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Morres ID, Metsios GS. Vigorous exercise in pragmatic settings leads to antidepressive, metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits in adult outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders. Evid Based Nurs 2023:ebnurs-2023-103743. [PMID: 37451850 DOI: 10.1136/ebnurs-2023-103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Morres
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - George S Metsios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Fiedler DV, Rosenstiel S, Zeibig JM, Seiffer B, Welkerling J, Frei AK, Studnitz T, Baur J, Helmhold F, Ray A, Herzog E, Takano K, Nakagawa T, Kropp S, Franke S, Peters S, Flagmeier AL, Zwanzleitner L, Sundmacher L, Ramos-Murguialday A, Hautzinger M, Ehring T, Sudeck G, Wolf S. Concept and study protocol of the process evaluation of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity in outpatients with heterogeneous mental disorders-the ImPuls study. Trials 2023; 24:330. [PMID: 37189210 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that patients suffering from different mental disorders benefit from exercise programs combined with behavior change techniques. Based on this evidence, we have developed an exercise program (ImPuls) specifically designed to provide an additional treatment option in the outpatient mental health care system. The implementation of such complex programs into the outpatient context requires research that goes beyond the evaluation of effectiveness, and includes process evaluation. So far, process evaluation related to exercise interventions has rarely been conducted. As part of a current pragmatic randomized controlled trial evaluating ImPuls treatment effects, we are therefore carrying out comprehensive process evaluation according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. The central aim of our process evaluation is to support the findings of the ongoing randomized controlled trial. METHODS The process evaluation follows a mixed-methods approach. We collect quantitative data via online-questionnaires from patients, exercise therapists, referring healthcare professionals and managers of outpatient rehabilitative and medical care facilities before, during, and after the intervention. In addition, documentation data as well as data from the ImPuls smartphone application are collected. Quantitative data is complemented by qualitative interviews with exercise therapists as well as a focus-group interview with managers. Treatment fidelity will be assessed through the rating of video-recorded sessions. Quantitative data analysis includes descriptive as well as mediation and moderation analyses. Qualitative data will be analyzed via qualitative content analysis. DISCUSSION The results of our process evaluation will complement the evaluation of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and will, for example, provide important information about mechanisms of impact, structural prerequisites, or provider qualification that may support the decision-making process of health policy stakeholders. It might contribute to paving the way for exercise programs like ImPuls to be made successively available for patients with heterogeneous mental disorders in the German outpatient mental health care system. TRIAL REGISTRATION The parent clinical study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (ID: DRKS00024152, registered 05/02/2021, https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00024152 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Victor Fiedler
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Rosenstiel
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna-Marie Zeibig
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Britta Seiffer
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Welkerling
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Frei
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Studnitz
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Baur
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Helmhold
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ray
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eva Herzog
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tristan Nakagawa
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia Kropp
- Chair of Health Economics, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Franke
- Chair of Health Economics, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Peters
- German Association for health-related Fitness and Exercise Therapy (German: DVGS), Hürth-Efferen, Germany
| | | | | | - Leonie Sundmacher
- Chair of Health Economics, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gorden Sudeck
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Sports Science, Department of Education & Health Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Psychological Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Segmented session perceived exertion and affective responses to self-paced treadmill exercise. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Han L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu T, Niu R, Wang Q, Zhao L. Negative emotional status and influencing factors among young employees in center of disease control and prevention. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:398. [PMID: 35216568 PMCID: PMC8877735 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative emotions among employees have become a public problem that increase the risk of developing the disease and accelerate its progression. This study aimed to investigate the status and influencing factors of negative emotions among young employees in center of disease control and prevention. METHODS Participants included 6099 employees aged 40 or below in center of disease control and prevention (CDC) of 32 province of China were interviewed by online questionnaire survey. The emotional conditions of anxiety and depression, and their influencing factors were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 5353 valid questionnaires were collected with the recovery rate of 87.77%. 2871 cases of young employees had different degrees of negative emotions at work, accounting for about 53.60%. Regression analysis showed that gender, professional title, educational level, job satisfaction, chronic diseases, daily sleep duration, average weekly overtime, physical activity time, and sugary beverage intake were the influencing factors of negative emotions (P < 0.05). Male, primary and below, never working overtime and daily physical activity time more than 30 min were protective factors for negative emotions (OR vale were 0.79, 0.68, 0.39 and 0.63, respectively, P < 0.05). Bachelor degree or above, poor job satisfaction, chronic disease, daily sleep duration less than 8 h and drinking one to three sugary drinks a week were the risk factors for negative emotion (OR vale were1.21, 4.32, 2.16, 2.75 and 1.20, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Due to the influence of work pressure, lifestyle, chronic diseases and other factors, young employees in CDC have a certain degree of negative emotions at work, which should be paid enough attention. Meanwhile, corresponding measures should be taken according to the influencing factors to reduce the occurrence of negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tuo Liu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ran Niu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, 830002, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Morres ID, Tzouma NA, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Krommidas C, Kotronis KV, Dafopoulos K, Theodorakis Y, Comoutos N. Exercise for perinatal depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in perinatal health services. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:26-42. [PMID: 34728280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise improves perinatal depressive (PD) symptoms, but reports call for more robust evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesizing evidence exclusively from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of exercise on PD symptoms in women recruited through perinatal health services. METHODS Nine e-databases and fifteen systematic reviews were searched for relevant RCTs. Exercise-specific tools extracted/coded data. A meta-analysis using a random effects model (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]) investigated the effects of exercise on PD scores post-intervention. RESULTS From 285 records, 14 RCTs (2.025 participants) were considered eligible including two RCTs with clinically diagnosed PD women. Exercise showed a statistically significant, small, overall antidepressant effect (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI = -0.31, -0.11, p = 0.0001) with low/non-significant heterogeneity (Q = 17.82, I 2 = 16%, p = 0.27). Only the fail-safe criterion recorded marginally significant publication bias, but trim-fill analysis added no study. Sensitivity analyses increased the overall effect in RCTs showing lower risk of bias or delivering ≥150 min/week moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Subgroup analyses revealed significant antidepressant effects for exercise across various settings, delivery formats, depressive symptoms severities and outcome measures used. Heterogeneity was low/non-significant in all analyses (I 2 ≤ 50%). Hedges' g corrections did not influence the results. LIMITATIONS Study limitations include the small number of available trials and clinically diagnosed PD samples and the variety of exercise modalities. CONCLUSIONS Exercise improved PD symptoms, especially in RCTs with lower risk of bias or with ≥150 min/day moderate intensity aerobic exercise interventions. Findings are clinically useful but more RCTs for clinically diagnosed PD women are needed for firmer conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Morres
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
| | - Natalia-Antigoni Tzouma
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Charalampos Krommidas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yannis Theodorakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Comoutos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, School of Physical Education, Sport & Dietetics, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
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Gerber M, Colledge F, de Quervain D, Filippou K, Havas E, Knappe F, Ludyga S, Meier M, Morres ID, Panagos A, Pühse U, Ramadan K, Seelig H, Theodorakis Y, von Känel R, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Effects of an exercise and sport intervention among refugees living in a Greek refugee camp on mental health, physical fitness and cardiovascular risk markers: study protocol for the SALEEM pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:827. [PMID: 34802451 PMCID: PMC8607641 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to ongoing political and social conflicts, the number of international refugees has been increasing. Refugees are exposed to severe mental and physical strain, as well as traumatic experiences during their flight. Therefore, the risk of psychiatric disorders is markedly increased among international refugees. International organizations have criticized the lack of early interventions as a key problem, because untreated mental disorders are often difficult to cure at a later stage. Today, exercise and sport have been successfully employed to treat a wide range of psychiatric disorders. With patients with post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), very limited empirical evidence exists, and studies carried out with international refugees are nearly non-existent. METHODS We intend to implement a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an exercise and sport intervention group (n = 68, 50% women) and a wait-list control group (n = 68, 50% women) in the Koutsochero refugee camp, located close to the city of Larissa (Greece). During the RCT, exercise and sport will be offered five times per week (60 min/session) for 10 weeks. Participants will be asked to participate in at least two sessions per week. The programme is developed according to the participants' needs and preferences and they will be able to choose between a range of activities. PTSD symptoms will serve as primary outcome, and several secondary outcomes will be assessed. Qualitative data collection methods will be used to gain a more in-depth appraisal of the participants' perception of the intervention programme. In the second year of study, the programme will be opened to all camp residents. A strategy will be developed how the programme can be continued after the end of the funding period, and how the programme can be scaled up beyond the borders of the Koutsochero camp. DISCUSSION By moving towards the primary prevention of chronic physical conditions and psychiatric disorders, a relevant contribution can be done to enhance the quality and quantity of life of refugee camp residents in Greece. Our findings may also strengthen the evidence for exercise as medicine as a holistic care option in refugee camps, by helping camp residents to adopt and maintain a physically active lifestyle. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered prospectively on the 8 February 2021 with ISRCTN https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16291983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Konstantinia Filippou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Elsa Havas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Florian Knappe
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Meier
- Interdisciplinary Center for Gender Studies, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis D. Morres
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Alexandros Panagos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karim Ramadan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Harald Seelig
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Grosse Allee 6, CH-4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yannis Theodorakis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Roland von Känel
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Serrander M, Bremander A, Jarbin H, Larsson I. Joy of living through exercise - a qualitative study of clinically referred adolescents' experiences of moderate to vigorous exercise as treatment for depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2021; 75:574-581. [PMID: 33884944 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1909128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Depression is common and rising in adolescents. Recent meta-analyses indicate a moderate effect of exercise on depression symptoms. Clinically referred adolescents and their experiences of an exercise intervention have rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to describe clinically referred adolescents' experience of moderate to vigorous exercise as a treatment for depression. METHODS A total of 16 clinically referred adolescents with persistent major depression, who had taken part in a 14-week aerobic exercise intervention of moderate to vigorous intensity, were interviewed. Data was analysed by latent qualitative content analysis. RESULTS After taking part in the exercise intervention the adolescents expressed enhanced participation in daily life and joy of living by demonstrating commitment and a sense of empowerment. The categories contained both improved vitality and structure of everyday life as well as improved self-esteem and self-control. Participation in the exercise intervention changed their self-image, relationships, school performance, and family life. The adolescents highlighted that exercising in a group was beneficial, giving security and structure. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with persistent depression experienced several beneficial aspects of participating in an aerobic group exercise of moderate to vigorous intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Serrander
- Child and Adolescent Habilitation, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann Bremander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Danish Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Sonderborg, Denmark.,The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.,Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Håkan Jarbin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Region Halland, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Spenshult Research and Development Centre, Halmstad, Sweden.,Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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Imboden C, Gerber M, Beck J, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Hatzinger M. Aerobic exercise or stretching as add-on to inpatient treatment of depression: Similar antidepressant effects on depressive symptoms and larger effects on working memory for aerobic exercise alone. J Affect Disord 2020; 276:866-876. [PMID: 32739704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise (AE) has positive effects on symptom severity and cognitive symptoms of depression. Since data on AE as add-on to inpatient treatment in depression is still scarce, we conducted this double-blind randomized controlled study. METHODS Patients aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited into the study if Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 (HDRS-17) score was >16. Participants were randomly assigned to either AE or basic stretching activities (control), which took place 3x/week for 6 weeks. Primary outcome was depression severity as assessed with the HDRS-17 and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Further physiological and psychological variables and cognitive performance were assessed as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Forty-two patients were included in the analysis (exercise: n = 22; control: n = 20). Regardless of group allocation, we found a significant short-term time effect for symptom-severity (HDRS17: p<0.001, η²=0.70; BDI: p<0.001, η²=0.51), mental toughness (p<0.001, η²=0.32), physical self-description endurance score (p = 0.013, η²=0.16), cognitive flexibility (p = 0.013, η²=0.14), and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.006, η²=0.19). Working memory showed a significant time by group interaction in favor of AE (p = 0.043, η²=0.10). Short-term effects on symptom severity, mental toughness and BMI remained stable across the 6-month follow-up period. Finally, self-reported physical activity increased significantly from baseline to follow-up (p = 0.014, η²=0.15). LIMITATIONS The sample-size is rather small. The control intervention might have been too active as to find a time by group interaction for symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS AE was associated with comparably large depression alleviation vs. stretching and with add-on benefits on working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Imboden
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Private Clinic Wyss, Muenchenbuchsee, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Beck
- Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Private Clinic Sonnenhalde, Riehen, Switzerland
| | | | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hatzinger
- Psychiatric Services Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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