Considerations about the implementation of an autism screening program in Iran from the viewpoints of professionals and parents: a qualitative study

Exploring the varied manifestations of structural violence in the lives of children on the autism spectrum and their families: a qualitative longitudinal study in Kurdistan, Iran

BACKGROUND

There are many dimensions regarding autism that are closely connected to social structures, policies, and power dynamics, silently impacting the well-being of individuals within the autism spectrum. This research aims to explore these overlooked aspects using a theoretical framework called "structural violence."

METHODS

The study was conducted in Kurdistan, Iran, and a qualitative longitudinal approach was chosen. A purposive sampling method was employed to select the participants, with 11 parents taking part. The study data comprised 29 interviews using a topic guide conducted over a span of 2 years. Thematic analysis and a matrix-based approach were utilized for data analysis. To enhance the scientific rigor of this research, four criteria, including Guba and Lincoln's principles, were implemented to ensure methodological accuracy.

RESULTS

The research findings highlight four primary forms through which structural violence impacts children on the autism spectrum and their families: access to healthcare, geographic disparities, awareness and stigma, and poverty and financial burden. Additionally, the study identified 11 subthemes related to structural violence in the context of autism and families.

CONCLUSIONS

We illustrated how structural forces create barriers to accessing adequate healthcare services, exacerbate discrimination based on ethnicity and geography, perpetuate stigma, and contribute to poverty and the inability to meet basic needs. These factors not only worsen health issues but also deepen existing disparities in healthcare access and outcomes for children on the autism spectrum and families. We emphasize the urgent need for systemic changes to address these issues. It is essential to promote public awareness, provide better access to health and support services, and address economic and political factors that contribute to these inequalities.

Lived Experiences of Iranian Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

Background

Autism is a lifelong condition that seriously affects many aspects of children's and families' lives. The experience attained by living with a child with autism can be a valuable source of information to provide support and satisfactory services to children with autism and their families. We aimed to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian parents of children with autism.

Methods

The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PsychInfo, SID, and Magiran until Nov 2021. Two reviewers screened the articles, applied inclusion criteria, critically evaluated articles using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP), and extracted study details according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Thematic synthesis was used to analyze included studies.

Results

From 2772 articles in the initial search, sixteen studies entered the final analysis. Four themes emerged, including treatment-related lived experience, individual lived experience, social lived experience, and occupational lived experience. Iranian parents of children with autism are confronted with negative experiences, including inaccurate diagnostic processes, lack of adequate support at the diagnosis time, low-quality treatment, psychological problems, and concern about the child's future. Also, Parent's experiences showed family problems, stigma, and problems with doing occupations.

Conclusion

Practitioners, policy-makers, and regulatory organizations should urgently consider issues mentioned in the parents' experiences to provide proper healthcare services for children with autism and their families.

Perceptions of the Professionals and Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders About Autism Services; A Qualitative Study

In this qualitative study, we aimed to explore the challenges of providing services and supports for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and their families from the perceptions of professionals and parents of children with ASD. We classified the results of the study into three key categories including shortcomings in the management of children with ASD; shortcomings of supportive programs and facilities for children with ASD and their families; and organizational challenges in providing services for these children. We analyzed data using the content analysis method. The results showed that there is a wide range of challenges in providing sufficient and high-quality services for children with ASD and empowerment programs for their parents.

Exploring challenges and support structures of mothers with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United Arab Emirates

BACKGROUND

Mothers with children with ASD, often being primary caregivers, experience high levels of parenting stress and hold essential information about their children's wellbeing. There is however lack of information about their experiences in the UAE.

AIMS

The study aims to explore challenges and support structures of mothers with children with ASD in the UAE.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

17 expat mothers (Age _range = 33-58 years) with a child with ASD were interviewed about their experiences with diagnoses, therapeutic interventions, support networks, and the pandemic.

OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

Thematic analysis showed that initially most mothers struggled with accessing information to seek correct diagnoses, admission in mainstream international schools with typically developing children, and finding appropriate therapeutic services. Several mothers narrated experiences of not receiving optimum support from their partners, feeling rejected from extended family members, and facing hardships during the pandemic. Majority however appeared to be extremely satisfied with support groups where they felt heard and exchanged experience-based information crucial for children's wellbeing.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Findings highlight the need for the government to facilitate centralized channels of information for expat parents with children with developmental disabilities, formalizing more support groups for mothers in the UAE, and increasing knowledge about autism to decrease biases.