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Alabi OS, Akintayo I, Odeyemi JS, Oloche JJ, Babalola CM, Nwimo C, Popoola O, Mogeni OD, Marks F, Okeke IN. Suboptimal Bacteriological Quality of Household Water in Municipal Ibadan, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:346-355. [PMID: 38167625 PMCID: PMC10859799 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to potable water is difficult for many African residents. This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of household water collected in the dry and wet seasons across five municipal local government areas (LGAs) in Ibadan, a large city in southwest Nigeria. A total of 447 water samples (dry season, n = 250; wet season, n = 197) were aseptically collected from a random sample of mapped households within Ibadan's five municipal LGAs. The pH values and total aerobic and coliform bacterial counts were measured, and samples were screened for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia by standard phenotypic techniques and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The most common source of water was well (53.2%), followed by borehole (34%). None of the households used municipal tap water. Cumulatively, aerobic (P = 0.0002) and coliform (P = 0.0001) counts as well as pH values (P = 0.0002) changed significantly between seasons, with increasing and decreasing counts depending on the LGA. Nonpotable water samples were found to be very common during the dry (86.8%) and wet (74.1%) seasons. Escherichia coli spp., as indicators of recent fecal contamination, were isolated from 115 (25.7%) of the household water sources. Thirty three Salmonella, four enteroaggregative E. coli, and four enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates but no Shigella or Yersinia isolates were identified. This study revealed the absence of treated tap water and the poor quality of alternative sources with detectable pathogens in municipal Ibadan. Addressing the city-wide lack of access to potable water is an essential priority for preventing a high prevalence of feco-orally transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumuyiwa S. Alabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa Akintayo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jesutofunmi S. Odeyemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jeremiah J. Oloche
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Chibuzor M. Babalola
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chukwuemeka Nwimo
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Popoola
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ondari D. Mogeni
- Epidemiology, Public Health, Implementation & Clinical Development Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Florian Marks
- Epidemiology, Public Health, Implementation & Clinical Development Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Aluko OO, Oloruntoba EO, Ana GREE, Afolabi OT, Okon AJ. The dynamics of household water security and treatment practices: a population-based, cross-sectional study in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:138. [PMID: 36416983 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A minimum of basic water supply service is pertinent to improving living standards and water-dependent quality of life indices. In Nigeria, 14% have access to safely managed drinking water services, though approximately 30% of water pumps and schemes are likely to fail within 12 months of construction. This study aims to determine household water security and its predictors in Osun State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional study recruited 548 households through a five-stage sampling technique and used a semi-structured questionnaire for data collection. Results were presented by descriptive and inferential statistics, while binary logistic regression identified water-security predictors at Pά 0.05. Hand-dug wells (27.7%) and motorized boreholes (21.2%) were the predominant household drinking water sources. A total of 43.7% of households were water-secured while 35.2% of water sources were within residential settlements. A total of 25.1% of households experienced water scarcity, and 27.2% of households treat drinking water mainly by chlorination (56.7%) and boiling (14.7%). A total of 21.2%, 64.2%, and 9% of households, respectively, have safely managed basic and limited water supply services. Drinking water sources were associated with house ownership (p = 0.001) and residence period (p = 0.025) while water treatment was associated with gender (p = 0.010) and wealth (p = 0.0001). Age (p = 0.002) and wealth (p = 0.0001) are predictors of household water security. Two-fifths of households were water-secured, highlighting the dearth of potable water supply services and the need to incorporate strategic predictors of household water security in the existing national and state-level water resources regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi O Aluko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | - Elizabeth O Oloruntoba
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Godson R E E Ana
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun T Afolabi
- Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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