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Shi X, Zhao S, Chen S, Han X, Yang Q, Zhang L, Xia X, Tu J, Hu Y. Tetramethylpyrazine in Chinese baijiu: Presence, analysis, formation, and regulation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1004435. [PMID: 36185663 PMCID: PMC9524422 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1004435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese fermented baijiu is one of the six major distilled spirits consumed worldwide. It plays an important role in people's daily life and social interactions because of its taste, nutritional value, and various health functions. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also known as ligustrazine, is not only an important compound related to the flavor of Chinese baijiu but also has special pharmacological effects. It gives the baijiu a nutty and baked aroma and provides baijiu with important health benefits. Recently, the nutritional, drinking, and health aspects of baijiu have attracted significant attention. Therefore, the study of TMP in baijiu is an important aspect of baijiu health research. This mini novel review summarizes the formation mechanism of TMP, along with the current research progress, analytical methods used, and regulation strategies associated with TMP in Chinese baijiu in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Characteristic Wild Vegetable Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Huangshi, China
| | - Shumiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xinglin Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Xian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Junming Tu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Characteristic Wild Vegetable Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Huangshi, China
- Jingpai Co. Ltd., Daye, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanliang Hu
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Chan RHW, Dong D, Kim JH. Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11865. [PMID: 36231162 PMCID: PMC9565682 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol expectancies, i.e., the perceived consequences of drinking, have been reported to be important factor in predicting drinking behaviors. However, studies in the Asia region were largely limited to school-based samples. This study aimed to be the first to explore drinking expectancies among urban Chinese young adults. METHODS In 2020, eight focus group discussions were conducted with Hong Kong Chinese young adults aged 18-34 (n = 53). The participants included heavy drinkers, light drinkers, and non-drinkers from a wide range of occupations and educational backgrounds. Thematic analysis was conducted to uncover common alcohol expectancies. RESULTS Six themes emerged from this study. Four themes that were commonly reported in the literature were the negative consequences of drinking, social bonding, confidence enhancement, and tension reduction. The study also uncovered two culturally relevant alcohol expectancies: health benefits and business drinking expectancies. In contrast to Western samples, Chinese young adults did not report drinking expectancies related to cognitive enhancement or increased sexual interest. CONCLUSION Alcohol harm reduction strategies will need to address the positive drinking expectancies uncovered in this study. Future policy discussions in this emerging alcohol market region should consider greater scrutiny of the role of alcohol marketing in the propagation of positive drinking expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufina H. W. Chan
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Dong
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jean H. Kim
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tong M. Customers’ craft beer repurchase intention: the mediating role of customer satisfaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2066122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Tong
- School of Management, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Ding L, Song B, Wu C, Newman IM, Yuen LW, Qian L, Wang B, Zhang W, Wei P. Alcohol Use in China: Unrecorded and Recorded Bai Jiu in Three Rural Regions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010405. [PMID: 35010665 PMCID: PMC8744588 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In China, approximately 70% of beverage alcohol is consumed in the form of spirits. An estimated 25% of all alcohol consumed is unrecorded, mostly spirits (bai jiu), produced outside regulatory systems in small neighborhood distilleries, mostly in rural areas. Unrecorded bai jiu drinkers are generally older, male, prefer higher-strength bai jiu, and drink daily and mostly at home. To explore possible regional differences, researchers used interview data from 2919 bai jiu drinkers in rural areas in Hebei, Anhui, and Hubei provinces in China. Results confirmed that patterns varied by province. The sample in Hubei preferred unrecorded bai jiu with a more stable preference to alcohol type, tended to drink less frequently, and reported experiencing less drinking pressure, suggesting lower-risk drinking patterns in this region. The Hebei and Anhui sample reported higher frequency and greater amount of alcohol consumption, were more likely to experience drinking pressure, indicating higher-risk patterns in alcohol use in these two regions. The results provide needed details about regional differences in unrecorded bai jiu drinking patterns that are not evident in aggregated data and suggest variations in drinking patterns that may reflect local geography, local values, traditions, and ethnic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyan Ding
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Baoping Song
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-029-81891125 (B.S. & C.W.)
| | - Chengli Wu
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-029-81891125 (B.S. & C.W.)
| | - Ian M. Newman
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (I.M.N.); (L.-W.Y.)
| | - Lok-Wa Yuen
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA; (I.M.N.); (L.-W.Y.)
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Guidance and Training, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China;
| | - Botao Wang
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Mental Health Education, Xidian University, Xi’an 710126, China; (L.D.); (B.W.); (W.Z.); (P.W.)
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Li W, Jorm AF, Wang Y, Lu S, He Y, Reavley NJ. Development of Chinese mental health first aid guidelines for problem drinking: a Delphi expert consensus study. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:254. [PMID: 34001047 PMCID: PMC8127318 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorders have become the second leading cause of death for mental and substance use disorders in China. However, with early diagnosis and timely treatment, the burden can be mitigated. Family and friends of a person with alcohol use problems are well placed to recognize the signs, encourage professional help-seeking and help the person until treatment is received. We aimed to use the Delphi consensus methodology to develop guidelines about how members of the public can provide this "mental health first aid" to someone with problem drinking in China. METHODS A Chinese-language questionnaire was developed, comprising statements that were endorsed for inclusion in the English-language problem drinking first aid guidelines for high-income countries. Participants were also encouraged to suggest new statements. These statements were evaluated by two Chinese expert panels - a professional panel and a lived experience panel - on how important they believed each statement was for members of the public providing mental health first aid to a person with problem drinking in China. Three survey rounds were conducted. To be included in the final guidelines, statements had to receive a "very important" or "important" rating from at least 80% of participants from each of the panels. RESULTS The majority of statements were rated in the first survey round by 30 mental health professionals and 25 lived experience panel members. One hundred and eighty-one statements met the inclusion criteria and were used to form the guidelines. Compared to the English-language guidelines, the importance of family involvement and mutual support were highlighted by both Chinese expert panels, while a number of statements relating to low-risk drinking were rejected by the lived experience panel. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese-language problem drinking first aid guidelines cover a variety of first aid strategies that members of the public can use when providing initial help to a person with problem drinking, such as how to communicate with the person and what to do if the person is intoxicated. These guidelines will be used as a stand-alone document will also inform the content of Mental Health First Aid training in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Anthony F. Jorm
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Yan Wang
- grid.415630.50000 0004 1782 6212Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Lu
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XThe Nossal Institute for Global Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria Australia ,grid.410734.5Jiangsu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanling He
- grid.415630.50000 0004 1782 6212Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Nicola J. Reavley
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
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Metcalf DA, Saliba A, McKenzie K, Gao A. Relationships between consumption patterns, health beliefs, and subjective wellbeing in Chinese Baijiu consumers. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2021; 16:31. [PMID: 33827610 PMCID: PMC8028214 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-021-00369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption in China has increased rapidly, and there have been calls for policies and programs to address the issue. Alcohol plays a complex and important role in Chinese culture, where it is considered a symbol of happiness and is associated with wellbeing. Alcohol reduction policies may fail unless they take these cultural and social meanings of alcohol, and its relationship to wellbeing into consideration. Baijiu is a clear fermented spirit that is widely consumed in China and has strong cultural associations with health, wellbeing and prosperity. There is a lack of research on how consumption patterns relate to cultural beliefs and subjective wellbeing. Methods An online survey of n = 1992 Chinese adults was conducted to determine frequency and volume of baijiu consumed; beliefs about health benefits and traditional importance; and associations with subjective wellbeing. Results Higher frequency and volume consumed were associated with higher subjective wellbeing, controlling for age and income. We also found small to medium significant associations between consumption frequency and volume and: belief that baijiu is healthy; and that tradition dictated they should drink baijiu. Conclusions The traditional and health values placed on baijiu, and its association with wellbeing, may help inform policy developments and alcohol reduction campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Ann Metcalf
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Barooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Functional Grains Centre, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Saliba
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Barooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Functional Grains Centre, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsty McKenzie
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
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Effects of social support and depression on problematic drinking among trauma-exposed Chinese adults: A population-based study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03405. [PMID: 32099926 PMCID: PMC7031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is prevalent and alcohol-related problems are a considerable social issue in China. Over 17% of Chinese consume alcohol regularly. Exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTE) is associated with increased alcohol-related problems. Social support often buffers this association. This study examined the relationship between exposure to PTE and alcohol misuse and explored the moderating effect of social support on this relationship in a Chinese context. Methods Data were collected through face-to-face computer assisted interviews in a stratified cluster sample of 753 Chinese adults living in Guangzhou, China. The Life Events Checklist-5 (LEC-5), World Health Organization Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (WHO-AUDIT), and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used to measure trauma exposure, problematic alcohol use, and social support. Results Univariable logistic regression analyses indicated that trauma exposure (OR = 3.18; compared to non-exposure), increased depression (OR = 1.06), and perceived friend support (OR = 1.21), were associated with higher odds of problematic drinking. Multivariable models adjusting for potential confounders demonstrated that PTE and depression were associated with problematic drinking, but this was not the case for perceived friend support. Perceived friend support modified the effect of trauma exposure and was associated with increased odds of problematic drinking among those who reported high levels of depressive symptoms. Conclusion Social support may not always be a beneficial resource among those who experienced PTEs in a Chinese context. Further research is needed to better understand the role and function of different types of support, and for whom these associations are beneficial.
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Liu R, Chen L, Zhang F, Zhu R, Lin X, Meng X, Li H, Lei X, Zhao Y. Trends in Alcohol Intake and the Association between Socio-Demographic Factors and Volume of Alcohol Intake amongst Adult Male Drinkers in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040573. [PMID: 30781481 PMCID: PMC6406336 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The volume of alcohol intake and type of alcohol affect Chinese men’s health. This study investigated changes of alcohol type between 2004 and 2011, explored the trend of change in alcohol type with age and determined the social demographic factors influencing the alcohol intake of Chinese men. Methods: Research data originated from the public database, China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Three chi-square tests were used to determine the prevalence of different alcohol types (beer, wine and liqueur) and the trend with age among male drinkers from 2004 to 2011. An ordered logistic regression model was established with alcohol intake as the dependent variable and social demography as the independent variable to analyze the influence of these factors on male alcohol intake. Results: This study confirmed that from 2004 to 2011, 70.1% of Chinese men consumed alcohol less than 168 g/w. The popularity of beer was on the rise, while the liqueur alcohol consumption decreased from 2004 to 2011 and the consumption of wine began to rise rapidly after 2006 (p < 0.05 for all). The prevalence of liqueur drinking increased with age and the prevalence of beer drinking decreased with age among Chinese male drinkers (p < 0.05 for all). From 2004 to 2011, a positive correlation appeared between age and male alcohol intake (p < 0.05 for all). In 2004 (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03–1.44), 2006 (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02–1.42) and 2011 (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.31–1.75), Chinese men living in rural areas had a high volume of alcohol intake. From 2004 to 2011, the participants had married consumed more alcohol (p < 0.05 for all). In 2004 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43–0.88) and 2011 (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.68–0.94), higher education levels were negatively correlated with male alcohol intake. In 2006 (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.07–1.56), 2009 (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.45–2.14) and 2011 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13–1.61), male drinkers who were working consumed more alcohol. From 2004 to 2011, a significant positive correlation appeared between tobacco consumption and alcohol intake (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: Consumption of three types of alcohol (beer, wine and liqueur) varies with the year. Beer consumption decreases with age, whereas liqueur consumption increases with age. Social demographic factors, such as residence, age, highest education level, working status and tobacco consumption, are related to alcohol intake. Our study affirms the effect of age on the choice of different types of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyi Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Li Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xinjie Lin
- Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xuchen Meng
- Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Huabing Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xun Lei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Health. Chongqing 400016, China.
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Newman IM, Qian L, Tamrakar N, Zhang BB. Chemical Composition and Safety of Unrecorded Grain Alcohol (Bai Jiu) Samples from Three Provinces in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122710. [PMID: 30513745 PMCID: PMC6313741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
About 20% of spirits consumed in China are “unrecorded”, where these spirits are produced in small-scale distilleries and sold outside the systems of taxation and quality control. Researchers visited small distilleries in rural Yunnan, Hubei and Anhui and purchased 56 samples of unrecorded bai jiu. Seven samples of the recorded bai jiu were purchased as reference samples. An independent laboratory conducted a blind analysis of the samples. Results were compared to the standards for unrecorded alcohol adopted by the European Commission’s Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA). No samples exceeded the AMPHORA guidelines for methanol, ethyl acetate, lead and cadmium; one sample exceeded 1000 g/hL of combined higher alcohols; one sample exceeded 100 mg/L of arsenic; and three samples exceeded 50g/hL of acetaldehyde, but only by relatively small amounts. Low-priced unrecorded bai jiu averaged 9.8 RMB/jin (500 mL), compared to 10.7 RMB/jin for inexpensive recorded bai jiu. The low-priced unrecorded bai jiu samples had a mean alcohol-by-volume of 51.8%, compared to 50.1% for the recorded bai jiu samples. The results did not raise any critical safety issues with unrecorded bai jiu, but there may be long-term health risks related to ethanol, acetaldehyde and arsenic. The social ties between the bai jiu makers and the people who consume their product are a deterrent to adulteration; but when bai jiu is sold outside of the social circle, the deterrent disappears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Newman
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Ling Qian
- National Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Niran Tamrakar
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, P.O. Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Huang C, Lv XW, Xu T, Ni MM, Xia JL, Cai SP, Zhou Q, Li X, Yang Y, Zhang L, Yao HW, Meng XM, Wang H, Li J. Alcohol use in Hefei in relation to alcoholic liver disease: A multivariate logistic regression analysis. Alcohol 2018; 71:1-4. [PMID: 29864674 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in alcohol consumption and related harmful effects has been reported among the elderly population in Asia. Of note, it is important to monitor patterns of alcohol use, and to establish a valid and reliable evaluation system when screening for risky consumption in this age group. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possible alcoholic liver disease (ALD) risk factors of a local population in elderly Chinese adults. METHODS A questionnaire was sent to 3393 Chinese adults over 40 years old in Hefei. Alcohol consumption was determined based on the AUDIT questionnaire. ALD was defined by ALD diagnostic standards. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) derived from multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between ALD and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Among 2545 total interviewees, 448 (17.6%) reported a history of alcohol consumption in the previous 12 months. Of these drinkers, 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. The overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient for AUDIT was 0.648. The rate of ALD was 6.83%. Alcohol abuse was significantly associated with ALD. In the logistical model, alcohol abuse was independently associated with ALD (OR = 6.17, 95% CI: 3.69-15.24; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use, sex, age, and facial flushing were risk factors for ALD. These results provide important evidence for the prevention and therapy of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ming-Ming Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Lu Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuang-Peng Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hong-Wei Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University (ILD-AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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11
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Viet Cuong P, Casswell S, Parker K, Callinan S, Chaiyasong S, Kazantseva E, Meier P, MacKintosh AM, Piazza M, Gray-Phillip G, Parry CDH. Cross-country comparison of proportion of alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions using the International Alcohol Control Study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37 Suppl 2:S45-S52. [PMID: 29441632 PMCID: PMC6120468 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS This study examines the proportion of alcohol markets consumed in harmful drinking occasions in a range of high-, middle-income countries and assesses the implications of these findings for conflict of interest between alcohol producers and public health and the appropriate role of the alcohol industry in alcohol policy space. DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 10 countries as part of the International Alcohol Control study. Alcohol consumption was measured using location- and beverage-specific measures. A level of consumption defined as harmful use of alcohol was chosen and the proportion of the total market consumed in these drinking occasions was calculated for both commercial and informal alcohol. RESULTS In all countries, sizeable proportions of the alcohol market were consumed during harmful drinking occasions. In general, a higher proportion of alcohol was consumed in harmful drinking occasions by respondents in the middle-income countries than respondents in the high-income countries. The proportion of informal alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions was lower than commercial alcohol. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Informal alcohol is less likely to be consumed in harmful drinking occasions compared with commercial alcohol. The proportion of commercial alcohol consumed in harmful drinking occasions in a range of alcohol markets shows the reliance of the transnational alcohol corporations on harmful alcohol use. This reliance underpins industry lobbying against effective policy and support for ineffective approaches. The conflict of interest between the alcohol industry and public health requires their exclusion from the alcohol policy space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Viet Cuong
- Center for Injury Policy and Prevention Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sally Casswell
- SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Parker
- SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Callinan
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, Department of Public Health, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Surasak Chaiyasong
- Social Pharmacy Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Health Promotion Policy Research Center, International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Elena Kazantseva
- Public Health, Research, Education and External Affairs Department, National Center of Mental Health of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Petra Meier
- Sheffield Alcohol Research Group, School of Health and Related Research, Sheffield University, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Gaile Gray-Phillip
- National Council on Drug Abuse Prevention, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Charles D H Parry
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Newman I, Ding L, Feng Y. Estimate of undergraduate university student alcohol use in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:52. [PMID: 29238573 PMCID: PMC5724242 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an estimate of self-reported last 30 day alcohol use by university students in China. METHODS A search of papers published in English and Chinese between 2006 and 2015, following pre-established selection criteria, identified 30 papers that were included in this meta-analysis. Nine moderator variables were preselected for this analysis. RESULTS A total of 749 papers were identified in the keyword search, and 30 studies (28 in Chinese, 2 in English) met all selection criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The self-reported last-30-day alcohol use for undergraduate university students was 66.8% for males and 31.7% for females. Meta-regression identified three moderators associated with the different drinking rates reported: the definition of drinking, the origin of the questionnaire used in the survey, and the geographic region where the survey was conducted. These three moderators explained 56% of the heterogeneity of reported drinking rates for the male students and 47% of the heterogeneity of reported drinking rates for the female students. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis provide an estimate of last 30 day alcohol use by university students (age 18-23) and increase our understanding of drinking by young people in China. The meta-analysis suggested three variables that could have affected the results and which are worthy of further study. The discussion places these results in the context of Chinese drinking culture and university life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Newman
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588-0345 USA
| | - Lanyan Ding
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588-0345 USA
| | - Yonghua Feng
- Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, PO Box 880345, Lincoln, NE 68588-0345 USA
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13
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Comparison of Patterns of Use of Unrecorded and Recorded Spirits: Survey of Adult Drinkers in Rural Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101099. [PMID: 28937617 PMCID: PMC5664600 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
About 70% of the beverage alcohol consumed in China annually is spirits. Recorded spirits make up most spirit consumption, but about 25% of total alcohol consumption (1.7 L pure alcohol per capita annually) is unrecorded spirits (bai jiu), either homemade or made in unregulated distilleries. In some parts of China, the consumption of unrecorded spirits is higher than average. This paper compares the patterns of use of unrecorded distilled spirits and recorded distilled spirits among rural residents in Central China. Interviews were conducted with 3298 individuals in 21 towns/villages in 10 counties in the Hubei, Anhui, and Hebei provinces in the People's Republic of China. Unrecorded bai jiu drinkers chose it because of its taste and its low price. It was consumed mostly by older men, mostly at home with family, more regularly and at higher alcohol by volume (ABV) compared to recorded alcohol. Recorded bai jiu drinkers were more likely to drink away from their homes, consumed more bai jiu at memorable drinking occasions, and reported feeling sick after drinking more often than unrecorded bai jiu drinkers. This comparison of patterns of use of unrecorded bai jiu and recorded bai jiu does not suggest that unrecorded bai jiu is more problematic for drinkers.
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Phillips MR, Cheng HG, Li X, Zhang J, Shi Q, Xu G, Song Z, Ding Z, Pang S. Prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, and age of onset of alcohol use disorders in adult males from five provinces in China. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 173:170-177. [PMID: 28260680 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study integrates data from high-quality mental health surveys in five provinces in China to examine the prevalence, demographic correlates, age of onset, and comorbidity of alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS The five cross-sectional surveys initially screened a representative sample of 74,752 community-living adults (94% response rate) from a sampling population including over 12% of China's adult population. Psychiatrists then administered a detailed diagnostic exam to an enriched sample of 21,015 respondents (95% response rate). The prevalence of AUD in females in China is below 0.5%, so we limited our analysis to 9619 males who completed the diagnostic interview. RESULTS Using meta-analyses to summarize estimates across the five locations, the current (30-day) prevalence of AUD among adult Chinese males was 9.8% (95% CI=5.7-16.9%), but there was wide cross-province variation. After adjusting for age and other demographic variables, the prevalence of AUD was significantly lower in single men than in married men (OR=0.4, CI=0.2-0.7), lower in men who were not currently working than in men who were currently working (OR=0.7, CI=0.5-0.96), and lower in men with comorbid mental disorders than in men without comorbid mental disorders (OR=0.4, CI=0.2-0.8). The risk of developing AUD peaked at 30 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Substantial differences in the demographic correlates and age of onset of AUD in men in China compared to those reported in other countries highlight the importance of understanding the country-specific and region-specific profile of AUD before developing intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 3210 Humin Road, Shanghai 201102, China; Departments of Psychiatry and Global Health, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Beijing Suicide Research and Prevention Center, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Beijing Hui Long Guan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Hui G Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 3210 Humin Road, Shanghai 201102, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, 909 Fee Rd. Room 601, East Lansing, MI 48843, USA
| | - Xianyun Li
- Beijing Suicide Research and Prevention Center, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Beijing Hui Long Guan Hospital, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, 49 Wen Hua Dong Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Qichang Shi
- Tong De Hospital of Zhejiang Province,234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Guangming Xu
- Tianjin Mental Health Center, Liulin Road 13, Hexi district, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- The 3rd People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, 41 Guoluo Road, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China
| | - Zhijie Ding
- Tianshui City Mental Hospital, Jingbiao Road 17, Tianshui, Gansu 741000, China
| | - Shutao Pang
- Qingdao Mental Health Centre, Nanjing Road 299, Qingdao, Shandong 266034, China
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15
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Newman I, Qian L, Tamrakar N, Feng Y, Xu G. Composition of Unrecorded Distilled Alcohol (bai jiu) Produced in Small Rural Factories in Central China. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 41:207-215. [PMID: 27984849 PMCID: PMC6680223 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Unrecorded traditional distilled spirits (bai jiu, 白酒) are made and used throughout rural China for everyday use and special occasions. Nearly every town or village has a distiller to supply the demand. In rural China, distilling bai jiu is legal and regulated lightly or not at all. The World Health Organization estimates that as much as 25% of all alcohol consumed in China is unrecorded alcohol, of which an unknown portion is unrecorded bai jiu. Little is known about the composition of unrecorded Chinese spirits from rural parts of the country. This study focused on white spirits because the high ethanol (EtOH) concentration makes them more likely to contribute to health risks compared to other types of lower alcohol by volume (ABV) Chinese unrecorded alcohol. Methods Researchers purchased samples of Chinese white spirits from small‐factory distillers in central China. An independent laboratory conducted the analysis. Alcohol strength (ABV) was determined by hydrometer. Gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds: EtOH, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and higher alcohols. Samples were tested for 3 heavy metals—arsenic, cadmium, and lead. We used the guidelines developed by the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) of the European Commission to assess risk. Results ABV ranged from 35.7 to 61.4%, and 58 of the 61 samples exceeded 40% ABV. The concentration of methanol, ethyl acetate, lead, arsenic, and cadmium was below AMPHORA guideline. The sum of higher alcohols exceeded the AMPHORA maximum in just 1 sample. Forty of the 61 samples had acetaldehyde levels beyond the AMPHORA guideline. Conclusions The unrecorded Chinese alcohols we analyzed had a high EtOH concentration—a public health concern that is also presented by recorded alcohols. The high percentage of samples (65.5%) that had elevated acetaldehyde suggests the need to investigate the causes for this result and the need for steps to reduce acetaldehyde levels. The cumulative long‐term risks of using high EtOH and high acetaldehyde Chinese spirits are heightened by the percentage of people in China who have a genetic trait for impaired acetaldehyde metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Newman
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Guidance & Training, Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing, China
| | - Niran Tamrakar
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Yonghua Feng
- Department of Educational Psychology, Nebraska Prevention Center for Alcohol and Drug Abuse, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ganrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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