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Negash R, Baselice H, Srinivas S, Chawla M, Young AJ. Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury Complications in Aging Adults: A National Trauma Database Study. J Surg Res 2024; 295:332-339. [PMID: 38061238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is defined as a nonpenetrating injury to the carotid or vertebral arteries which can be highly morbid. Because BCVI is rare, most studies have been devoted to triaging trauma patients for BCVI identification, with little data available regarding the complications these patients experience after initial evaluation. Here, we analyze the association of complications during admission for BCVI patients. METHODS The National Trauma Databank was queried from 2007 to 2014 for adults ≥65 y old. Demographics, incidence of BCVI, and injury data were evaluated using univariate analysis. Rates of inpatient complications due to acutely acquired infections and strokes were evaluated using univariate and multivariable analysis. RESULTS We identified 666,815 non-BCVI and 552 BCVI patients. Patients with a BCVI were typically male, White, younger (65-75-y-old), had three or more comorbidities, and had Medicare insurance. BCVI patients had a mild head injury upon arrival at the emergency department and experienced a motor vehicle accident/fall. The median length of stay in the intensive care unit, days spent on a ventilator, and presence of polytrauma were higher among BCVI patients. BCVI patients had increased odds of experiencing a stroke and pneumonia as complications while admitted compared to their non-BCVI counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Postinjury, patients who suffered a BCVI had higher odds of stroke and pneumonia than patients who did not experience a BCVI. Additional studies are needed to determine the modifiable risk factors associated with BCVIs among aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Negash
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Holly Baselice
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shruthi Srinivas
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mehak Chawla
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew J Young
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Lee C, O'Hara NN, Conti B, Hyder M, Sepehri A, Rudnicki J, Hannan Z, Connelly D, Baker M, Pollak AN, O'Toole RV. Quantitative Evaluation of Embolic Load in Femoral and Tibial Shaft Fractures Treated With Reamed Intramedullary Fixation. J Orthop Trauma 2021; 35:e283-e288. [PMID: 33252443 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the volume of embolic load during intramedullary fixation of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. Our hypothesis was that tibial intramedullary nails (IMNs) would be associated with less volume of intravasation of marrow than IM nailing of femur fractures. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Urban Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three patients consented for the study: 14 with femoral shaft fractures and 9 with tibial shaft fractures. INTERVENTION All patients underwent continuous transesophageal echocardiography, and volume of embolic load was evaluated during 5 distinct stages: postinduction, initial guide wire, reaming (REAM), nail insertion, and postoperative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Volume of embolic load was measured based on previously described luminosity scores. The embolic load based on fracture location and procedure stage was evaluated using a mixed effects model. RESULTS The IMN procedure increased the embolic load by 215% (-12% to 442%, P = 0.07) in femur patients relative to tibia patients after adjusting for baseline levels. Of the 5 steps measured, REAM was associated with the greatest increase in embolic load relative to the guide wire placement and controlling for fracture location (421%, 95% confidence interval: 169%-673%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Femoral shaft IMN fixation was associated with a 215% increase in embolic load in comparison with tibial shaft IMN fixation, with the greatest quantitative load during the REAM stage; however, both procedures produce embolic load. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Nathan N O'Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Bianca Conti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Mary Hyder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Aresh Sepehri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Joshua Rudnicki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Zachary Hannan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Daniel Connelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Mitchell Baker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Andrew N Pollak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
| | - Robert V O'Toole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, MA
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Dieteren S, Franz N, Köhler K, Nowak A, Ehnert S, Surov A, Krüger M, Marzi I, Wagner N, Relja B. Ethyl Pyruvate Reduces Systemic Leukocyte Activation via Caspase-1 and NF-κB After Blunt Chest Trauma and Haemorrhagic Shock. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:562904. [PMID: 33117829 PMCID: PMC7562791 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.562904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blunt chest (thoracic) trauma (TxT) and haemorrhagic shock with subsequent resuscitation (H/R) induce strong systemic and local inflammatory response, which is closely associated with apoptotic cell loss and subsequently impaired organ function. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, therefore, the treatment of patients suffering from TxT+H/R is challenging. In our recent studies, we have demonstrated local anti-inflammatory effects of ethyl pyruvate (EtP) in lung and liver after TxT+H/R. Here, the therapeutic potential of a reperfusion regime with EtP on the early post-traumatic systemic inflammatory response and apoptotic changes after TxT followed by H/R were investigated. Methods: Female Lewis rats underwent TxT followed by haemorrhagic shock (60 min). Resuscitation was performed with own blood transfusion and either lactated Ringers solution (LR) or LR supplemented with EtP (50 mg/kg). Sham group underwent the surgical procedures. After 2 h blood as well as lung and liver tissues were obtained for analyses. Systemic activation of neutrophils (expression of CD11b and CD62L), leukocyte phagocytosis, apoptosis (caspase-3/7 activation), pyroptosis (caspase-1 activation) and NF-κB p65 activity were assessed. p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: TxT+H/R-induced systemic activation of neutrophils (increased CD11b and reduced CD62L expression) was significantly reduced by EtP. Trauma-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis was further reduced by EtP reperfusion but remained unaltered in monocytes. Reperfusion with EtP significantly increased the phagocytizing capacity of granulocytes. Trauma-induced inflammasome activation, which was observed in monocytes and not in neutrophils, was significantly reduced by EtP in both cell entities. NF-κB p65 activation, which was increased in neutrophils and monocytes was significantly decreased in monocytes. Conclusion: TxT+H/R-induced systemic activation of both neutrophils and monocytes concomitant with increased systemic inflammation was reduced by a reperfusion with EtP and was associated with a down-regulation of NF-κB p65 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dieteren
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Niklas Franz
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kernt Köhler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aleksander Nowak
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Siegfried Weller Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexey Surov
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nils Wagner
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Teuben MPJ, Hofman M, Greven J, Shehu A, Teuber H, Pfeifer R, Pape HC, Hildebrand F. Altered cell surface receptor dynamics and circulatory occurrence of neutrophils in a small animal fracture model. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153108. [PMID: 32853946 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excessive activation of the immune response after femoral fractures and fracture fixation is potentially associated with the development of systemic and local complications, particularly in multiple trauma patients. A dysregulated function of neutrophils, the most prevailing immune cells in circulation, has been discussed as a central pathophysiological background for these unfavourable post-traumatic courses. Our aim was to investigate alterations in activity and functionality as expressed by the cell surface receptor dynamics of circulatory neutrophils after femoral fracture and intramedullary stabilization. MATERIAL AND METHODS After intramedullary stabilization, an isolated femur fracture was induced in 18 Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were terminated at different time points, i.e. after 3 (n = 5, group 3d), 7 (n = 5, group 7d) and 14 (n = 5, Group 14d) days and grouped accordingly. Additionally, baseline measurements were performed in one control animal per study group (n = 3) after anaesthesia induction and termination, without prior intramedullary nailing and fracture induction. The numbers and cell surface expression of CD11b, CD11a, CD62 L, and CD49d of circulating neutrophils were compared between groups. RESULTS Neutrophil numbers were significantly reduced at 3 days compared with baseline measurements (1.2 × 105 vs. 6.3 × 105 cells/mL, p < 0.01). By day 7, neutrophil counts significantly increased back to homeostatic levels (p < 0.05). At day 3, CD11b-expression was significantly reduced, whereas CD11a-expression was increased compared with the baseline measurements (p < 0.05). At day 7, the circulatory neutrophil pool exhibited a unique CD11bhigh/CD11ahigh-neutrophil subset showing a significantly increased co-expression of CD49d. The expression of CD62 L did not change significantly throughout the experiment compared with baseline measurements. CONCLUSIONS This descriptive small animal fracture study is the first to show that an intramedullary stabilized femur fracture is associated with a temporary reduction in circulatory neutrophil count and concurrent changes in circulatory neutrophil function. Moreover, we demonstrated that the restoration to homeostatic neutrophil activation status occurs concomitantly with the appearance of a novel neutrophil subtype (CD11bhigh/CD11ahigh) in circulation. Our fundamental new findings of the changes in circulatory neutrophil count and functionality after trauma form an excellent basis for future studies to further elucidate the role of neutrophils as activators and regulators of different post-traumatic processes, potentially resulting in local (e.g., fracture healing disturbances) or systemic (e.g., MODS) complications. This might result in the development of specific therapies to reduce adverse outcomes after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P J Teuben
- Department of Traumatology and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistraße 10, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martijn Hofman
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alba Shehu
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Henrik Teuber
- Department of Traumatology and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistraße 10, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Traumatology and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistraße 10, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Traumatology and Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistraße 10, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Teuben MPJ, Hofman M, Shehu A, Greven J, Qiao Z, Jensen KO, Hildebrand F, Pfeifer R, Pape HC. The impact of intramedullary nailing on the characteristics of the pulmonary neutrophil pool in rodents. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2020; 44:595-602. [PMID: 31900572 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-019-04419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) biology is associated with the development of inflammatory complications after trauma, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It has been demonstrated that intramedullary nailing is both associated with altered pulmonary neutrophil deposition and the occurrence of ARDS. This standardized study aimed to characterize the long-term remote neutrophil response in the lungs in case of a femur fracture and intramedullary nailing. METHODS A standardized rat model including intramedullary nailing and a femur fracture was utilized. Groups were terminated after observation times of three, seven and 14 days. Neutrophils were isolated from lung parenchyma and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Absolute neutrophil numbers as well as membrane expression levels of CD11b, CD62L, and CD11a were compared. RESULTS Pulmonary neutrophil numbers were increased 3 days after intervention. Membrane expression levels of CD11b (P < 0.01), CD62L (P < 0.01), and CD11a (P = 0.06) on parenchymal PMNs increased as well after 3 days. Thereafter, values restored gradually to physiological levels. Furthermore, neutrophil activation status patterns between parenchymal and BALF neutrophil pools did not correlate. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates that IMN and a femur fracture are associated with transient increased pulmonary PMN deposition, as well as a specific pattern of activation characterized by temporary increased selectin and integrin receptor expression on pulmonary neutrophils. This phenomenon might play an important role in the pathomechanism of ARDS after IMN. Moreover, we found striking differences between parenchymal and BALF-neutrophil populations, demonstrating the limited readout potential of BALF analysis to investigate the entire pulmonary neutrophil pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Paul Johan Teuben
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland.
- Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martijn Hofman
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Alba Shehu
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Kai Oliver Jensen
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Aachen Medical Center, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland
- Harald Tscherne Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Club cell protein 16 in sera from trauma patients modulates neutrophil migration and functionality via CXCR1 and CXCR2. Mol Med 2019; 25:45. [PMID: 31666007 PMCID: PMC6822417 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Club Cell protein (CC)16 correlates with lung injury and respiratory complications, which are in part triggered by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in severely traumatized patients (TP). CC16 exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, however, its influence on PMNL functions after trauma is unknown. Here, we evaluated whether CC16 present in sera from TP could modify the biological functions of PMNL. Methods Sera from 16 severely injured TP without pneumonia (no P, n = 8) or with pneumonia (P, n = 8) were collected at admission to emergency department (ED) and 1 day prior pneumonia and pre-incubated with or without anti-CC16 antibody for CC16 neutralization. Samples from the equal post-injury days in the corresponding no P group were used. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy volunteers (HV, n = 5) and incubated with 20% of the serum medium from TP, respectively. In PMNL, CD62L, CD11b/CD18 and CD31 expression, migratory capacity, phagocytosis rate, oxidative burst and apoptosis were investigated. In isolated PMNL, CXCR1 and CXCR2 were neutralized before stimulation with CC16, and oxidative burst, phagocytosis and apoptosis were analyzed in neutrophils and their subsets. Results Serum from the P group enhanced significantly PMNL migration compared to no P group, while CC16-neutralization further increased the migratory rate of PMNL in both groups. CC16-neutralization increased significantly the expression of CD62L in the P group at ED. Oxidative burst was significantly increased in the P group vs. no P during the study period. CC16 seemed to have no influence on oxidative burst and phagocytosis in TP. However, in a more controlled study design, CC16 induced a significant increase of oxidative burst and a decrease of apoptosis of CD16+ granulocytes. These effects were markedly observed in mature CD16brightCD62Lbright and immune suppressive CD16brightCD62Ldim neutrophils. In mature subset, CXCR1 and CXCR2 neutralization diminished CC16-induced effects. Conclusions CC16 in sera from multiply traumatized patients, notably of those with pneumonia, has significant effects on PMNL. The results suggest an association of CC16 with CXCR1 and CXCR2. Our data suggest that CC16 reduces the migratory capacity of PMNL and thus modulates their function in patients with respiratory complications after trauma.
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Franz N, Dieteren S, Köhler K, Mörs K, Sturm R, Marzi I, Perl M, Relja B, Wagner N. Alcohol Binge Reduces Systemic Leukocyte Activation and Pulmonary PMN Infiltration After Blunt Chest Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. Inflammation 2018; 42:690-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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