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Hintzen KF, Eussen MM, Neutel C, Bouvy ND, van Schooten FJ, Hooijmans CR, Lubbers T. A systematic review on the detection of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath in experimental animals in the context of gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291636. [PMID: 37733754 PMCID: PMC10513283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has the potential to serve as an accurate diagnostic tool for gastro-intestinal diseases. Animal studies could be instrumental as a preclinical base and subsequent clinical translation to humans, as they are easier to standardize and better equipped to relate specific VOCs to metabolic and pathological processes. This review provides an overview of the study design, characteristics and methodological quality of previously published animal studies on analysis of exhaled breath in gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases. Guidelines are provided for standardization in study design and breath collection methods to improve comparability, avoid duplication of research and reduce discomfort of animals in future studies. METHODS PubMed and Embase database were searched for animal studies using exhaled breath analysis to detect gastro-intestinal diseases. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies. Information on study design, standardization methods, animal models, breath collection methods and identified VOCs were extracted from the included studies. RESULTS 10 studies were included (acute liver failure n = 1, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis n = 1, hepatic ischemia n = 2, mesenteric ischemia n = 2, sepsis and peritonitis n = 3, colitis n = 1). Rats were used in most of the studies. Exhaled breath was mostly collected using invasive procedures as tracheal cannulation or tracheostomy. Poor reporting on standardization, breath collection methods, analytical techniques, as well as heterogeneity of the studies, complicate comparison of the different studies. CONCLUSION Poor reporting of essential methodological details impaired comprehensive summarizing the various studies on exhaled breath in gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases. Potential pitfalls in study design, and suggestions for improvement of study design are discussed which, when applied, lead to consistent and generalizable results and a reduction in the use of laboratory animals. Refining the methodological quality of animal studies has the potential to improve subsequent clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F.H. Hintzen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe M.M. Eussen
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Neutel
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn R. Hooijmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care (Meta Research Team), Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Lubbers
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Salman D, Ibrahim W, Kanabar A, Joyce A, Zhao B, Singapuri A, Wilde M, Cordell RL, McNally T, Ruszkiewicz D, Hadjithekli A, Free R, Greening N, Gaillard EA, Beardsmore C, Monks P, Brightling C, Siddiqui S, Thomas CLP. The variability of volatile organic compounds in the indoor air of clinical environments. J Breath Res 2021; 16. [PMID: 34724656 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of clinical breath-analysis is confounded by the variability of background volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Reliable interpretation of clinical breath-analysis at individual, and cohort levels requires characterisation of clinical-VOC levels and exposures. Active-sampling with thermal-desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry recorded and evaluated VOC concentrations in 245 samples of indoor air from three sites in a large National Health Service (NHS) provider trust in the UK over 27 months. Data deconvolution, alignment and clustering isolated 7344 features attributable to VOC and described the variability (composition and concentration) of respirable clinical VOC. 328 VOC were observed in more than 5% of the samples and 68 VOC appeared in more than 30% of samples. Common VOC were associated with exogenous and endogenous sources and 17 VOC were identified as seasonal differentiators. The presence of metabolites from the anaesthetic sevoflurane, and putative-disease biomarkers in room air, indicated that exhaled VOC were a source of background-pollution in clinical breath-testing activity. With the exception of solvents, and waxes associated with personal protective equipment (PPE), exhaled VOC concentrations above 3µg m-3are unlikely to arise from room air contamination, and in the absence of extensive survey-data, this level could be applied as a threshold for inclusion in studies, removing a potential environmental confounding-factor in developing breath-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Salman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Wadah Ibrahim
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Amisha Kanabar
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Amisha Singapuri
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Wilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa McNally
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Andria Hadjithekli
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Free
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Greening
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Erol A Gaillard
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Beardsmore
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Monks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Brightling
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Siddiqui
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.,Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Respiratory theme), Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - C L Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Quantification of Volatile Aldehydes Deriving from In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation in the Breath of Ventilated Patients. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113089. [PMID: 34064214 PMCID: PMC8196825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled aliphatic aldehydes were proposed as non-invasive biomarkers to detect increased lipid peroxidation in various diseases. As a prelude to clinical application of the multicapillary column–ion mobility spectrometry for the evaluation of aldehyde exhalation, we, therefore: (1) identified the most abundant volatile aliphatic aldehydes originating from in vitro oxidation of various polyunsaturated fatty acids; (2) evaluated emittance of aldehydes from plastic parts of the breathing circuit; (3) conducted a pilot study for in vivo quantification of exhaled aldehydes in mechanically ventilated patients. Pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal were quantifiable in the headspace of oxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids, with pentanal and hexanal predominating. Plastic parts of the breathing circuit emitted hexanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal, whereby nonanal and decanal were ubiquitous and pentanal or heptanal not being detected. Only pentanal was quantifiable in breath of mechanically ventilated surgical patients with a mean exhaled concentration of 13 ± 5 ppb. An explorative analysis suggested that pentanal exhalation is associated with mechanical power—a measure for the invasiveness of mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, exhaled pentanal is a promising non-invasive biomarker for lipid peroxidation inducing pathologies, and should be evaluated in future clinical studies, particularly for detection of lung injury.
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Aillón García P, Parga-Landa B. An improved proposal for using laminar copper as a biocidal material in touch surfaces in a hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16314-16322. [PMID: 33387326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of copper for reducing nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections (HAI) has been carried out in intensive care units (ICU) by replacing some objects generally made of stainless steel or other materials with solid pieces of copper. The authors' proposal for a sustainable use of copper consists of introducing it in a "lamina + adhesive" format. This proposal has been tested in an ICU at the Ceuta Hospital in Spain. It has been found to provide an equally efficient solution as antibacterial material than the usual "solid" format, but with only a layer of 50 microns of copper, which is a high-cost and limited resource. After that intervention, some improvements are also proposed: a standardization of the pieces chosen to cover with a lamina of copper for saving material; and another method of replacement aiming to lower the time that the ICU cannot be used. To ensure that the proposed bonding method is harmless to human health and the adhesive does not interfere with the indoor environment by releasing toxic chemicals, the "lamina + adhesive" sheet has been further tested. The results and proposals are briefly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Aillón García
- Metropolitan Thechnological University UTEM, Sargento Aldea, 355, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Blanca Parga-Landa
- Polytechnic University of Madrid, Av. de la Memoria, 4, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Belizário JE, Faintuch J, Malpartida MG. Breath Biopsy and Discovery of Exclusive Volatile Organic Compounds for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:564194. [PMID: 33520731 PMCID: PMC7839533 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.564194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled breath contains thousand metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originated from both respiratory tract and internal organ systems and their microbiomes. Commensal and pathogenic bacteria and virus of microbiomes are capable of producing VOCs of different chemical classes, and some of them may serve as biomarkers for installation and progression of various common human diseases. Here we describe qualitative and quantitative methods for measuring VOC fingerprints generated by cellular and microbial metabolic and pathologic pathways. We describe different chemical classes of VOCs and their role in the host cell-microbial interactions and their impact on infection disease pathology. We also update on recent progress on VOC signatures emitted by isolated bacterial species and microbiomes, and VOCs identified in exhaled breath of patients with respiratory tract and gastrointestinal diseases, and inflammatory syndromes, including the acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. The VOC curated databases and instrumentations have been developed through statistically robust breathomic research in large patient populations. Scientists have now the opportunity to find potential biomarkers for both triage and diagnosis of particular human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joel Faintuch
- Department of Gastroenterology of Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fuchs P, Trautner M, Saß R, Kamysek S, Miekisch W, Bier A, Stoll P, Schubert JK. Spatial mapping of VOC exhalation by means of bronchoscopic sampling. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046012. [PMID: 33021213 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abb478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breath analysis holds promise for non-invasive in vivo monitoring of disease related processes. However, physiological parameters may considerably affect profiles of exhaled volatile organic substances (VOCs). Volatile substances can be released via alveoli, bronchial mucosa or from the upper airways. The aim of this study was the systematic investigation of the influence of different sampling sites in the respiratory tract on VOC concentration profiles by means of a novel experimental setup. After ethical approval, breath samples were collected from 25 patients undergoing bronchoscopy for endobronchial ultrasound or bronchoscopic lung volume reduction from different sites in the airways. All patients had total intravenous anaesthesia under pressure-controlled ventilation. If necessary, respiratory parameters were adjusted to keep PETCO2 = 35-45 mm Hg. 30 ml gas were withdrawn at six sampling sites by means of gastight glass syringes: S1 = Room air, S2 = Inspiration, S3 = Endotracheal tube, S4 = Trachea, S5 = Right B6 segment, S6 = Left B6 segment (S4-S6 through the bronchoscope channel). 10 ml were used for VOC analysis, 20 ml for PCO2 determination. Samples were preconcentrated by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PCO2 was determined in a conventional blood gas analyser. Statistically significant differences in substance concentrations for acetone, isoprene, 2-methyl-pentane and n-hexane could be observed between different sampling sites. Increasing substance concentrations were determined for acetone (15.3%), 2-methyl-pentane (11.4%) and n-hexane (19.3%) when passing from distal to proximal sampling sites. In contrast, isoprene concentrations decreased by 9.9% from proximal to more distal sampling sites. Blank bronchoscope measurements did not show any contaminations. Increased substance concentrations in the proximal respiratory tract may be explained through substance excretion from bronchial mucosa while decreased concentrations could result from absorption or reaction processes. Spatial mapping of VOC profiles can provide novel insights into substance specific exhalation kinetics and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fuchs
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, ROMBAT, Germany
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Kulas P, Seidel M, Bozzato A, Schick B, Sessler DI, Kreuer S, Hüppe T. Volatile organic compounds in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-An in vitro pilot study. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4811. [PMID: 32059060 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the lack of specific symptoms, diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) may be delayed. We evaluated volatile organic compounds in tumor samples from patients suffering from HNSCC and tested the hypothesis that there is a characteristic altered composition in the headspace of HNSCC compared with control samples from the same patient with normal squamous epithelium. These results provide the basis for future noninvasive breath analysis in HNSCC. Headspace air of suspected tumor and contralateral control samples in 20 patients were analyzed using ion-mobility spectrometry. Squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in 16 patients. In total, we observed 93 different signals in headspace measurements. Squamous cell carcinomas revealed significantly higher levels of volatile cyclohexanol (0.54 ppbv , 25th to 75th percentiles 0.35-0.86) compared with healthy squamous epithelium (0.24 ppbv , 25th to 75th percentiles 0.12-0.3; p < 0.001). In conclusion, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma emitted significantly higher levels of volatile cyclohexanol in headspace compared with normal squamous epithelium. These findings form the basis for future breath analysis for diagnosis, therapy control and the follow-up of HNSSC to improve therapy and aftercare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kulas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Martin Seidel
- Center of Breath Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Alessandro Bozzato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Bernhard Schick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- Center of Breath Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Tobias Hüppe
- Center of Breath Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury and Changes During Dialysis. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:239-246. [PMID: 30365402 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize volatile organic compounds in breath exhaled by ventilated care patients with acute kidney injury and changes over time during dialysis. DESIGN Prospective observational feasibility study. SETTING Critically ill patients on an ICU in a University Hospital, Germany. PATIENTS Twenty sedated, intubated, and mechanically ventilated patients with acute kidney injury and indication for dialysis. INTERVENTIONS Patients exhalome was evaluated from at least 30 minutes before to 7 hours after beginning of continuous venovenous hemodialysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Expired air samples were aspirated from the breathing circuit at 20-minute intervals and analyzed using multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry. Volatile organic compound intensities were compared with a ventilated control group with normal renal function. A total of 60 different signals were detected by multicapillary column ion-mobility spectrometry, of which 44 could be identified. Thirty-four volatiles decreased during hemodialysis, whereas 26 remained unaffected. Forty-five signals showed significant higher intensities in patients with acute kidney injury compared with control patients with normal renal function. Among these, 30 decreased significantly during hemodialysis. Volatile cyclohexanol (23 mV; 2575th, 19-38), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (16 mV, 9-26), 3-methylbutanal (20 mV; 14-26), and dimer of isoprene (26 mV; 18-32) showed significant higher intensities in acute kidney impairment compared with control group (12 mV; 10-16 and 8 mV; 7-14 and not detectable and 4 mV; 0-6; p < 0.05) and a significant decline after 7 hours of continuous venovenous hemodialysis (16 mV; 13-21 and 7 mV; 6-13 and 9 mV; 8-13 and 14 mV; 10-19). CONCLUSIONS Exhaled concentrations of 45 volatile organic compounds were greater in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury than in patients with normal renal function. Concentrations of two-thirds progressively decreased during dialysis. Exhalome analysis may help quantify the severity of acute kidney injury and to gauge the efficacy of dialysis.
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Wirtz LM, Kreuer S, Volk T, Hüppe T. Moderne Atemgasanalysen. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2019; 114:655-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00063-019-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hüppe T, Volk T, Kreuer S. Developments to monitor the exhalome in organ failure in critically ill patients-a look into the future. J Breath Res 2018; 13:017101. [PMID: 30224561 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aae210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill patients typically need some kind of functional organ support or replacement. Cardiopulmonary and renal replacement therapies are well established measures in intensive care units. However, there are also inherent risks associated with these treatments. The appropriate and timely commencement, maintenance and termination of organ replacement procedures currently use weak surrogates as decision support in clinical practice. A more reasonable application of extracorporeal organ support can be expected to potentially lower adverse events and save costs in healthcare systems, if a precise online monitoring was available. The analysis of the exhalome offers great opportunities to detect circulatory, pulmonary, and renal failure in critically ill patients. Volatile organic compounds and exhalation patterns are associated with a series of metabolic disorders and may be key to indicate the appropriate time point for initiation, maintenance and termination of organ support technologies. It may thus be expected that mortality, infection risk, replacement therapy days, and medical costs of intensive care treatment may possibly be reduced using exhalome analysis for control of organ replacement therapies in the distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hüppe
- Centre of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Centre, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Jerath A, Parotto M, Wasowicz M, Ferguson ND. Opportunity Knocks? The Expansion of Volatile Agent Use in New Clinical Settings. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 32:1946-1954. [PMID: 29449155 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jerath
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Matteo Parotto
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcin Wasowicz
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niall D Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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