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Hahm S, Altweck L, Schmidt S, Fleischer T, Helmert C, Ulke C, Speerforck S, Schomerus G, Klinger-König J, Grabe HJ, Schmidt CO, Beutel ME, Brähler E, Muehlan H. How socio-political change is associated with the number of individually reported negative life events: a population-based study using the German reunification 1989/1990 as an example. J Epidemiol Community Health 2024; 78:311-318. [PMID: 38331562 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-221549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socio-political change often leads to disruptions in employment and social networks, which can exacerbate health issues and increase mortality rates. These consequences are likely observed as an increase in negative life events (NLEs), serving as indicators of the broader social and health impacts. Using the German reunification in 1989/1990 as an example, this study investigates changes in reported numbers of NLEs and differences regarding sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS We used data from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-START-0, SHIP-Life-Events and Gene-Environment Interaction in Depression; N=1932). Numbers of NLEs in different categories (work/financial, social/interpersonal, illness (own) and illness/death (others)) were measured retrospectively in 5-year intervals (1980-2004) using a semistructured interview. Pre-reunification and post-reunification changes were modelled using piecewise mixed-effects Poisson regressions with the 1990-1994 interval (reunification) as change point. Interactions with age, sex and education were examined. RESULTS The number of most NLE categories, except social/interpersonal NLEs, increased at reunification. Whereas work/financial NLEs slightly decreased post-reunification, illness-related NLEs continued to increase. Higher numbers of social/interpersonal NLEs were found with younger age. More illness-related NLEs were reported with older age, lower education (illness (own)) and by women (illness/death (others)). However, the majority reported no NLEs at reunification (68.2%-80.7%, varying by category). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that although some individuals experience a marked increase in NLEs due to socio-political changes, many remain unaffected, emphasising the need for a differentiated understanding of these effects. This increase in NLEs may partly account for ongoing health and well-being disparities among countries with differing transformation histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hahm
- Department Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laura Altweck
- Department Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Schmidt
- Department Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Toni Fleischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Helmert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Speerforck
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Site Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Manfred E Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Muehlan
- Department Health and Prevention, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Hahm S, Altweck L, Franz H, Schmidt S, Fleischer T, Helmert C, Ulke C, Speerforck S, Schomerus G, Klinger-König J, Grabe HJ, Beutel ME, Brähler E, Muehlan H. [Life events related to the German reunification and their associations with psychosocial health in a sample of northeast Germany]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 69:218-234. [PMID: 37815586 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2023.69.3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate (1) the type and frequency of reported life events of the East German population related to the German reunification and (2) their associations with psychosocial health. Methods: Data of 2247 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania was used.These qualitative responses were analysed using quantitative content analysis. Their associations with subjective physical and mental health, optimism, social support, depressive symptoms, and chronic stress were examined. Results: Eight life event categories were identified (education, employment-related changes, material changes, new opportunities, personal life events, politics, separations, reunifications). Especially, experiencing new opportunities was associated with a higher level of optimism as well as a lower level of depressive symptoms and chronic stress. Conclusions: In this study, events frequently described in the literature (e.g., employment-related and social changes) were confirmed and systematized.The observed associations of these events with psychosocial factors should be examined further in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hahm
- Lehrstuhl Gesundheit und Prävention, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Laura Altweck
- Lehrstuhl Gesundheit und Prävention, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Henriette Franz
- Lehrstuhl Gesundheit und Prävention, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Silke Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl Gesundheit und Prävention, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Toni Fleischer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Claudia Helmert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Christine Ulke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Sven Speerforck
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Standort Rostock/Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz Deutschland
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz Deutschland
| | - Holger Muehlan
- Lehrstuhl Gesundheit und Prävention, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Greifswald Deutschland
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3
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Kascakova N, Furstova J, Trnka R, Hasto J, Geckova AM, Tavel P. Subjective perception of life stress events affects long-term pain: the role of resilience. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:54. [PMID: 35246257 PMCID: PMC8897905 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that experiencing childhood trauma and life stressors across the lifespan together with lower resilience is associated with chronic pain-related conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the potential mediating role of resilience in the relationship between childhood trauma and long-term pain and to explore a possible moderating role of serious life stressors in the last year. METHODS The participants, drawn from a representative sample of citizens of the Czech Republic (n = 1800, mean age: 46.6 years, 48.7% male), were asked to report various long-term pain conditions, childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ), life stressors (Life Stressor Checklist Revised, LSC-R) and resilience (Brief Resilience Scale, BRS) in a cross-sectional face-to-face study conducted in 2016. A conditional process SEM model of moderated mediation was performed. RESULTS The occurrence of life stress events affecting the participant's last year moderated the relationship between childhood trauma, resilience and health. In the group of participants who experienced at least one life stress event affecting their last year, resilience fully mediated the effect of past childhood trauma on long-term pain. In participants who did not experience life stressors with an impact on the last year, the direct path from childhood trauma to health through resilience lost its significance. CONCLUSION The subjective meaning of stress events on one's life has an impact on the trajectory between childhood trauma and health and acts as a moderator. Resilience may buffer the negative effect of trauma on later long-term pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kascakova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Psychiatric-Psychotherapeutic Outpatient Clinic, Pro mente sana, Heydukova 27, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Furstova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Trnka
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Science and Research Department, Prague College of Psychosocial Studies, Hekrova 805, Prague 4, 149 00 Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Hasto
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- St. Elizabeth College of Health and Social Work, Palackého 1, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Madarasova Geckova
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Tavel
- Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University Olomouc, Univerzitní 22, 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Casagrande M, Forte G, Favieri F, Agostini F, Giovannoli J, Arcari L, Passaseo I, Semeraro R, Camastra G, Langher V, Pazzaglia M, Cacciotti L. The Broken Heart: The Role of Life Events in Takotsubo Syndrome. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4940. [PMID: 34768460 PMCID: PMC8585024 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress cardiomyopathy, is thought to be associated with some life events. This study focuses on clarifying life event characteristics and the role of triggers in the onset of TTS. Participants with TTS (n = 54) were compared to those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI; n = 52) and healthy individuals (n = 54). Using a modified version of the Interview for Recent Life Events, information about general life events perceived as stressful and triggers preceding the onset of a cardiac syndrome was collected. The assessment included the impact of these events as indicated by the participants and estimated by the interviewer; finally, the objective impact was considered. Although the number of events and the objective impact did not differ among the groups, patients with TTS reported a more negative perceived impact. Moreover, 61% of these patients objectively and subjectively reported a more stressful trigger before the onset of the disease (in the 24 h preceding the cardiac event) than those reported by patients with AMI. The dynamic between life events and individual responses could help differentiate TTS from other cardiovascular events, such as AMI. This study suggests that patients' perception of some life events (whether triggers or general life events) could represent a possible marker of TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (F.F.); (F.A.); (J.G.); (M.P.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Favieri
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (F.F.); (F.A.); (J.G.); (M.P.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Agostini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (F.F.); (F.A.); (J.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Jasmine Giovannoli
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (F.F.); (F.A.); (J.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Luca Arcari
- UOC di Cardiologia, Ospedale M.G. Vannini, 00189 Roma, Italy; (L.A.); (R.S.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Passaseo
- Divisione di Cardiologia, Policlinico Casilino, Via Casilina, 00169 Roma, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Semeraro
- UOC di Cardiologia, Ospedale M.G. Vannini, 00189 Roma, Italy; (L.A.); (R.S.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Giovanni Camastra
- UOC di Cardiologia, Ospedale M.G. Vannini, 00189 Roma, Italy; (L.A.); (R.S.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Viviana Langher
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via Degli Apuli 1, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma “Sapienza”, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Roma, Italy; (G.F.); (F.F.); (F.A.); (J.G.); (M.P.)
- Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Cacciotti
- UOC di Cardiologia, Ospedale M.G. Vannini, 00189 Roma, Italy; (L.A.); (R.S.); (G.C.); (L.C.)
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Otten D, Tibubos AN, Schomerus G, Brähler E, Binder H, Kruse J, Ladwig KH, Wild PS, Grabe HJ, Beutel ME. Similarities and Differences of Mental Health in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Findings in Three Large German Cohorts. Front Public Health 2021; 9:553071. [PMID: 33614574 PMCID: PMC7892592 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.553071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Germany, large, population-based cohort studies have been implemented in order to identify risk and protective factors for maintaining health across the life span. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyse findings from three large ongoing cohorts and to identify sex-specific prevalence rates, risk and protective factors for mental health. Published studies from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region Augsburg (KORA), the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) and the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)), representing the southern, north-eastern and middle parts of Germany, were identified through searches of the databases PubMed and Web of Science. A total of 52 articles was identified from the start of each cohort until June 2019. Articles reporting prevalence rates of mental health [N = 22], explanatory factors for mental health [N = 25], or both [N = 5] were identified. Consistent across cohorts, higher prevalence rates of internalizing disorders were found for women and more externalizing disorders for men. Risk and protective factors for mental health included social factors, lifestyle, physical health, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, genetic and biological factors. In all areas, differences and similarities were found between women and men. The most evident were the sex-specific risk profiles for depression with mostly external risk factors for men and internal risk factors for women. Gender was not assessed directly, therefore we examined whether socioeconomic and family-related factors reflecting gender roles or institutionalized gender could be used as a proxy for gender. Overall, this systematic review shows differences and similarities in prevalence rates and determinants of mental health indicators between women and men. They underline the importance of focussing on sex specific approaches in mental health research and in the development of prevention measures. Current research on mental health still lacks focus on gender aspects. Therefore, an increased focus on sex and gender in mental health research is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Otten
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana N. Tibubos
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georg Schomerus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Freiburg Center of Data Analysis and Modelling, Mathematical Institute, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kruse
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Zilberman N, Yadid G, Efrati Y, Rassovsky Y. Negative and positive life events and their relation to substance and behavioral addictions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107562. [PMID: 31563094 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that negative life events (LEs) may be connected to the development and maintenance of addictions. However, few studies have examined the potential relationship between positive events and addictive disorders, and even fewer studies evaluated the subjective perception of LEs that may underlie these relationships. Importantly, addictive disorders include both substance-related and behavioral addictions, but the relative relationship of each type of addiction with LEs remains unclear. METHODS The present study compared 212 participants suffering from an addiction (drugs, alcohol, gambling, and sex) and 79 controls on self-report measures of negative and positive LEs. RESULTS Compared with controls, individuals with an addiction reported experiencing a larger number of both negative and positive LEs and also tended to be more influenced by negative LEs. Findings also demonstrated differential patterns across addiction types, such that participants with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) reported experiencing less negative events than those with drug use disorders (DUD) and were less influenced by these events than participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Finally, analyses within each group further revealed differences in the way each group experienced negative compared to positive events. Controls and participants with CSB reported experiencing a similar number of positive and negative events, whereas participants with DUD, AUD, and gambling disorder reported more negative events in their lives. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a unique profile among different types of addictions, which should be taken into account when planning personalized prevention and intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Zilberman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Gal Yadid
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Yaniv Efrati
- Faculty of Education and Society and Culture, Beit-Berl College, Kfar-Saba, 4490500, Israel
| | - Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, 760 Westwood Plaza (C8-746), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, 90095, USA.
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7
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Klinger-König J, Hertel J, Van der Auwera S, Frenzel S, Pfeiffer L, Waldenberger M, Golchert J, Teumer A, Nauck M, Homuth G, Völzke H, Grabe HJ. Methylation of the FKBP5 gene in association with FKBP5 genotypes, childhood maltreatment and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:930-938. [PMID: 30700816 PMCID: PMC6461917 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation of the FKBP5 gene is assumed to alter FKBP5 expression and hence the synthesis of the FK506 binding protein 51, a central element of a genomic negative feedback loop for glucocorticoid receptor signaling. The present study aimed to replicate and extend previously reported influences of FKBP5 genotypes, childhood maltreatment and depression on methylation levels of five CpG sites in intron 7 of the FKBP5 gene in a large population-based sample. Besides the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1360780, associations of the FKBP5 methylation with 22 other, unlinked FKBP5 SNPs as well as associations between FKBP5 methylation levels and transcription levels were investigated. Using whole-blood methylation of 3965 subjects of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) reduced methylation levels in TT allele carriers of rs1360780 (OR = 0.975, p = .005) and currently depressed subjects (OR = 0.995, p = 0.005) were found. Further, an impact of two yet undescribed SNPs (rs6910300, rs7771727) on methylation levels was observed. However, main and interactive effects for childhood maltreatment and lifetime major depressive disorder observed in previous studies could not be replicated. Finally, FKBP5 methylation levels were not related to FKBP5 transcription levels in whole blood. Thus, the present study verified the associations of FKBP5 genotypes and state depression on the FKBP5 methylation levels of five CpG sites in intron 7. However, FKBP5 methylation of these five CpG sites could not be validated as a valuable clinical biomarker for biological long-term effects of childhood maltreatment or lifetime depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Klinger-König
- grid.5603.0Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, Greifswald, 17489 Germany
| | - Johannes Hertel
- grid.5603.0Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, Greifswald, 17489 Germany ,0000 0001 2295 9843grid.16008.3fLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, Greifswald, 17489, Germany. .,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- grid.5603.0Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, Greifswald, 17489 Germany
| | - Liliane Pfeiffer
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- grid.5603.0Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- grid.5603.0Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- grid.5603.0Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- grid.5603.0Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- grid.5603.0Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- grid.5603.0Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, Greifswald, 17489 Germany ,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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