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Korbely C, Huß J, Quartucci C, Nennstiel U, Severin R, Summer B, Oppel E, Nowak D, Herr C, Heinze S, Kutzora S. Sun Exposure of Preschoolers, Parental Sun Protection Behavior, and Sun Protection Measures at Preschool in Bavaria-Comparison of Two Cross-Sectional Studies of 2010/11 and 2018/19. Dermatol Pract Concept 2024; 14:dpc.1403a127. [PMID: 39122494 PMCID: PMC11314429 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1403a127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children's skin is particularly susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation. Young children are dependent on sun protection measures taken by parents and other caregivers. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to evaluate parental sun protection behavior and sun protection measures at preschool at two points in time (2010/11 and 2018/19) in Bavaria and to test for a secular trend. METHODS Two cross-sectional surveys were carried out. For each survey, more than 4,000 parents of preschoolers completed a self-administered questionnaire about parental sun protection behavior and sun protection measures at preschool. To identify possible associations between parental sun protection behavior and sociodemographic characteristics, logistic regression analysis was carried out. RESULTS In the survey of 2018/19, six out of eight sun protection measures are adequately applied by over two-thirds of the parents. Two out of eight sun protection measures are adequately applied by less than one-third of the parents. Those two measures are aligning sun protection to actual UV index and preschoolers wearing sunglasses. The comparison of the study population of the survey of 2010/11 and of 2018/19 shows an improvement in parental sun protection behavior for seven out of eight sun protection measures. In both surveys more than 80% of parents state that preschool staff ensures preschoolers wear sun hats and sunscreen outside on sunny days. CONCLUSIONS Future campaigns should focus on the use of sunglasses and promote the UV index, as these sun protection measures are used very little.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Korbely
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Huß
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Quartucci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Nennstiel
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Rike Severin
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE) at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Summer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Oppel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Herr
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heinze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kutzora
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
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George P, Murray K, Christian H. Young children's use of blue spaces and the impact on their health, development and environmental awareness: A qualitative study from parents' perspectives. Health Promot J Austr 2024; 35:45-56. [PMID: 36852565 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED This study examined how families with young children access and use different types of blue spaces and the health and development benefits, and potential negative effects. METHODS Parents(n = 25) of young children across four coastal communities in Western Australia were recruited via purposive sampling to participate in interviews. A generic qualitative study design grounded in the pragmatism paradigm was utilised. RESULTS Beaches were the most frequently used blue space for families all year around, however families did not necessarily attend their closest beach. This appears due to certain beach features making them more or less attractive for use regardless of the distance from home. Parents perceived blue spaces as health promoting due to the increased physical activity children did in and around these spaces. They also reported blue spaces could be positive for child development, contributing to the development of identity. Blue spaces were also perceived to promote children's environmental awareness and environmentally friendly behaviours. However, blue spaces could also be potentially risky environments for families with young children. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight blue spaces are an important setting for supporting children's health, development and environmental consciousness. SO WHAT?: It is important to protect natural outdoor environments such as blue spaces for future generations. The findings can be used by governments and policy makers to improve the quality (features and amenities) of blue spaces and positively impact how often families (including those with dogs) use blue spaces and the benefits they experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe George
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Current Utilization of Qualitative Methodologies in Dermatology: A Scoping Review. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100172. [PMID: 36891031 PMCID: PMC9986021 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this review was to determine how qualitative methods are used in dermatology research and whether published manuscripts meet current standards for qualitative research. A scoping review of manuscripts published in English between January 1, 2016 and September 22, 2021 was conducted. A coding document was developed to collect information on authors, methodology, participants, research theme, and the presence of quality criteria as outlined by the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Manuscripts were included if they described original qualitative research about dermatologic conditions or topics of primary interest to dermatology. An adjacency search yielded 372 manuscripts, and after screening, 134 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies utilized interviews or focus groups, and researchers predominantly selected participants on the basis of disease status, including over 30 common and rare dermatologic conditions. Research themes frequently included patient experience of disease, development of patient-reported outcomes, and descriptions of provider and caregiver experiences. Although most authors explained their analysis and sampling strategy and included empirical data, few referenced qualitative data reporting standards. Missed opportunities for qualitative methods in dermatology include examination of health disparities, exploration of surgical and cosmetic dermatology experiences, and determination of the lived experience of and provider attitudes toward diverse patient populations.
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Raymond-Lezman JR, Riskin S. Attitudes, Behaviors, and Risks of Sun Protection to Prevent Skin Cancer Amongst Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e34934. [PMID: 36938200 PMCID: PMC10016731 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis worldwide. Many factors are involved in the development of skin cancers, but ultraviolet (UV) light exposure is the most modifiable. Our lifetime cumulative UV exposure may be a result of poor sun protection practices in childhood and adolescence. Modifying the attitudes and behaviors of children can be done in the classroom, at recreational activities, and at home. A review of the literature was conducted using Embase and PubMed to examine the relationship between attitudes and behaviors as they relate to sun protection strategies. Well-developed, standardized sun protection educational programs are needed to instruct children and adolescents. Individualized counseling from physicians or online programs is needed to help parents increase sun-safe standards for their children. Many young women utilize indoor tanning beds frequently, but many instructional programs increased their tanning bed usage. Time should be allotted at schools, sports practices, camps, and other outdoor activities for sunscreen reapplication. Many parents and children report the media is their primary source of information about sun safety. Media outlets may positively change attitudes and behaviors when reporting about sun safety. Parents and children need individualized programs or counseling to reduce ultraviolet (UV) exposure and increase sun protection. At-risk populations need tailored instruction, but few strategies have worked to decrease UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Raymond-Lezman
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clearwater, USA
| | - Suzanne Riskin
- Department of Foundational Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clearwater, USA
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Kulasinghe K, Mitchell AE, Morawska A. Parent-Reported Barriers and Enablers to Establishing Sun Safety Practices with Young Children in Australia. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs 2022; 45:403-413. [DOI: 10.1080/24694193.2022.2079765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavindri Kulasinghe
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Centre for Children’s Health Research, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Amy E. Mitchell
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Alina Morawska
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Leruste S, Marx M, Ah-Mouck C, Yap-Chim L, Sultan-Bichat N, Beylot-Barry M, Spodenkiewicz M, Dumez J, Bertolotti A. Attitudes, Barriers, Motivations to Sun Protection in Reunion Island’s Schools: Qualitative Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:895-900. [PMID: 35547648 PMCID: PMC9081008 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s341565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of melanoma in Reunion Island is on the rise and is now one of the highest worldwide. Although the main risk factor of melanoma is sun exposure during childhood, sun protection measures remain insufficient in Reunionese schools. From November 2019 to November 2020, we conducted a qualitative study to explore the attitudes, barriers, and motivations to sun protection among the main actors of children’s protection in Reunion Island. Individual semi-directive interviews were performed with 14 children aged 6 to 10 years, 13 parents, and 13 teachers. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Relevant data were coded, triangulated, analyzed, and then modeled following the methodology of grounded theory. Sufficiency of the data was sought. All 40 participants described their sun protection habits. Protection was lower during school activities than during leisure activities. Parents identified several practical and financial barriers to sun protection. Teachers pointed out the lack of adequate infrastructure and sun protection training. Responsibility for children’s protection was a point of disagreement between parents and teachers. Children limited their use of protection, mainly for reasons of comfort. Children’s sun protection in schools is the responsibility of educational staff, parents, and society at large. Improving communication between these various actors is necessary. Sun safety campaigns and reorganization of the school environment would allow for better protection of the child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Leruste
- University Department of General Medicine, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Mathilde Marx
- University Department of General Medicine, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Cassie Ah-Mouck
- University Department of General Medicine, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Lindsay Yap-Chim
- University Department of General Medicine, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Nathalie Sultan-Bichat
- Dermatology department, CH Ouest Réunion, St Paul, La Réunion, France
- MISOLRE, Prevention Association, Saint-Paul, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Dermatology Department, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital, INSERM U 1053, Bordeaux, Gironde, France
| | - Michel Spodenkiewicz
- Mental Health Department, Reunion University Hospital Sites South, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Inserm CIC1410, Reunion University Hospital, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Jessica Dumez
- University Department of General Medicine, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Inserm CIC1410, Reunion University Hospital, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Antoine Bertolotti
- MISOLRE, Prevention Association, Saint-Paul, La Réunion, France
- Inserm CIC1410, Reunion University Hospital, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Infectious Diseases-Dermatology Department, Reunion University Hospital, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: Antoine Bertolotti, Inserm CIC1410, Infectious diseases-dermatology department, Reunion University Hospital, 97 av. Président Mitterrand, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, 97448, France, Tel +02 62 35 91 65, Fax +02 62 35 96 51, Email
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Gefeller O, Mathes S, Uter W, Pfahlberg AB. The Role of the Global Solar UV Index for Sun Protection of Children in German Kindergartens. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020198. [PMID: 35204917 PMCID: PMC8870228 DOI: 10.3390/children9020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More than twenty-five years ago, the Global Solar UV index (UVI) was introduced as a simple means of visualizing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation and to alert people to the need for sun protection. In our survey, among directors of 436 kindergartens in southern Germany we investigated the level of awareness and knowledge about the UVI as well as the practical consequences for sun protection in kindergartens. Less than half of the directors (n = 208, 47.7%) had ever heard of the UVI, and only a small minority of them (n = 34, 8.7%) used the daily UVI information to adapt sun protective measures in their kindergartens. Detailed knowledge about the UVI was a rarity among the respondents. The proportion of respondents with self-perceived detailed UVI knowledge was five times higher than the actual knowledge assessed by an in-depth structured interview using open-ended questions about the UVI (14.2% vs. 2.8%). No clear relationship between UVI awareness, knowledge, and use and directors' age and gender was found. The UVI-related variables also showed no association with directors' knowledge of risk factors for skin cancer and their attitudes towards tanned skin. Overall, the results paint a sobering picture regarding the penetration of the UVI into sun protection policies of German kindergartens. Future public health campaigns should aim to increase the awareness and understanding of the UVI as well as its relevance for sun protection of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (W.U.); (A.B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-22750
| | - Sonja Mathes
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (W.U.); (A.B.P.)
| | - Annette B. Pfahlberg
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (W.U.); (A.B.P.)
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Thoonen K, van Osch L, Crutzen R, de Vries H, Schneider F. Identification of Relevant Sociocognitive Determinants Explaining Multiple Parental Sun Protection Behaviors. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2021; 49:392-404. [PMID: 34053307 PMCID: PMC9150145 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211010434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Adequate sun safety during childhood is crucial for decreasing skin cancer risk in later life. Although parents are an essential target group in applying sun protection measures for their children, insight into the determinants associated with their sun protection behaviors is limited. Aims This study aims to identify the most relevant determinants in predicting multiple parental sun protection intentions and behaviors in different sun exposure situations. Method A longitudinal survey study with two measurements was conducted among Dutch parents (N = 670) of children (4–12 years old). Twenty-seven sociocognitive determinants were examined in terms of relevance regarding four parental sun protection behaviors in different sun exposure situations. The Confidence Interval-Based Estimation of Relevance approach was used to visualize room for improvement (sample means) on all determinants and their association strengths (correlations) with sun protection intentions and behaviors. Results Behavior-specific rather than generic determinants were most relevant in explaining all sun protection behaviors. Of these determinants, attitude, self-efficacy and action planning, and especially parental feelings of difficulty in performing sun protection behaviors, were most relevant. Altogether, the explained variance of all sociocognitive determinants was highest for shade-seeking behavior (R2 = .41 and .43) and lowest for supportive behavior (R2 = .19 and .29) in both planned and incidental sun exposure situations, respectively. Discussion This study provides detailed insight into relevant sociocognitive determinants of parental sun protection behaviors in various sun exposure situations and directions for composing parental skin cancer prevention interventions. Conclusions Future composition of sun safety interventions should emphasize on enhancing parental feelings of self-efficacy, especially for shade-seeking and clothing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Thoonen
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Karlijn Thoonen, Department of Health Promotion, School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, 6229 HA, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Rik Crutzen
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Thoonen K, van Osch L, Drittij R, de Vries H, Schneider F. A Qualitative Exploration of Parental Perceptions Regarding Children's Sun Exposure, Sun Protection, and Sunburn. Front Public Health 2021; 9:596253. [PMID: 33681123 PMCID: PMC7930008 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.596253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sun protection among children is of utmost importance since sunburn in early life is a major risk factor for skin cancer development. Because parents play a vital role in enhancing sun safety among children, this study explored parental perceptions concerning sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and sunburn in children. Additionally, the context in which children experience sunburn in order to assist the development, optimization, and targeting of sun safety interventions for parents is revealed. A qualitative study design, using a semi-structured interview guide addressing several themes (e.g., sun exposure, sun protection, and sunburn experiences), was used. Data were collected in the Netherlands in the fall of 2019. Parents were recruited via purposive sampling at schools, youth services centers, and social media. Execution, transcription, and coding of the interviews was done by two researchers, using the qualitative analyzing program Nvivo (interrater reliability of d = 0.84). In total, 26 interviews were performed (n = 17 mothers, n = 17 daughters, aged between 4 and 11 years). Parental perceptions and recall of their child's lifetime sunburn were frequent, even though all parents reported using at least one sun protection measure during sun exposure situations and parents seemed often unaware of their child's sunburn. Moreover, parents reported an overreliance on sunscreen, often failing to adequately protect their children's skin. Water-related activities, a lack of shade, and misconceptions regarding UV-index were often related to sunburn. In addition, unexpected sun exposure or longer exposure duration than initially planned were reported as challenging situations. The majority of parents had positive perceptions regarding tanned skin for both themselves as for children. This study provides directions for skin cancer prevention efforts targeted at both parents and their children. Since a lack of knowledge regarding sufficient sun protection measures and sunburn occurrence in various situations was reported, educational efforts are warranted. Additionally, focusing on clothing, shade-seeking, and adequate sunscreen use is recommended to increase children's sun safety. By intervening in the physical environment as well (e.g., providing shady areas), sun protection barriers can be reduced. Lastly, the general positive attitude toward tanned skin evident in this study is certainly worthy of attention in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlijn Thoonen
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth van Osch
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rowan Drittij
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Health Sciences Master, Health Education and Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hein de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Francine Schneider
- Department of Health Promotion, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Sümen A, Öncel S. The effect of 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' programme on parental sun protection behaviours: Randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs 2020; 77:387-400. [PMID: 33089943 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to examine the effect of the 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' program based on the social cognitive theory, on parental use of sun protection products and sun avoidance behaviours. DESIGN Cluster randomized controlled trial. METHODS The study was conducted with three groups using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The study included 185 parents, of which 63 were in the education group, 62 were in the education + SMS group, and 60 were in the control group. The parents in the intervention group were engaged in the 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' program for a period of 6 weeks, while the education + SMS group, in addition to the program, also received. Primary outcomes include sunscreen use and sun avoidance behaviour and secondary outcomes were self-protection and protection of their children's behaviour. A repeated-measures ANOVA and marginal homogeneity were the main statistical tests. RESULTS The interventions made as part of the 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' program increased the following behavioural components of parents in the education group and the education + SMS group, compared with the control group: sun protection product use behaviours, sun avoidance behaviours, and behaviours related to protecting themselves and their children from the sun. There was an even higher increase in these behavioural components for those parents who also received short reminder text messages. CONCLUSION The 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' program and the receiving of short reminder messages had positive effects on the parents' behaviours related to protecting themselves and their children from the sun. IMPACT The 'I am Protecting my Child from the Sun' developed parents' sunscreen use self-efficacy, norms/attitudes about sunscreen use and sunscreen use expectancy behaviour, and reduced their impediments to sunscreen use behaviour. In addition, the program developed parents' sun avoidance self-efficacy, norms/attitudes about sun avoidance and sun avoidance expectancy behaviours, and reduced tanning expectancy behaviour. Receiving SMS messages following the training was effective in parental behaviours for use of sunscreen, sun avoidance, and protecting themselves and their children from the sun. Registration number: Study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04251598.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Sümen
- Kumluca Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Selma Öncel
- Faculty of Nursing, Department of Public Health Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Kanellis VG, Kanellis AL. Parental and primary caregiver's attitudes towards sun safe hat and sunscreen use at a major national children's playground in Canberra, Australia. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 61:e328-e332. [PMID: 32253756 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The sun safety habits of children are developed throughout the childhood years under the influence of peers, parents, family members and other adult caregivers, as well as through education. This study assessed the sun safety attitudes and actual practices of parents and primary caregivers at a large public playground over a twelve-month period in 2019/2020. The desire to have an educational sun safety message at major playgrounds was also assessed. METHODS Parents and primary caregivers at our study playground in Canberra, Australia, were offered an eight-question survey. Data analysis compared the proportion of respondents who selected each sub-question. Surveys were conducted on a minimum of three days per week for a twelve-month period, excluding the period of May to the beginning of August when the ultraviolet radiation index (UVI) is typically below three in Canberra. RESULTS Less than half of the children at the study playground wore a sun safe hat the whole of their playtime when the UVI ≥ 3. Although 80.5% parents and primary caregivers acknowledged the importance of modelling good sun safety behaviours, most adults did not wear a sun safe hat or apply sunscreen. 93.3% of adult respondents desired some form of permanent educational message at playgrounds to encourage better sun safety. CONCLUSION There is significant room for improvement in the sun safety practices of primary caregivers and children at our study playground. The vast majority of respondents desired a permanent sun safety message display at major playgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis George Kanellis
- Department of Dermatology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,College of Health and Medicine, Australia National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Abstract
In this article, we summarize the research that eventually led to the classification of the full ultraviolet (UV) radiation spectrum as carcinogenic to humans. We recall the pioneering works that led to the formulation of novel hypotheses on the reasons underlying the increasing burden of melanoma in light-skinned populations. It took long before having compelling evidence on the association between UV and melanoma, in particular, the importance of UV exposure during childhood for both the occurrence of melanoma and death. The role of UVA was established only after 2005. If molecular lesions caused by UV radiation are better known, the precise mechanism by which UV exposure drives melanoma occurrence and progression still needs to be elucidated. More research on the UV-melanoma relationships has led to more evidence-based sun-protection recommendations, especially for children, and to effective control of the artificial UV tanning fashion. Since around 1985-1995, the mortality because of melanoma has started to decrease in younger age groups in most light-skinned populations. If sun protection among children remain on top of public health agendas, there is a fairly great chance that melanoma mortality will stabilize and steadily decrease in all light-skinned populations. The introduction of effective therapies against metastatic disease will improve this reversal in mortality trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Autier
- University of Strathclyde Institute of Global Public Health, International Prevention Research Institute (iPRI), Dardilly, France
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O'Hara M, Horsham C, Koh U, Janda M. Unintended sunburn after sunscreen application: An exploratory study of sun protection. Health Promot J Austr 2019; 31:533-539. [PMID: 31631453 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED This study explores the experiences of adults aged 18 years and older who received an unintended sunburn while wearing sunscreen and examines why the application of sunscreen as a sun protection measure did not work as intended. METHODS Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 11 interviews with people living in Australia who had received an unintended sunburn. Data were collected from July 2017 to January 2018. Twelve participants took part in individual semi-structured interviews either face-to-face or over the telephone, and 11 participants met the eligibility criteria and were included for analysis. RESULTS The themes that emerged included experience of disbelief after sunburn; sunburn after water-based activity; inaccurate sunscreen application; sunscreen acceptability and trust; discomfort in application, opportunistic sun exposure; aesthetically motivated behaviour; normative beliefs; and lack of awareness of recent sun safety campaigns. CONCLUSION Participants perceived themselves as well protected from sun exposure and were surprised they received a sunburn. We found that participants did not reapply sunscreen often enough, especially before and during water activities and overestimated the amount of time they could be safely exposed to the sun. SO WHAT?: The findings of this study suggest a greater need for sun protection education on how to effectively use and apply sunscreen to avoid sunburn and skin cancer. SUMMARY This study explores the experiences of adults aged 18 years and older who received an unintended sunburn while wearing sunscreen and examines why the application of sunscreen as a sun protection measure did not work as intended. Qualitative content analysis was conducted on 11 interviews with people living in Australia who had received an unintended sunburn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana O'Hara
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Caitlin Horsham
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Uyen Koh
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika Janda
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Zink A, Schielein M, Wildner M, Rehfuess EA. 'Try to make good hay in the shade - it won't work!' A qualitative interview study on the perspectives of Bavarian farmers regarding primary prevention of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1412-1419. [PMID: 30861096 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the main risk factor for keratinocyte carcinoma (KC), making outdoor workers, including farmers, a high-risk population for KC. The use of sun protection is crucial for KC prevention but is not typically implemented by outdoor workers during their daily tasks. OBJECTIVES To explore the attitudes of Bavarian farmers regarding sun-protective measures in their daily work and to understand perceived barriers and unmet needs. METHODS Farmers were recruited through the Bavarian Farmers Association in Bavaria, Southern Germany. Qualitative semi structured interviews were conducted with participants between December 2017 and March 2018. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Twenty farmers (11 women, nine men; nine aged 18-30 years, 11 aged > 60 years) participated. Knowledge and awareness of UVR exposure and KC, perceived individual barriers to implementing sun-protective measures, individual experiences and farm life-specific circumstances emerged as key areas influencing the perspectives of farmers regarding the primary prevention of KC. Female farmers tended to take a more positive stance on sun protection, whereas male farmers showed a lower overall interest. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge and awareness of KC and UVR exposure is very limited in Bavarian farmers with serious perceived barriers due to the demands of daily agricultural work. Further qualitative studies are needed to identify intervention options that can increase skin cancer awareness and that can successfully overcome real barriers to implementing sun protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zink
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Schielein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Wildner
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
| | - E A Rehfuess
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Understanding the role of vitamin D is an important component of the proper care of the pediatric orthopedic patient. Vitamin D is an essential component of bone metabolism in the growth and development of the pediatric skeleton, which can be acutely affected by changes to the body's vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate levels, resulting in pathologic conditions such as rickets or fractures. This article reviews the main areas in which vitamin D relates to pediatric orthopedics and highlights some of the areas where future research is being directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Horan
- Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Palmetto Health-USC Orthopaedic Center, University of South Carolina, 14 Medical Park, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29203, USA.
| | - Kevin Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Medical Park 2, Suite 400, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
| | - Daniel Hughes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Medical Park 2, Suite 400, Columbia, SC 29203, USA
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16
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