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Billiau L, Bolliger L, Clays E, Eeckloo K, Ketels M. Flemish critical care nurses' experiences regarding the influence of work-related demands on their health: a descriptive interpretive qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:387. [PMID: 38844928 PMCID: PMC11155134 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical care nurses (CCNs) around the globe face other health challenges compared to their peers in general hospital nursing. Moreover, the nursing workforce grapples with persistent staffing shortages. In light of these circumstances, developing a sustainable work environment is imperative to retain the current nursing workforce. Consequently, this study aimed to gain insight into the recalled experiences of CCNs in dealing with the physical and psychosocial influences of work-related demands on their health while examining the environments in which they operate. The second aim was to explore the complex social and psychological processes through which CCNs navigate these work-related demands across various CCN wards. METHODS A qualitative study following Thorne's interpretive descriptive approach was conducted. From October 2022 to April 2023, six focus groups were organised. Data from a diverse sample of 27 Flemish CCNs engaged in physically demanding roles from three CCN wards were collected. The Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven was applied to support the constant comparison process. RESULTS Participants reported being exposed to occupational physical activity, emotional, quantitative, and cognitive work-related demands, adverse patient behaviour, and poor working time quality. Exposure to these work-related demands was perceived as harmful, potentially resulting in physical, mental, and psychosomatic strain, as well as an increased turnover intention. In response to these demands, participants employed various strategies for mitigation, including seeking social support, exerting control over their work, utilising appropriate equipment, recognising rewards, and engaging in leisure-time physical activity. CONCLUSIONS CCNs' health is challenged by work-related demands that are not entirely covered by the traditional quantitative frameworks used in research on psychologically healthy work. Therefore, future studies should focus on improving such frameworks by exploring the role of psychosocial and organisational factors in more detail. This study has important implications for workplace health promotion with a view on preventing work absenteeism and drop-out in the long run, as it offers strong arguments to promote sufficient risk management strategies, schedule flexibility, uninterrupted off-job recovery time, and positive management, which can prolong the well-being and sustainable careers of the CCN workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Billiau
- Strategic Policy Cell, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Larissa Bolliger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Els Clays
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Eeckloo
- Strategic Policy Cell, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Margo Ketels
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Goodman RE, Snoeyink MJ, Martinez LR. Conceptualizing Sexual Pleasure at Home as a Work-Related Stress Recovery Activity. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:184-195. [PMID: 36519736 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2150138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Job stress is pervasive in today's workforce and has negative implications for employees' mental and physical well-being and job performance. Recovery activities outside of work can reduce strain and improve work outcomes; however, little is known about pleasurable intimate recovery experiences and their influence on work outcomes, even though these experiences are important parts of most people's lives outside of work. The present study examined sexual activity that is shared either with a relationship partner or oneself (masturbation) and how pleasure specifically predicts well-being and work outcomes to induce recovery. Results suggest that pleasurable sexual activity, with a partner or alone, is related to perceived recovery from work stress, job satisfaction, work engagement, and life satisfaction. Moreover, perceived recovery from work mediated the relationship between pleasurable sex and work outcomes. Gender moderated this relationship such that pleasurable sex was a stronger predictor of recovery for women (compared to men) in the context of sex within committed relationship partners (but not masturbation). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Weston G, Zilanawala A, Webb E, Carvalho L, McMunn A. Work hours, weekend working, nonstandard work schedules and sleep quantity and quality: findings from the UK household longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:309. [PMID: 38281025 PMCID: PMC10821573 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical temporal work patterns such as working longer than the standard 35-40 h/ week, weekend working, and nonstandard work schedules (i.e. outside of the typical 9-5, including but not restricted to shiftwork) are increasingly prevalent in the UK. Aside from occupation-specific studies, little is known about the effects of these atypical temporal work patterns on sleep among workers in the UK, even though poor sleep has been linked to adverse health problems, lower workplace productivity, and economic costs. METHOD We used regression models to investigate associations between three types of atypical temporal work patterns (long and short weekly work hours, weekend working, and nonstandard schedules) and sleep duration and disturbance using data from over 25,000 employed men and women from 2012-2014 and/or 2015-2017 in the UK Household Longitudinal Study, adjusting for potential confounders and psychosocial work factors. RESULTS We found that relative to a standard 35-40 h/week, working 55 h/week or more was related to short sleep (less than 7 h/night) and sleep disturbance. Working most/all weekends compared to non-weekends was associated with short sleep, long sleep (more than 8 h/night), and sleep disturbance, as was working nonstandard schedules relative to standard schedules (fixed day-time schedules). Further analyses suggested some gender differences. CONCLUSIONS These results should prompt employers and policymakers to recognise the need for rest and recovery, consider how the timing and scheduling of work might be improved to better support workers' health and productivity, and consider appropriate compensation for anyone required to work atypical temporal work patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Weston
- ESRC International Centre for Lifecourse Studies, Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Afshin Zilanawala
- Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Webb
- Age UK, 7th Floor, One America Square, 17 Crosswall, London, EC3N 2LB, UK
| | - Livia Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anne McMunn
- ESRC International Centre for Lifecourse Studies, Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Lu Z, Wang S, Ling W, Guo Y. Gig work and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A gendered examination of comparisons with regular employment and unemployment. Soc Sci Med 2023; 337:116281. [PMID: 37857244 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The rise of the platform economy during the Covid-19 pandemic has stimulated extensive discussions about whether gig workers can obtain equivalent mental health benefits of regular paid employment. Drawing on nationally representative data in the UK, this study aims to examine (1) whether transitioning from no paid work to gig work during Covid-19 is associated with better or worse mental health compared with those who remained not employed and those who became employed in regular jobs; (2) what mechanisms can explain the mental health differences; (3) how the patterns may differ by gender. The results show that transition into gig work is associated with better mental health compared with those who remained not employed, but this pattern is only for male (rather than female) gig workers and can be largely explained by their better financial situation and lower level of loneliness. For both men and women, the transition into gig work is associated with worse mental health compared with the transition into regular employment, but the mechanisms vary across genders. For male gig workers, both higher levels of financial precarity and loneliness in gig work can explain their mental health disadvantages compared with regular workers, but for female gig workers, none of them is at work. These findings facilitate a better understanding of the health consequences of the gig economy, revealing important gender-differentiated socio-psychological mechanisms through which gig work shapes mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofei Lu
- Department of Social Statistics, University of Manchester, HBS Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Senhu Wang
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, National University of Singapore, 11 Arts Link, #03-06 AS1, 117573, Singapore.
| | - Wanying Ling
- Department of Sociology, The University of Hong Kong, The Jockey Club Tower, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100872, PR China.
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, National University of Singapore, 11 Arts Link, #03-06 AS1, 117573, Singapore.
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Namazi S, Dugan AG, Cavallari JM, Rinker RD, Preston JC, Steele VL, El Ghaziri M, Cherniack MG. Participatory design of a sleep intervention with correctional supervisors using a root causes approach. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:167-177. [PMID: 36537998 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a Design Team (DT) conducted a workforce health assessment of correctional supervisors, they selected sleep as an intervention priority, given its numerous health and work consequences. Existing workplace sleep interventions are designed with little worker input, but participatory solutions that incorporate workers' lived experiences and root causes of poor sleep may be more relevant, appropriate, and acceptable to end-users, resulting in better uptake. METHODS The DT met bi-monthly to complete the Intervention Design and Analysis Scorecard (IDEAS) tool to brainstorm interventions that address root causes of poor sleep, and evaluate, rank, and select interventions for implementation. We conducted a qualitative review of meeting notes and worksheets from each IDEAS step, and present our findings on root causes and prioritized solutions. RESULTS The DT consisted of two university researchers and seven members of a correctional supervisors' union, with 5-9 participants attending each meeting. IDEAS Steps 1-5 were completed in eight meetings over six months. Root causes of poor sleep included mind/body and environmental disruptions, and insufficient time. Three solutions were proposed: training on sleep hygiene, meditation, and sleep debt management; a sleep-tracking smartphone app; and a shared overtime policy based on splitting one 8-hour shift between two supervisors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first known application of IDEAS to address sleep, and targeting root causes may result in more efficacious interventions for sleep improvement. Moreover, because IDEAS guides DTs in selecting solutions with the greatest perceived health benefits, reach, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility, it may result in more successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Namazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia G Dugan
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mazen El Ghaziri
- Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin G Cherniack
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Cavallari JM, Laguerre R, Ferguson JM, Garza JL, Suleiman AO, Lombardi CMP, Barnes-Farrell JL, Dugan AG. The development and initial validation of a new working time scale for full-time workers with non-standard schedules. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1586. [PMID: 35987991 PMCID: PMC9392932 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working time characteristics have been used to link work schedule features to health impairment; however, extant working time exposure assessments are narrow in scope. Prominent working time frameworks suggest that a broad range of schedule features should be assessed to best capture non-standard schedules. The purpose of this study was to develop a multi-dimensional scale that assesses working time exposures and test its reliability and validity for full-time workers with non-standard schedules. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using full-time, blue-collar worker population samples from three industries - transportation (n = 174), corrections (n = 112), and manufacturing (n = 99). Using a multi-phased approach including the review of scientific literature and input from an advisory panel of experts, the WorkTime Scale (WTS) was created and included multiple domains to characterize working time (length, time of day, intensity, control, predictability, and free time). Self-report surveys were distributed to workers at their workplace during company time. Following a comprehensive scale development procedure (Phase 1), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Phase 2) and, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Phase 3; bivariate correlations were used to identify the core components of the WTS and assess the reliability and validity (Phase 4) in three samples. RESULTS Phase 1 resulted in a preliminary set of 21 items that served as the basis for the quantitative analysis of the WTS. Phase 2 used EFA to yield a 14-item WTS measure with two subscales ("Extended and Irregular Work Days (EIWD)" and "Lack of Control (LOC)"). Phase 3 used CFA to confirm the factor structure of the WTS, and its subscales demonstrated good internal consistency: alpha coefficients were 0.88 for the EIWD factor and 0.76-0.81 for the LOC factor. Phase 4 used bivariate correlations to substantiate convergent, discriminant, and criterion (predictive) validities. CONCLUSIONS The 14-item WTS with good reliability and validity is an effective tool for assessing working time exposures in a variety of full-time jobs with non-standard schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave MC6325, Farmington, CT, 06030-6325, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, USA.
| | - Rick Laguerre
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, USA.,Department of Psychology, Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Ferguson
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jennifer L Garza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
| | - Adekemi O Suleiman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave MC6325, Farmington, CT, 06030-6325, USA
| | | | - Janet L Barnes-Farrell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Division of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, USA
| | - Alicia G Dugan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, USA
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Dugan AG, Namazi S, Cavallari JM, El Ghaziri M, Rinker RD, Preston JC, Cherniack MG. Participatory Assessment and Selection of Workforce Health Intervention Priorities for Correctional Supervisors. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:578-592. [PMID: 35195112 PMCID: PMC9301986 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A team of academics and unionized correctional supervisors collaborated to assess workforce health and determine intervention priorities using participatory methods and tools. METHODS Correctional supervisors took a web-based survey. Univariate and bivariate tests examined attitudes/behaviors, exposures, and outcomes most strongly associated with health; risk based on rank within chain-of-command; and health behaviors amenable to change. We used a voting process tool to prioritize intervention topics. RESULTS Some health behaviors and outcomes were poor (89% overweight/ obese, 41% poor-quality sleep). We also found favorable health behaviors (annual check-ups) and psychosocial conditions (meaningful work). Some health risks (excessive overtime) were not amenable to change or resisted acknowledgment (poor mental health). The team voted to develop interventions on sleep, mental health, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive health assessment informed the prioritization process, enabling the team to quickly reach consensus on intervention priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G. Dugan
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Sara Namazi
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Jennifer M. Cavallari
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Mazen El Ghaziri
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Robert D. Rinker
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Julius C. Preston
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
| | - Martin G. Cherniack
- From the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Dugan, Dr Cavallari, Dr Cherniack); Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, Springfield, MA (Dr Namazi); Department of Public Health Sciences, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, CT (Dr Cavallari); Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA (Dr El Ghaziri); Connecticut State Employees Association, Service Employees International Union, Local 2001, Hartford, CT (Mr Rinker, Mr Preston)
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Dugan AG, Decker RE, Zhang Y, Lombardi CM, Garza JL, Laguerre RA, Suleiman AO, Namazi S, Cavallari JM. Precarious Work Schedules and Sleep: A Study of Unionized Full-Time Workers. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 6:247-277. [PMID: 35372671 PMCID: PMC8962924 DOI: 10.1007/s41542-022-00114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unlike precarious employment which is temporary and insecure, with inadequate pay, benefits, and legal protections, precarious work schedules can affect workers with permanent full-time jobs in sectors where employment has historically been secure, well-compensated, and even unionized. Precarious work schedules - characterized by long shifts, non-daytime hours, intensity and unsocial work hours - are increasingly prevalent. Relations between precarious work schedules and poor health are not well understood, and less is known about how to attenuate this relation. We examined the indirect effects of precarious work schedules on fatigue and depressive symptoms through sleep quantity. Two moderators - schedule flexibility and sleep quality - were examined as buffers of these associations. Workers from the Departments of Correction and Transportation in a northeast state (N = 222) took surveys and reported on demographics, work schedule characteristics, schedule flexibility, sleep quality and quantity, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that precarious work schedules had indirect effects on fatigue and depressive symptoms through sleep quantity. Schedule flexibility moderated the relation between precarious work schedules and sleep quantity, such that workers with greater schedule flexibility had more hours of sleep. Sleep quality moderated the association between sleep quantity and fatigue and depressive symptoms, such that workers reported greater fatigue and depressive symptoms when they had poorer sleep quality. Findings have direct applicability for developing initiatives that enhance Total Worker Health® through individual and organizational changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41542-022-00114-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Dugan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Ragan E Decker
- Society for Human Resource Management, 1800 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA 01854-5126 USA
| | - Caitlin M Lombardi
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, Unit 1058, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Jennifer L Garza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Rick A Laguerre
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Adekemi O Suleiman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 195 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Sara Namazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, 468 Alden St, Springfield, MA 01109 USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 195 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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