in females) compared to normal controls (89-101 mm in males, 86-95 mm in females). Assessed by statistical modelling after adjusting for body height, the splenic ratio (splenic length/body height) declined over the age range 12-20 years in HbSS, consistent with progressive splenic fibrosis. Genetic factors known to inhibit sickling, α thalassemia and fetal hemoglobin level (HbF) significantly reduced the decline in splenic ratio. Clinical splenomegaly was an insensitive measure of splenic enlargement as only 50% of patients aged 18 years and above with spleens measuring ≥150 mm on ultrasonography had palpable spleens. CONCLUSIONS An age-related decline in splenic length occurred in HbSS and occurred more slowly with genetic factors known to inhibit sickling. The standards provided may be of value in assessing minor degrees of subclinical acute splenic sequestration. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE These are the first standards available for splenic length in HbSS. They may be useful in detecting red cell sequestration, not apparent from clinical splenomegaly and also provide a model for identifying factors inhibiting vaso-occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Walker
- Sickle Cell Trust (Jamaica), on secondment from the Dept of Radiology, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK
| | - Ian R Hambleton
- George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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Ultrasound Assessment of the Relevance of Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Dimensions with Body Parameters in Adolescents. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9150803. [PMID: 35832132 PMCID: PMC9273413 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9150803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Ultrasound is a practical imaging modality for screening and identification of anomalies in the organs. This study used ultrasonography to examine the association between body parameters and dimensions of the normal liver, spleen, and kidney in adolescents based on ultrasound examination results. Methods A total of 300 junior and senior high school teenagers receiving routine health check-ups in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were included. Their height and weight were measured, and their body surface area (BSA) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Ultrasound imaging was employed to obtain information such as the length and volume of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidney. Besides, the correlation of body parameters such as gender, age, height, weight, BSA, and BMI with visceral dimension was investigated using the Pearson test and multiple regression analysis, respectively. Results We observed that the abdominal organs of adolescents were enlarged with age. The span and volume of the liver and the length and volume of the right kidney were significantly larger in boys than in girls. The age, BSA, and BMI were positively correlated with the liver span and spleen length, as well as the left and right kidney lengths. Additionally, age, BSA, and BMI were identified as important predictors for dimensions of the spleen, liver, and kidney. Conclusions Body parameters are notably associated with the dimensions of the liver, spleen, and kidney and could be utilized as predicting factors for the liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions.
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SÖNMEZGÖZ E, SÖNMEZGÖZ F. Sonographic evaluation of intra-abdominal organs in children with familial Mediterranean fever. JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.32322/jhsm.948957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Akinlade FT, Asaleye CM, Ayoola OO, Aremu AA. Ultrasound assessment of normal liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in southwest Nigerian children: a bedside formula for sonologists. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:932-939. [PMID: 32777926 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120948488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the normal sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys is important to radiologists when assessing for pathology using ultrasound scan. The need for a local determination of a easy-to-use formula for estimating the expected normal sonographic dimensions of these organs in children in order to serve as baseline when assessing them for pathology cannot be over emphasized. PURPOSE To determine ultrasonographic sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys among primary school children in southwestern Nigeria and correlate these with anthropometric measures to provide local reference data and an easy-to-use formula for assessing these organs for pathology in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS This is an observational, cross-sectional study using 1000 public primary school children in Ogbomoso. Sonographic dimensions of their liver, spleen, and both kidneys with anthropometric parameters were obtained and correlated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS The liver span was higher in boys than in girls (P = 0.048) while the left lobe of the liver was higher in girls than in boys (P = 0.003). The spleen length was higher in boys than in girls (P = 0.011). There was no gender difference in kidney dimensions (P > 0.05). All anthropometric measures correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with organ dimensions. Body surface area is the strongest predictor of the liver and kidney sizes (P < 0.001) and height for spleen size (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Nomograms for the liver, spleen, and kidneys and regression equations for estimating the dimensions of these organs were formulated based on the best multivariate correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folasade T Akinlade
- Department of Radiology, LAUTECH Teaching hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Christianah M Asaleye
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwagbemiga O Ayoola
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola A Aremu
- Department of Radiology, LAUTECH Teaching hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Mohtasib RS, Alshamiri K, Jobeir A, Ambu-Saidi FM, Masawi A, Alabdulaziz L, Hussain FB. Sonographic measurements for spleen size in healthy Saudi children and correlation with body parameters. Ann Saudi Med 2021; 41:14-23. [PMID: 33550908 PMCID: PMC7868621 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrasound is commonly the first-line imaging modality for assessing the visceral organ dimensions without any risk of radiation. An abnormal size of the spleen may indicate disease, but the evaluation is challenging because of the normal size changes with age. In addition, published normal value charts for children may vary by population and methods. OBJECTIVES Determine normal growth curves for splenic length in relationship to sex, age, body weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area of healthy children in Saudi Arabia. DESIGN A retrospective review of ultrasonography images SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We included all normal ultrasonography exams of splenic length (from full-term neonates to 16 years of age) performed between 2003 and 2018. The greatest longitudinal distance of the spleen from the dome to the tip (splenic length) measured at the hilum in the coronal plane was obtained by ultrasonography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relationship between the longitudinal length of the spleen and sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area. SAMPLE SIZE 1028 healthy children RESULTS: Height had the most significant correlation with the length of the spleen (P<.001). There was a consistent difference in splenic length according to sex. The spleen was longer in males than in females in children older than 2 years. In terms of splenic growth according to age, our data showed a statistically significant correlation between the ages of 0-24 months and 2-16 years. There was a significant difference between cases from Saudi Arabia, the United States (P=.023) and India (P=.045). CONCLUSION We developed scatter plots between splenic lengths and body parameters among Saudi children for children from 0 day to 24 months and children from 2 years to 16 years for reference. LIMITATION Retrospective study. Ultrasound techniques in patient positioning, and cursor placement differed from other studies, which can affect measurements of splenic length. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat S Mohtasib
- From the Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Alshamiri
- From the Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Jobeir
- From the Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farida Mohsin Ambu-Saidi
- From the Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Masawi
- From the Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Alabdulaziz
- From the Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Bin Hussain
- From the Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Duminda WD, Pathirana KG, Fernando MUJ, Samarasinghe RANKK, Ananda WDHA, Silva KSP, Dissanayake CK, Mahesh PKB. Ultrasonographic length of morphologically-normal kidneys in children presented to a premier tertiary healthcare setting of Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:183. [PMID: 31117988 PMCID: PMC6532158 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate prediction of reference ranges of renal lengths facilitates clinical decision making. Currently a single renal-length-reference chart is used for both kidneys, which is solely based on the age of the child without adjusting for anthropometrics. Objective of the study is to assess the length of morphologically-normal kidneys ultrasonically and to build models to predict the renal lengths of children presenting at the Radiology Department of Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children. Methods A descriptive cross sectional study was done among 424 children with 233 males and 191 females at the study setting. Study population included children undergoing abdominal ultrasound scans for indications not related to renal disease. Children with a family history of renal diseases or with morphologically-abnormal kidneys were excluded. Bipolar-lengths of kidneys, gender and anthropometrics were documented. Having tested for assumptions, Wilcoxon-signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and multiple linear regression were used. Results The mean (SD) bipor-length of right and left kidneys were 6.83 (1.43) and 7.05 (1.36) respectively (p < 0.001). Age, height and weight were significantly correlated with the renal lengths (p < 0.05). Until 16 months, there was a significant difference between the renal lengths between males and females (P < 0.05). Yet the association with gender was not significant from 17 months and in overall. Until 16 months, the best linear-regression equation (p < 0.001) for the left kidney was; 3.827 + 0.019(length in centimeters) + 0.141(weight in kilograms) - 0.023(age in months) - 0.347(for male sex). For the right kidney, it was; 3.888 + 0.020(length or height) + 0.121(weight) - 0.037(age) - 0.372 (for male sex). The respective R squares were 59.2 and 53.5% with VIF (Variance-Inflation-Factor) ranging from 1.06 to 2.08. From 17 months, best equation for left kidney (p < 0.001) was; 5.651+ 0.022(age) + 0.01(BMI). For right kidney it was; 5.336 + 0.022(age) + 0.012(BMI). The R squares were 62.5 and 66.1% with VIF being 1. Conclusions The established models explain more variability for children above 17 months. Both renal lengths are affected significant by the body’s’ anthropometric parameters. For each kidney, separate normograms of renal lengths which are local-context-specific must be prepared. Further research must be promoted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1377-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Duminda
- Post Graduate Institute of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - K G Pathirana
- Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - K S P Silva
- Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - P K B Mahesh
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Özdikici M. The relationship between splenic length in healthy children from the Eastern Anatolia Region and sex, age, body height and weight. J Ultrason 2018; 18:5-8. [PMID: 29844934 PMCID: PMC5911712 DOI: 10.15557/jou.2018.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purposes The normal limits of spleen size must be known in order for pathological changes to be noticed. The aim of this retrospective study is to determine the normal limits of spleen size in healthy children and to reveal their relation to sex, age, body height and weight. Patients and methods Three hundred and ten children (150 girls and 160 boys) between 0–16 years of age in Eastern Anatolia Region who had normal spleen ultrasound appearances were included in this study. The greatest longitudinal distance of the spleen from the dome to the tip (splenic length) measured at the hilum in the coronal plane was obtained by ultrasonography. Results There was no significant difference between the sexes in children. Also, no statistically significant differences were found between the two sexes in any age group for splenic length (t-test, p > 0.05). Therefore, all data were rearranged without being separated according to sex. The correlation analysis has shown a positive and significant correlation between splenic length and age, body height, and weight, with high correlation coefficients (r > 0.80). Splenic length showed the strongest correlation with body height. Conclusion In children clinically suspected of organomegaly, splenic length can be used to assess organ size. The presented data can be applied to routine ultrasonography examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Özdikici
- Department of Radiology, Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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