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Pereira-Payo D, Denche-Zamorano Á, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Franco-García JM, Carlos-Vivas J, Pérez-Gómez J. Trends in Multicomponent Training Research in the Aged Population: A Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1493. [PMID: 39120196 PMCID: PMC11311504 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The proportion of aged populations is increasing worldwide. Exercise has a palliating effect on some adverse implications of aging. Multicomponent training (MCT) is a recommended form of exercise for the aged population. The aims of this research were to (1) study the number of publications regarding MCT in the aged population following an exponential growth rate; (2) identify the journals, authors, and countries that stand out the most in this area; and (3) describe the most common themes and used keywords in this field. The analysis was performed through the traditional laws of bibliometrics, including, Price's, Lotka's, Bradford's, and Zipf's law. All documents published in journals indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection from 2001 to November 2023 that met the inclusion criteria were included. The 485 documents included in this review revealed that the number of annual publications experienced an exponential growth phase, 15 journals with six or more publications formed the core journals on this topic, and the author Mikel Izquierdo and his collaborative network topped the lists of prominent and prolific co-authors. Spain was the leading country in number of publications. Various thematic lines and keywords regarding strength, sarcopenia, quality of life, falls, balance, dual-task exercise, and cognitive and physical functioning were identified. In conclusion, this work confirmed that research on this topic is going through an exponential growth phase and provided detailed information about the journals, authors, and countries involved in the subject, as well as the keywords most frequently used in the subject matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Pereira-Payo
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.-P.)
| | - Ángel Denche-Zamorano
- Promoting a Healthy Society Research Group (PHeSO), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Mendoza-Muñoz
- Physical and Health Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life (PHYQoL), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Franco-García
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.-P.)
| | - Jorge Carlos-Vivas
- Physical Activity for Education, Performance and Health (PAEPH) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- Health, Economy, Motricity and Education (HEME) Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (D.P.-P.)
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Guirguis-Blake JM, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Bean SI. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2024; 332:58-69. [PMID: 38833257 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Importance Falls are the most common cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in older adults. Objective To systematically review evidence on the effectiveness and harms of fall prevention interventions in community-dwelling older adults. Data Sources MEDLINE, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials for relevant English-language literature published between January 1, 2016, and May 8, 2023, with ongoing surveillance through March 22, 2024. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials of interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults 65 years or older. Data Extraction and Synthesis Critical appraisal and data abstraction by 2 independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analyses with Knapp-Hartung adjustment. Main Outcomes and Measures Falls, injurious falls, fall-related fractures, hospitalizations or emergency department visits, people with 1 or more falls, people with injurious falls, people with fall-related fractures, and harms. Results Eighty-three fair- to good-quality randomized clinical trials (n = 48 839) examined the effectiveness of 6 fall prevention interventions in older adults. This article focuses on the 2 most studied intervention types: multifactorial (28 studies; n = 27 784) and exercise (37 studies; n = 16 117) interventions. Multifactorial interventions were associated with a statistically significant reduction in falls (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.84 [95% CI, 0.74-0.95]) but not a statistically significant reduction in individual risk of 1 or more falls (relative risk [RR], 0.96 [95% CI, 0.91-1.02]), injurious falls (IRR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.84-1.01]), fall-related fractures (IRR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.81-1.26]), individual risk of injurious falls (RR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.83-1.02]), or individual risk of fall-related fractures (RR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.60-1.24]). Exercise interventions were associated with statistically significant reductions in falls (IRR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75-0.96]), individual risk of 1 or more falls (RR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.87-0.98]), and injurious falls (IRR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.74-0.95]) but not individual risk of injurious falls (RR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.79-1.02]). Harms associated with multifactorial and exercise interventions were not well reported and were generally rare, minor musculoskeletal symptoms associated with exercise. Conclusions and Relevance Multifactorial and exercise interventions were associated with reduced falls in multiple good-quality trials. Exercise demonstrated the most consistent statistically significant benefit across multiple fall-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Guirguis-Blake
- Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Tacoma
| | - Leslie A Perdue
- Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
| | - Erin L Coppola
- Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sarah I Bean
- Kaiser Permanente Research Affiliates Evidence-based Practice Center, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
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García-Llorente AM, Casimiro-Andújar AJ, Linhares DG, De Souza Vale RG, Marcos-Pardo PJ. Multidomain interventions for sarcopenia and cognitive flexibility in older adults for promoting healthy aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:47. [PMID: 38386173 PMCID: PMC10884056 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The global population is undergoing rapid aging, making physical activity a crucial element in preventing mortality and lowering the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Age-related declines in muscle mass and cognitive abilities significantly contribute to frailty and dependency. Thus, this study focuses on a meticulous analysis of the protective effects of multidomain interventions, an emerging resource combating age-related declines. It seeks to underscore their profound impact on cognitive flexibility and sarcopenia, highlighting their pivotal role in mitigating the adverse effects of aging. To identify relevant randomized controlled trials up to November 2023, we reviewed eight online academic databases, following PERSiST guidelines, PRISMA reporting system, and PICOs criteria. Meta-analyses on selected functional outcomes utilized a random-effects model, including the Timed Up and Go Test, Sit to Stand Test, Victoria Stroop Test, and Trail Making Test. Out of 2082 scrutinized articles, 17 were included in the systematic review, and 8 in the meta-analysis. Positive effects (p = 0.05, I2 = 57%; 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.05) were observed in cognitive flexibility for certain interventions. Similarly, interventions addressing muscle strength demonstrated improvements in the Sit to Stand Test for the exercise group compared to the control group (p = 0.02, I2 = 0%; 95% CI - 0.63 to - 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of incorporating physical activity as a primary component of public health interventions for promoting healthy aging and reducing the burden of age-related diseases. Future interventions may explore more homogeneous approaches and evaluate the impact of thrice multidomain weekly sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M García-Llorente
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain.
| | - A J Casimiro-Andújar
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - D G Linhares
- Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BR, Brazil
| | - R G De Souza Vale
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Universidade do Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BR, Brazil
- Laboratorio de Ejercicio y Deporte, Instituto de Educación Física y Deportes, Universidad del Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900, Brazil
| | - P J Marcos-Pardo
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Department of Education, CIBIS (Centro de Investigación Para el Bienestar y la Inclusión Social) Research Center, Area of Physical Education and Sport, University of Almería, Office 0.22, Building CITE III, Almería, Spain.
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain.
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Liu F, Yu H, Xu Q, Gong J, Huo M, Huang F. Risk Assessment of Falls Among Older Adults Based on Probe Reaction Time During Water-Carrying Walking. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:21-29. [PMID: 38204962 PMCID: PMC10777860 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s438904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Falls are a significant factor affecting the health of older adults and are closely related to cognitive function. Adopting an effective method to evaluate the risk of falls in older adults is essential for improving their healthcare. This study combined cognitive and motor functions to determine a reliable probe reaction time during water-carrying walking. Patients and Methods We divided 100 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65 years and over) into two groups according to their fall history: the fall group and no-fall group. All subjects were tested on fall tasks using the timed up-and-go (TUG) test, 10-m walk timing test, trail marking test part-A (TMT-A), and water-carrying walking probe reaction time (P-RT). Results The fall group showed slower walking speeds and longer TUG, TMT-A, and P-RT times than the no-fall group. In the logistic regression analysis with falls as the dependent variable, water-carrying walking P-RT was identified as a useful factor, and the cut-off value of the water-carrying walking P-RT was 454 ms, which was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Conclusion The P-RT of the water-carrying walking test was found to be credible and useful for evaluating the fall risk in older adults. Therefore, it is recommended that the P-RT-based dual-task be used as a predictive indicator of future falls in the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Yaitai Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Gong
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Huo
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Chaoyang Sanhuan Cancer Hospital, Beijing, 100122, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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Shin S, Wuensche B. What type of exercises should older adults engage in to improve fall efficacy and physical fitness related to falling? J Exerc Rehabil 2023; 19:198-207. [PMID: 37662531 PMCID: PMC10468295 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2346276.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of exercise interventions developed over the past 10 years to prevent falls among older adults. Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases were systematically searched on November 3, 2022, using the following keywords: "elderly" or "aged" and "fall prevention exercise" and "randomized controlled trial." A total of 918 articles were retrieved, and finally, 18 studies were included in the meta-analysis. main conclusions were as follows: fall prevention exercises showed moderately positive effects on balance, gait, mobility, physical function, lower limb power, and strength, but low effects on proprioception, vision, and reaction speed. The effect sizes were highest when the intervention period was 1-24 weeks, time was 31-60 min, and frequency was thrice per week. Place of intervention (home, community, laboratory) and age (>75 years, <75 years) showed similarly moderate effect sizes. A combined program that includes balance, co-ordination, and resistance exercises is appropriate to improve fall-related fitness and fall efficacy in community-dwelling older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Shin
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan,
Korea
| | - Burkhard Wuensche
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland,
New Zealand
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Shantakumari N, Ahmed M. Whole body vibration therapy and cognitive functions: a systematic review. AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:130-143. [PMID: 37426779 PMCID: PMC10323263 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole Body Vibration has been found to induce physiological changes in human subjects, improving their neuromuscular, respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Evidence from animal research prove that whole-body vibration appears to induce changes in molecular and cellular levels to alter cognitive functions in mice. There is evolving evidence for a potential value of whole body vibration in improving cognition and preventing the development of age-related cognitive disorders in humans. However, literature on the biological consequences of whole-body vibration on the human brain is scanty. If so, gathering the available evidences would help decide the possibility of designing appropriate whole-body vibration protocols to extend its application to induce neurocognitive enhancement and optimize its effects. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was performed, consulting the ProQuest, MEDLINE and Scopus bibliographic databases, to summarize the available scientific evidence on the effects of whole-body vibration on cognitive functions in adults. Results of the review suggest that whole-body vibration therapy enhances a wide spectrum of cognitive functions in adults although there isn't enough evidence available yet to be able to design a standardized protocol to achieve optimum cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shantakumari
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Musaab Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Wen J, Leng L, Hu M, Hou X, Huang J. Effects of whole-body vibration training on cognitive function: A systematic review. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:854515. [PMID: 36845880 PMCID: PMC9947405 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.854515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-body vibration (WBV) training is a novel training method that stimulates the human neuromuscular system by the use of vibration, the frequency and amplitude of which are controlled, thereby inducing adaptive changes in the body. WBV training is widely used as a clinical prevention and rehabilitation tool in physical medicine and neuro-rehabilitation as a clinical prevention and rehabilitation tool. Objectives The aim of the present study was to review the effects of WBV on cognitive function, provide an evidence-based foundation for future research on WBV training, and promote additional popularization and use of the methodology in clinical practice. Methods A systematic review of articles extracted from the following six databases was conducted: PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus. A literature search was performed on articles in which the effects of WBV on cognitive function were evaluated. Results Initially, a total of 340 studies were initially identified, among which 18 articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected for inclusion in the systematic review. Participants were allocated into two groups: patients with cognitive impairment and healthy individuals. The results demonstrated that WBV was both positive and ineffective in its influence on cognitive function. Conclusion The majority of studies suggested that WBV may be a useful strategy for the management of cognitive impairment and should be considered for inclusion in rehabilitation programs. However, the impact of WBV on cognition requires additional, larger, and adequately powered studies. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=376821, identifier CRD42022376821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Leng
- School of Foreign Languages, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Junhao Huang,
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Divecha AA, Bialek A, Kumar DS, Garn RM, Currie LEJ, Campos T, Friel KM. Effects of a 12-week, seated, virtual, home-based tele-exercise programme compared with a prerecorded video-based exercise programme in people with chronic neurological impairments: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065032. [PMID: 36693691 PMCID: PMC9884574 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is vital to staying well and preventing secondary complications in people with chronic neurological impairments (CNI). Appropriate exercise is often inaccessible to this population. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of a seated, virtual exercise programme on heart rate, recovery, fatigue, pain, motivation, enjoyment and quality of life in people with CNI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Individuals with CNI will be screened for eligibility, and 60 participants will be randomised 1:1 into either a live or prerecorded group. There is no geographical limitation to where participants reside, since participation is virtual. The study will be coordinated by one site in White Plains, New York, USA. The live group will exercise with an instructor via Zoom while the prerecorded group will exercise at their chosen time using prerecorded videos, 3×/week for 12 weeks. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES change in heart rate during exercise/recovery. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES fatigue, motivation, level of pain and exertion, physical well-being, enjoyment of physical activity, motivation and quality of life. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, midpoint, end of study and 1-month poststudy. Adverse events, medication changes and physical activity will be tracked throughout. Within-group and between-group comparisons will be performed by using analysis of covariance and regression. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION BRANY IRB approval: 22 September 2020, protocol #20-08-388-512. All participants will provide written informed consent. Results will be disseminated through presentations, publications and ClinicalTrials.gov. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04564495.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Bialek
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Devina S Kumar
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Rachel M Garn
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, State of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Talita Campos
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen M Friel
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Benefits of Two 24-Week Interactive Cognitive-Motor Programs on Body Composition, Lower-Body Strength, and Processing Speed in Community Dwellings at Risk of Falling: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127117. [PMID: 35742365 PMCID: PMC9222305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This 24-week randomized controlled trial study evaluated the effects of two interactive cognitive−motor programs on body composition, lower-body strength, and processing speed in community dwellings at risk of falling. Forty-eight participants (75.0 ± 5.4 years) were allocated into EG1 (psychomotor intervention program), EG2 (combined program (psychomotor intervention + whole-body vibration)), and a control group. EG programs induced significant improvements in bone mass, lower-body strength, and processing speed (p < 0.05), with similar treatment effects on lower-body strength and processing speed and higher bone mineral content and density within EG2. The fall rate decreased in EG1 (44.2%) and EG2 (63%) (p < 0.05). After the 12-week no-intervention follow-up, improvements in lower-body strength were reversed in both EGs, but those in processing speed were maintained, mainly in EG2 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, both programs were accepted and well tolerated. The combined program led to additional benefits in bone mass. Both programs positively impacted physical and cognitive risk factors for falls and injuries. They induced similar improvements in lower-body strength and processing speed, decreasing the fall rate. These findings suggest that both programs are successful for fall and injury prevention in the studied population.
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