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Luies N, Orchard JJ, Driscoll T, Sahdra SK, Cheng J, Davis AJ, Orchard JW. Sheffield Shield Cricketers Live Longer than the Age-Matched General Australian Male Population. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1613-1618. [PMID: 37766955 PMCID: PMC10519889 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background/objectives Previous studies have shown a trend that elite athletes tend to live longer than the general population, which has been attributed to the "healthy worker hire effect" and the health benefits of exercise. There have not been any previous studies looking at survival of elite cricketers with the general population as a reference cohort. This study aimed to compare the annual mortality rates of current and retired elite male Australian cricket players to that of the age-matched general Australian male population. Methods Analysis of publicly accessible dates of birth, death, and cricket debut data for male Australian Sheffield Shield cricket players who played before 2022 and had not died before 1971. Included persons were Sheffield Shield players who lived primarily in Australia during and after their cricket careers. Death rates from 1971 to 2021 (inclusive) were compared to the general Australian male population. Results 1824 Sheffield Shield players had not died prior to 1971 (798 had played before the 1971 season, 1026 debuting subsequently). There were 586 deaths in the 51 years of observations, compared to 825 expected deaths, giving a Standardized Mortality Ratio of 0.71 (95% CI 0.63-0.80). Conclusion Elite Australian male Sheffield Shield cricket players outlive the general male population with lower death rates. This is probably due to a combination of the healthy worker hire effect and the health benefits of exercise. This study provides evidence that in terms of longevity, it is safe to play elite-level cricket in Australia. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Luies
- Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, 31 Outram St, West Perth, WA 6005 Australia
| | - Jessica J. Orchard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Tim Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Saaz Kaur Sahdra
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Building J12, I Cleveland Street, Darlington, NSW 2008 Australia
| | - Jonathan Cheng
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Burnside Drive, Warwick Farm, NSW 2170 Australia
| | - Angus J. Davis
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - John W. Orchard
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building, Fisher Road, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
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Orchard JW, Orchard JJ, Semsarian C, La Gerche A, Driscoll T. Reduced death rates of elite Australian Rules footballers compared to age-matched general population. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:710-714. [PMID: 35999145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine age-matched death rates of current and retired elite male Australian football players (Australian and/or Victorian Football League) with the general population. DESIGN Analysis of publicly-available birth, debut and death data for all Australian Victorian Football/Victorian Football League players who debuted prior to (and were still alive at) the start of 1971 or debuted 1971-2020. METHODS Wikipedia was used to source the dates of death (or record that the player was alive in 2021) for the cohort. New players became part of the cohort for analysis on debut and existing cohort members left it at death. Actual death rates (per year and per decade) were then compared to expected deaths, based on age-specific population death rates. RESULTS There were 5400 players and ex-players in the cohort at the start of 1971 (average age 47.3) and a further 4532 players debuted between 1971 and 2020 inclusive (a total of 9932 players). The expected deaths for the cohort in this 50-year period were 4955, but only 3914 deaths occurred (Standardized Mortality Ratio 0.79, 95 %CI 0.76-0.82). For younger members of the cohort (age <50) the discrepancy between expected (222) and actual (98) deaths was also significant (Standardized Mortality Ratio 0.44, 95 %CI 0.35-0.56). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the death rates of elite male Australian footballers are lower than the reference general population, similar to other studies of elite athletes. Some of this may be explained by "healthy cohort" selection bias, a limitation which affects almost all studies in this genre.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Orchard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jessica J Orchard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Semsarian
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology at Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Sports Cardiology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Timothy Driscoll
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Carey RN, Whiteman DC, Webb PM, Neale RE, Reid A, Norman R, Fritschi L. The future excess fraction of cancer due to lifestyle factors in Australia. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 75:102049. [PMID: 34710670 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancers are caused by exposure to lifestyle, environmental, and occupational factors. Earlier studies have estimated the number of cancers occurring in a single year which are attributable to past exposures to these factors. However, there is now increasing appreciation that estimates of the future burden of cancer may be more useful for policy and prevention. We aimed to calculate the future number of cancers expected to arise as a result of exposure to 23 modifiable risk factors. METHODS We used the future excess fraction (FEF) method to estimate the lifetime burden of cancer (2016-2098) among Australian adults who were exposed to modifiable lifestyle, environmental, and occupational risk factors in 2016. Calculations were conducted for 26 cancer sites and 78 cancer-risk factor pairings. RESULTS The cohort of 18.8 million adult Australians in 2016 will develop an estimated 7.6 million cancers during their lifetime, of which 1.8 million (24%) will be attributable to exposure to modifiable risk factors. Cancer sites with the highest number of future attributable cancers were colon and rectum (n = 717,700), lung (n = 380,400), and liver (n = 103,200). The highest number of future cancers will be attributable to exposure to tobacco smoke (n = 583,500), followed by overweight/obesity (n = 333,100) and alcohol consumption (n = 249,700). CONCLUSION A significant proportion of future cancers will result from recent levels of exposure to modifiable risk factors. Our results provide direct, pertinent information to help determine where preventive measures could best be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Carey
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - David C Whiteman
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Norman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Demers A, Qiu Z, Dewar R, Shaw A. Validation of Canproj for projecting Canadian cancer incidence data. HEALTH PROMOTION AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION IN CANADA-RESEARCH POLICY AND PRACTICE 2020; 40:267-280. [PMID: 32909937 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.40.9.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer projections can provide key information to help prioritize cancer control strategies, allocate resources and evaluate current treatments and interventions. Canproj is a cancer-projection tool that builds on the Nordpred R-package by adding a selection of projection models. The objective of this project was to validate the Canproj R-package for the short-term projection of cancer rates. METHODS We used national cancer incidence data from 1986 to 2014 from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and Canadian Cancer Registry. Cross-validation was used to estimate the accuracy of the projections generated by Canproj and relative bias (RB) was used as validation measure. The Canproj automatic model selection decision tree was also assessed. RESULTS Five of the six models had mean RB between 5% and 10% and median RB around 5%. For some of the cancer sites that were more difficult to project, a shorter time period improved reliability. The Nordpred model was selected 79% of the time by Canproj automatic model selection although it had the smallest RB only 24% of the time. CONCLUSIONS The Canproj package was able to provide projections that closely matched the real data for most cancer sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Demers
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Qiu
- Clinical Workforce Planning, Health Professions Strategy and Practice (HPSP), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ron Dewar
- Registries and Analytics, Nova Scotia Health Authority Cancer Care Program, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amanda Shaw
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Carey RN, Fritschi L, Driscoll TR, Peters S, Glass DC, Benke G, Reid A. Interventions to Reduce Future Cancer Incidence from Diesel Engine Exhaust: What Might Work? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 12:13-20. [PMID: 30352840 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) contributes appreciably to the burden of occupational cancer. This study aims to estimate the potential impact of a range of interventions on the future burden of cancer from occupational exposure to DEE in Australia. The future excess fraction method, a novel method based on the lifetime risk approach, was used to model changes in the future burden of cancer among the Australian working age population exposed to DEE at work in 2012 under various intervention strategies. The interventions modeled were based on the widely accepted hierarchy of control model. At baseline, 600 (0.4%) future bladder and 4,450 (0.6%) future lung cancer cases over the lifetime of the cohort were estimated to be attributable to occupational exposure to DEE in those exposed in 2012. Up to 2,000 of these cases were estimated to be avoidable through the use of various interventions. Exhaust hoses (engineering controls) were estimated to be particularly effective. This study provides an indication of which intervention strategies may be most useful in reducing the future burden of cancer associated with occupational DEE exposure. These results show the potential effect of changing current exposure, rather than focusing on past exposures, and thus provide relevant information for policy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Carey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Timothy R Driscoll
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Peters
- School of Global and Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah C Glass
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Soeberg M, Vallance DA, Keena V, Takahashi K, Leigh J. Australia's Ongoing Legacy of Asbestos: Significant Challenges Remain Even after the Complete Banning of Asbestos Almost Fifteen Years Ago. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020384. [PMID: 29473898 PMCID: PMC5858453 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most effective way of reducing the global burden of asbestos-related diseases is through the implementation of asbestos bans and minimising occupational and non-occupational exposure to respirable asbestos fibres. Australia’s asbestos consumption peaked in the 1970s with Australia widely thought to have had among the highest per-capita asbestos consumption level of any country. Australia’s discontinuation of all forms of asbestos and asbestos-containing products and materials did not occur at a single point of time. Crocidolite consumption ceased in the late 1960s, followed by amosite consumption stopping in the mid 1980s. Despite significant government reports being published in 1990 and 1999, it was not until the end of 2003 that a complete ban on all forms of asbestos (crocidolite, amosite, and chrysotile) was introduced in Australia. The sustained efforts of trade unions and non-governmental organisations were essential in forcing the Australian government to finally implement the 2003 asbestos ban. Trade unions and non-government organisations continue to play a key role today in monitoring the government’s response to Australian asbestos-related disease epidemic. There are significant challenges that remain in Australia, despite a complete asbestos ban being implemented almost fifteen years ago. The Australian epidemic of asbestos-related disease has only now reached its peak. A total of 16,679 people were newly diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma between 1982 and 2016, with 84% of cases occurring in men. There has been a stabilisation of the age-standardised malignant mesothelioma incidence rate in the last 10 years. In 2016, the incidence rate per 100,000 was 2.5 using the Australian standard population and 1.3 using the Segi world standard population. Despite Australia’s complete asbestos ban being in place since 2003, public health efforts must continue to focus on preventing the devastating effects of avoidable asbestos-related diseases, including occupational and non-occupational groups who are potentially at risk from exposure to respirable asbestos fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Soeberg
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 3628, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia.
| | - Deborah A Vallance
- Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union, P.O. Box 160, Granville, NSW 2142, Australia.
| | - Victoria Keena
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 3628, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 3628, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia.
| | - James Leigh
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 3628, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Burden of occupational disease estimation contributes to understanding of both magnitude and relative importance of different occupational hazards and provides essential information for targeting risk reduction. This review summarises recent key findings and discusses their impact on occupational regulation and practice. RECENT FINDINGS New methods have been developed to estimate burden of occupational disease that take account of the latency of many chronic diseases and allow for exposure trends and workforce turnover. Results from these studies have shown in several countries and globally that, in spite of improvements in workplace technology, practices and exposures over the last decades, occupational hazards remain an important cause of ill health and mortality worldwide. Major data gaps have been identified particularly regarding exposure information. Reliable data on employment and disease are also lacking especially in developing countries. Burden of occupational disease estimates form an important part of decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Rushton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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The future excess fraction of occupational cancer among those exposed to carcinogens at work in Australia in 2012. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 47:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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