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Valmayor S, González K, López MJ, Lacera P, Giménez P, Rumín-Caparrós A, Pasarín MI, Henderson E, Díez E. Evaluation of a smoke-free beaches intervention in Barcelona: a quasi-experimental study. Tob Control 2023:tc-2022-057873. [PMID: 37402576 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to assess the effect of a smoke-free beaches (SFB) intervention in Barcelona on smoking during the 2021 bathing season. METHODS Quasi-experimental pre-post design (pre-intervention period: 15-28 May; post-intervention period: 29 May-12 September). Based on users' profiles and location, four beaches were assigned to the intervention group (IG) and five to the comparison group (CG). The intervention involved: a mayoral decree (29 May), a communication campaign and beach on-site information. We established two 3 m × 3 m transects per beach from the coastline to the promenade. Trained teams collected smoking-related information in the transects through observations and surveys to beach users. Outcomes are as follows: percentage of people reporting witnessing smoking behaviours the last fortnight and percentage of people observed smoking. We calculated and compared prevalence ratios (PRs) with adjusted Poisson regressions. RESULTS 3751 interviews (1721 IG; 2030 CG) and 1108 observations (498 IG, 610 CG) were carried out. SFB were associated with a significant reduction in the percentage of people reporting witnessing smoking (IG (pre: 87.2%; post: 49.7%); CG (pre: 86.2%; post: 74.1%); PR (95% CI): 0.7 (0.6 to 0.8)); and in the users observed smoking in the beach (IG (pre: 3.8%; post: 3.0%); CG (pre: 2.3%; post: 9.9%); PR (95% CI): 0.3 (0.3 to 0.4)). Satisfaction scores were 8.3 (IG) and 8.1 (CG) out of 10. CONCLUSION An SFB intervention is an effective and well-accepted measure to reduce smoking and smokers' visibility. Smoke-free measures should be extended to beaches and other non-regulated outdoor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valmayor
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria J López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Lacera
- BCASA, Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua, SA, Barcelona, Spain
- Medi Ambient i Serveis Urbans - Ecologia Urbana, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Giménez
- BCASA, Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua, SA, Barcelona, Spain
- Medi Ambient i Serveis Urbans - Ecologia Urbana, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitor Rumín-Caparrós
- BCASA, Barcelona Cicle de l'Aigua, SA, Barcelona, Spain
- Medi Ambient i Serveis Urbans - Ecologia Urbana, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Pasarín
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Henderson
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elia Díez
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Boderie NW, Sheikh A, Lo E, Sheikh A, Burdorf A, van Lenthe FJ, Mölenberg FJ, Been JV. Public support for smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and (semi-)private places: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 59:101982. [PMID: 37256097 PMCID: PMC10225670 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smoke-free policies are essential to protect people against tobacco smoke exposure. To successfully implement smoke-free policies that go beyond enclosed public places and workplaces, public support is important. We undertook a comprehensive systematic review of levels and determinants of public support for indoor (semi-)private and outdoor smoke-free policies. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, six electronic databases were searched for studies (published between 1 January 2004 and 19 January 2022) reporting support for (semi-)private and outdoor smoke-free policies in representative samples of at least 400 respondents aged 16 years and above. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias of individual reports using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The primary outcome was proportion support for smoke-free policies, grouped according to location covered. Three-level meta-analyses, subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed. Findings 14,749 records were screened, of which 107 were included; 42 had low risk of bias and 65 were at moderate risk. 99 studies were included in the meta-analyses, reporting 326 measures of support from 896,016 individuals across 33 different countries. Support was pooled for indoor private areas (e.g., private cars, homes: 73%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 66-79), indoor semi-private areas (e.g., multi-unit housing: 70%, 95% CI: 48-86), outdoor hospitality areas (e.g., café and restaurant terraces: 50%, 95% CI: 43-56), outdoor non-hospitality areas (e.g., school grounds, playgrounds, parks, beaches: 69%, 95% CI: 64-73), outdoor semi-private areas (e.g., shared gardens: 67%, 95% CI: 53-79) and outdoor private areas (e.g., private balconies: 41%, 95% CI: 18-69). Subcategories showed highest support for smoke-free cars with children (86%, 95% CI: 81-89), playgrounds (80%, 95% CI: 74-86) and school grounds (76%, 95% CI: 69-83). Non-smokers and ex-smokers were more in favour of smoke-free policies compared to smokers. Support generally increased over time, and following implementation of each smoke-free policy. Interpretation Our findings suggested that public support for novel smoke-free policies is high, especially in places frequented by children. Governments should be reassured about public support for implementation of novel smoke-free policies. Funding Dutch Heart Foundation, Lung Foundation Netherlands, Dutch Cancer Society, Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation and Netherlands Thrombosis Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke W. Boderie
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asiyah Sheikh
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erika Lo
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex Burdorf
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank J. van Lenthe
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Famke J.M. Mölenberg
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasper V. Been
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Breunis LJ, Bebek M, Dereci N, de Kroon MLA, Radó MK, Been JV. Impact of an inner-city smoke-free zone on outdoor smoking patterns: a before-after study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2075-2083. [PMID: 34061969 PMCID: PMC8570668 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction On September 2, 2019, Rotterdam’s first inner-city outdoor smoke-free zone encompassing the Erasmus MC, a large university hospital in the Netherlands, the Erasmiaans high school, the Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences and the public road in between, was implemented. Aims and Methods We aimed to assess spatiotemporal patterning of smoking before and after implementation of this outdoor smoke-free zone. We performed a before–after observational field study. We systematically observed the number of smokers, and their locations and characteristics over 37 days before and after implementation of the smoke-free zone. Results Before implementation of the smoke-free zone, 4098 people smoked in the area every weekday during working hours. After implementation, the daily number of smokers was 2241, a 45% reduction (p = .007). There was an increase of 432 smokers per day near and just outside the borders of the zone. At baseline, 31% of the smokers were categorized as employee, 22% as student and 3% as patient. Following implementation of the smoke-free zone, the largest decreases in smokers were observed among employees (–67%, p value .004) and patients (–70%, p value .049). Before and after implementation, 21 and 20 smokers were visibly addressed and asked to smoke elsewhere. Conclusions Implementation of an inner-city smoke-free zone was associated with a substantial decline in the number of smokers in the zone and an overall reduction of smoking in the larger area. Further research should focus on optimizing implementation of and compliance with outdoor smoke-free zones. Implications A smoke-free outdoor policy has the potential to denormalize and discourage smoking, support smokers who want to quit, and to protect people from secondhand smoke exposure. Implementation of an inner-city smoke-free zone encompassing a large tertiary hospital and two educational institutions was associated with a substantial decline in the number of smokers in the zone, as well as in the larger area. Voluntary outdoor smoke-free zones can help reduce the number of smokers in the area and protect people from secondhand smoke. There is a need to explore effectiveness of additional measures to further improve compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonieke J Breunis
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Metehan Bebek
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Paediatrics, division of Neonatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nazmi Dereci
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Paediatrics, division of Neonatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlou L A de Kroon
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Márta K Radó
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Paediatrics, division of Neonatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper V Been
- Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Paediatrics, division of Neonatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Department of Public Health, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Socio-spatial inequalities in smoking among young adults: What a ‘go-along’ study says about local smoking practices. Soc Sci Med 2020; 253:112920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ocampo P, Coffman R, Lawman H. Smoke-Free Outdoor Seating Policy: 1-Year Changes in Compliance of Bars and Restaurants in Philadelphia. Am J Health Promot 2019; 34:71-75. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117119869113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate changes in compliance with a smoke-free outdoor seating policy before and after passage of a local regulation in 2015, which reinterpreted Philadelphia’s Clean Indoor Air Worker Protection Law to include outdoor seating areas of food or beverage establishments. Design: Natural experiment. Setting: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sample: Food or beverage establishments (N = 108). Establishments were comprised of sit-down restaurants, cafes, quick-service restaurants, and bars. Measures: Presence of outdoor smoking and smoking-related litter on a given day were measured as binary variables. A geographic information system–based survey developed for this study was used to collect observational data. Analysis: Logistic regressions were used to determine the change in odds of observing outdoor smoking and smoking-related litter on a given day from baseline (preregulation) to follow-up (postregulation). Results: Compliance with smoke-free outdoor seating increased from 84.5% to 95.4% after passage and implementation of the regulation. Results showed a significant 75% decrease (odds ratio [OR]: = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.67) in odds of outdoor smoking and a slight decrease in smoking-related litter (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.39-1.65) at follow-up in establishments overall. However, at baseline, bars had higher odds of outdoor smoking (OR: 2.68, 95% CI: 0.57-12.72) and smoking-related litter (OR: 4.09, 95% CI:, 1.87-9.49) compared to sit-down restaurants. Conclusion: Results suggest there is high compliance with low-cost, low-burden, smoke-free outdoor seating policy and that enforcement is best targeted toward bars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ocampo
- Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Coffman
- Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Lawman
- Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke at Airport Terminals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:9648761. [PMID: 30853997 PMCID: PMC6377972 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9648761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Airports may represent significant sources of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure for both travelers and employees. While previously common smoking rooms have largely disappeared from US airports, smoking continues to occur outdoors at terminal entrances. SHS may be especially high at arrival areas, since they oftentimes are partially enclosed by overhead departures, creating stagnant microenvironments. This study assessed particulate matter <2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), a common surrogate for SHS, at airport terminal locations to evaluate both outdoor exposure risk and possible indoor drift of SHS from outdoor sources. Methods A convenience sample of nine airport terminal arrival areas in the US state of Florida was surveyed between February and July 2018. PM2.5 levels were assessed outdoors and indoors at terminal entrances and at control areas far into terminal interiors. We also examined the impact of smoking location on SHS exposure by correlating cigarette and passing vehicle counts with PM2.5 levels at terminals with contrasting proximity of designated smoking locations to terminal entrances. Results Although outdoor PM2.5 levels (mean 17.9, SD 6.1 µg/m3) were significantly higher than indoors (p < 0.001), there was no difference between indoor areas directly inside terminal entrances and areas much further interior (mean 8.8, SD 2.6 vs mean 8.5, SD 3.0 µg/m3, p=0.49). However, when smoking areas were in close proximity to terminal entrances, the number of lit cigarettes and vehicular traffic per minute predicted 70% of the variance of PM2.5 levels (p < 0.001), which was attributable mostly to the cigarette number (β = 0.83; 95% CI (0.55 to 1.11); p < 0.001). This effect was not observed at smoking areas further away. Conclusion PM2.5 data did not suggest indoor drift from outside smoking. Nevertheless, absolute exposure outdoors was high and correlated with the location of designated smoking areas. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of microclimate formation on exposure risk.
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Abstract
Tobacco smoking is recognized as a major preventable cause of disease worldwide and is linked to 6 million deaths annually, 30% of which are due to cancer. The negative health consequences of smoking currently represent one of the greatest global public health challenges. Additionally, secondhand smoke, which was declared carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004, is a major source of morbidity and premature death in nonsmokers, particularly children. Negative health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke have been well documented and include lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. International and national policies to implement cost-effective strategies to curtail smoking will have a significant impact on population health and will protect nonsmokers. Effective interventions, such as smoking bans, tobacco price increases, easy access to tobacco cessation treatments, and anti-tobacco media campaigns, should continue. Reducing tobacco use would be a major step towards the goal of decreasing health disparities by 2030, as 80% of the projected tobacco-related deaths will occur in low and middle-income countries.
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Perez-Warnisher MT, De Miguel MDPC, Seijo LM. Tobacco Use Worldwide: Legislative Efforts to Curb Consumption. Ann Glob Health 2018. [PMID: 30779502 PMCID: PMC6748295 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is recognized as a major preventable cause of disease worldwide and is linked to 6 million deaths annually, 30% of which are due to cancer. The negative health consequences of smoking currently represent one of the greatest public health challenges. Secondhand smoke, declared carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004, is also a major source of morbidity and premature death in nonsmokers, particularly children. Negative health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke have been well documented and include lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. International and national policies to implement cost-effective strategies to curtail smoking will have a significant impact on population health and will protect nonsmokers. Effective interventions, such as a combination of smoke-free laws, tobacco price increases, easy access to tobacco cessation treatments, and anti-tobacco media campaigns, should continue. Reducing tobacco use would be a major step towards the goal of decreasing health disparities by 2030 as 80% of the projected tobacco-related deaths will occur in low- and middle-income countries.
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Perez-Warnisher MT, De Miguel MDPC, Seijo LM. Tobacco Use Worldwide: Legislative Efforts to Curb Consumption. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:571-579. [PMID: 30779502 DOI: 10.9204/aogh.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is recognized as a major preventable cause of disease worldwide and is linked to 6 million deaths annually, 30% of which are due to cancer. The negative health consequences of smoking currently represent one of the greatest public health challenges. Secondhand smoke, declared carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2004, is also a major source of morbidity and premature death in nonsmokers, particularly children. Negative health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke have been well documented and include lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and other respiratory diseases. International and national policies to implement cost-effective strategies to curtail smoking will have a significant impact on population health and will protect nonsmokers. Effective interventions, such as a combination of smoke-free laws, tobacco price increases, easy access to tobacco cessation treatments, and anti-tobacco media campaigns, should continue. Reducing tobacco use would be a major step towards the goal of decreasing health disparities by 2030 as 80% of the projected tobacco-related deaths will occur in low- and middle-income countries.
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Parnell A, Box E, Biagioni N, Bonevski B, Coffin J, Slevin T, Anwar-McHenry J, Pettigrew S. Attitudinal and behavioural responses to increasing tobacco control regulation among high smoking prevalence groups: A qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 38:92-100. [DOI: 10.1111/dar.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Newcastle; Newcastle Australia
| | - Juli Coffin
- Broome Campus; University of Notre Dame; Broome Australia
| | - Terry Slevin
- School of Psychology; Curtin University; Perth Australia
- Cancer Council WA; Perth Australia
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Thomson G, Wilson N. Smokefree signage at children's playgrounds: Field observations and comparison with Google Street View. Tob Induc Dis 2017; 15:37. [PMID: 28852374 PMCID: PMC5569489 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-017-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is global growth in outdoor smokefree areas, little is known about the associated smokefree signage. We aimed to study smokefree signage at playgrounds and to compare field observations with images from Google Street View (GSV). Methods We randomly selected playgrounds in 21 contiguous local government areas in the lower North Island of New Zealand, all of which had smokefree playground policies. Field data were collected on smokefree signage along with dog control signage to allow for comparisons. The sensitivity and specificity of using GSV for data collection were calculated. Results Out of the 63 playgrounds studied, only 44% (95% CI: 33%–57%) had any smokefree signage within 10 m of the playground equipment. The mean number of such signs was 0.8 per playground (range: 0 to 6). Sign size varied greatly from 42 cm2 up to 2880 cm2; but was typically fairly small (median = 600 cm2; ie, as per a 20 × 30 cm rectangle). Qualitatively the dog signs appeared to use clearer images and were less wordy than the smokefree signs. Most playground equipment (82%), could be seen on GSV, but for these settings the sensitivity for identifying smokefree signs was poor at 16%. Yet specificity was reasonable at 96%. Conclusions The presence and quality of smokefree signage was poor in this sample of children’s playgrounds in this developed country setting. There appears to be value in comparing smokefree signage with other types of signage (eg, dog control signage). Google Street View was not a sensitive tool for studying such signage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12971-017-0143-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Wilson
- University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Wilson N, Thomson G. Surveying all outdoor smokefree signage in contrasting suburbs: methods and results. Health Promot J Austr 2017; 28:264-265. [PMID: 28110643 DOI: 10.1071/he16079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington South 6021, New Zealand
| | - George Thomson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago Wellington, PO Box 7343, Wellington South 6021, New Zealand
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