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Panza L, Piamonti D, Palange P. Pulmonary gas exchange and ventilatory efficiency during exercise in health and diseases. Expert Rev Respir Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38912849 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2370447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is nowadays used to study the exercise response in healthy subjects and in disease. Ventilatory efficiency is one of the main determinants in exercise tolerance, and its main variables are a useful tool to guide pathophysiologists toward specific diagnostic pathways, providing prognostic information and improving disease management, treatment, and outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review will be based on today's available scientific evidence, describing the main physiological determinants of ventilatory efficiency at rest and during exercise, and focusing also on how CPET variables are modified in specific diseases, leading to the possibility of early diagnosis and management. EXPERT OPINION Growing knowledge on CPET interpretation and a wider use of this clinical tool is expected in order to offer more precise diagnostic and prognostic information to patients and clinicians, helping in the management of therapeutic decisions. Future research could be able to identify new and more simple markers of ventilatory efficiency, and to individuate new interventions for the improvement of symptoms, such as exertional dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Panza
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Piamonti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Ittermann T, Kaczmarek S, Obst A, Könemann R, Bahls M, Dörr M, Stubbe B, Heine A, Habedank D, Ewert R. Metabolic cost of unloading pedalling in different groups of patients with pulmonary hypertension and volunteers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5394. [PMID: 38443426 PMCID: PMC10915286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the parameter internal work (IW) has been introduced as change in oxygen uptake (VO2) between resting and unloading workload in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The proportional IW (PIW) was defined as IW divided by VO2 at peak exercise. A second option is to calculate the PIW based on the workload [PIW (Watt)] by considering the aerobic efficiency. The aim of our study was to investigate whether IW and PIW differ between patients with and without pulmonary hypertension and healthy controls. Our study population consisted of 580 patients and 354 healthy controls derived from the Study of Health in Pomerania. The PIW was slightly lower in patients (14.2%) than in healthy controls (14.9%; p = 0.030), but the PIW (Watt) was higher in patients (18.0%) than in the healthy controls (15.9%; p = 0.001). Such a difference was also observed, when considering only the submaximal workload up to the VAT (19.8% in patients and 15.1% in healthy controls; p < 0.001). Since the PIW (Watt) values were higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension, this marker may serve as a useful CPET parameter in clinical practice. In contrast to most of the currently used CPET parameters, the PIW does not require a maximal workload for the patient. Further studies are needed to validate the prognostic significance of the PIW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine - SHIP Clinical-Epidemiological Research, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther Rathenau Str. 48, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sabine Kaczmarek
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Obst
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raik Könemann
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Heine
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dirk Habedank
- Department of Internal Medicine, DRK Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Averjanovaitė V, Gumbienė L, Zeleckienė I, Šileikienė V. Unmasking a Silent Threat: Improving Pulmonary Hypertension Screening Methods for Interstitial Lung Disease Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 60:58. [PMID: 38256318 PMCID: PMC10820938 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest literature on the diagnostics and treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Heightened suspicion for PH arises when the advancement of dyspnoea in ILD patients diverges from the expected pattern of decline in pulmonary function parameters. The complexity of PH associated with ILD (PH-ILD) diagnostics is emphasized by the limitations of transthoracic echocardiography in the ILD population, necessitating the exploration of alternative diagnostic approaches. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emerges as a promising tool, offering insights into hemodynamic parameters and providing valuable prognostic information. The potential of biomarkers, alongside pulmonary function and cardiopulmonary exercise tests, is explored for enhanced diagnostic and prognostic precision. While specific treatments for PH-ILD remain limited, recent studies on inhaled treprostinil provide new hope for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Gumbienė
- Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | | | - Virginija Šileikienė
- Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Petelytska L, Bonomi F, Cannistrà C, Fiorentini E, Peretti S, Torracchi S, Bernardini P, Coccia C, De Luca R, Economou A, Levani J, Matucci-Cerinic M, Distler O, Bruni C. Heterogeneity of determining disease severity, clinical course and outcomes in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a systematic literature review. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003426. [PMID: 37940340 PMCID: PMC10632935 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The course of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is highly variable and different from continuously progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Most proposed definitions of progressive pulmonary fibrosis or SSc-ILD severity are based on the research data from patients with IPF and are not validated for patients with SSc-ILD. Our study aimed to gather the current evidence for severity, progression and outcomes of SSc-ILD.Methods A systematic literature review to search for definitions of severity, progression and outcomes recorded for SSc-ILD was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library up to 1 August 2023.Results A total of 9054 papers were reviewed and 342 were finally included. The most frequent tools used for the definition of SSc-ILD progression and severity were combined changes of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and forced vital capacity (FVC), isolated FVC or DLCO changes, high-resolution CT (HRCT) extension and composite algorithms including pulmonary function test, clinical signs and HRCT data. Mortality was the most frequently reported long-term event, both from all causes or ILD related.Conclusions The studies presenting definitions of SSc-ILD 'progression', 'severity' and 'outcome' show a large heterogeneity. These results emphasise the need for developing a standardised, consensus definition of severe SSc-ILD, to link a disease specific definition of progression as a surrogate outcome for clinical trials and clinical practice.PROSPERO registration number CRD42022379254.Cite Now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Petelytska
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department Internal Medicine #3, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Bonomi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Cannistrà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Fiorentini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Torracchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Bernardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmela Coccia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Luca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Economou
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Juela Levani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Distler
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cosimo Bruni
- Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence - Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Penglase R, Girgis L, Englert H, Brennan X, Jabbour A, Kotlyar E, Ma D, Moore J. Cardiotoxicity in autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2023; 8:87-100. [PMID: 37287946 PMCID: PMC10242691 DOI: 10.1177/23971983221145639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is now well-established as an effective treatment for severe systemic sclerosis with clear demonstration of favourable end-organ and survival outcomes. Treatment-related cardiotoxicity remains the predominant safety concern and contraindicates autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease. In this review, we describe the cardiovascular outcomes of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients, discuss the potential mechanisms of cardiotoxicity and propose future mitigating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Penglase
- Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Laila Girgis
- Department of Rheumatology, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Englert
- Department of Haematology and BM Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Xavier Brennan
- Department of Cardiology and Heart and Lung Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Jabbour
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Heart and Lung Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Eugene Kotlyar
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Heart and Lung Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - David Ma
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Haematology and BM Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - John Moore
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Department of Haematology and BM Transplantation, St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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Sánchez-Aguilera Sánchez-Paulete P, Lázaro Salvador M, Berenguel Senén A, Méndez Perles C, Rodríguez Padial L. Role of cardiopulmonary exercise test in early diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma patients. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 160:283-288. [PMID: 36049974 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe, high mortality and progressive disease. Early diagnosis and treatment improves the prognosis. Patients with scleroderma disease presents high risk of developing PAH. Established screening strategies - echocardiogram and DETECT algorithm - recognize the disease when it is already advanced. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) detects pulmonary vascular injury in earlier stages. METHODS Prospective study of 52 consecutive patients diagnosed of scleroderma in our health area, during 2 years (2018 and 2019). All of them undergo CPET, in addition to the annual systematic screening. Sensitivity of current PAH screening is compared to CPET. To confirm the presence of PAH, right heart catheterization (RHC) is performed. In case of suspected PAH in CPET, but non-confirmatory right heart catheterization at rest, patients carried out exercise RHC. RESULTS Fifty-two CPET were performed, of which 16 suggested PAH. Resting RHC confirmed PAH in 5 patients and exercise RHC in 7 (diagnostic sensitivity of CPET together with rest and exercise catheterization of 100%). Of these 16 patients, DETECT had identified 10, of whom resting RHC confirmed PAH in 3 and exercise RHC in 2 (guideline-based diagnostic algorithm sensitivity 70%). CONCLUSIONS CPET and exercise RHC could detect PAH earlier than established screening in patients with scleroderma disease, allowing early diagnosis.
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Anifanti M, Teloudi A, Mitropoulos A, Syrakou N, Pagkopoulou E, Triantafyllidou E, Boström C, Diederichsen LP, Cuomo G, Dimitroulas T, Klonizakis M, Kouidi E. Right Ventricular Morphology and Function after Exercise Training in People with Systemic Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020545. [PMID: 36836902 PMCID: PMC9958927 DOI: 10.3390/life13020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dysfunction and its concomitant multi-organ involvement, including cardiac involvement, affects prognosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Regular exercise has demonstrated to be able to improve vascular function in SSc. However, the effects of an exercise program on the heart and specifically in right ventricular (RV) morphology and function in SSc have yet to be explored. The study aimed to examine whether a 3-month combined exercise program can affect RV morphology and function in SSc patients. METHODS Twenty-eight SSc patients were randomly allocated to either the exercise training (ET) or the control (CON) group. Baseline and follow-up assessments consisted of a cardiopulmonary exercise test along with both a conventional and a two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) focused on RV morphology and function. Following the baseline assessments, Group ET participated in a supervised combined exercise program for 12 weeks, while group CON received their usual care. RESULTS The ET group demonstrated increases in peak oxygen consumption by 25.1% (p < 0.001), global RV free wall longitudinal systolic strain by 6.69% (p < 0.03), RV free wall longitudinal systolic strain of the basal segment by 13.5% (p < 0.001), and global RV four-chamber longitudinal systolic strain by 6.76% (p < 0.03) following the exercise program. No differences were observed in group CON. CONCLUSIONS Combined exercise improved cardiorespiratory efficiency and indices of RV systolic function, as assessed by the 2DSTE, in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anifanti
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andriana Teloudi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Mitropoulos
- Lifestyle, Exercise and Nutrition Improvement (LENI) Research Group, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Niki Syrakou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Pagkopoulou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hipokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eva Triantafyllidou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hipokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carina Boström
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, SE-104 35 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Pyndt Diederichsen
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanna Cuomo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Theodoros Dimitroulas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hipokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Markos Klonizakis
- Lifestyle, Exercise and Nutrition Improvement (LENI) Research Group, Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Gadioli LP, Costa-Pereira K, Dias JBE, Moraes DA, Crescêncio JC, Schwartzmann PV, Gallo-Júnior L, Schmidt A, Oliveira MC. Autologous stem cell transplantation improves cardiopulmonary exercise testing outcomes in systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI101-SI106. [PMID: 35861395 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is a disease-modifying treatment for patients with severe SSc. Here, we aimed at assessing cardiopulmonary function outcomes of SSc patients after AHSCT. METHODS Twenty-seven SSc adult patients treated with AHSCT were included in this retrospective study. Most had the diffuse cutaneous subset (93%) and pulmonary involvement (85%). Before and 12 months after AHSCT, patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, transthoracic echocardiography, pulmonary function test with diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), 6-min walk test (6MWT) and quality of life evaluations. RESULTS After AHSCT, the peak VO2 increased from 954 to 1029 ml/min (P = 0.02), the percentage of predicted peak VO2 increased from 48.9 to 53.5 m (P = 0.01), and the distance measured by the 6MWT increased from 445 to 502 m (P = 0.01), compared with baseline. Improvements in peak VO2 correlated positively with improvements in 6MWT distance, and negatively with a decrease in resting heart rate. At baseline, patients with DLCO >70% had higher peak VO2 values than those with DLCO <70% (P = 0.04), but after AHSCT all patients showed improved VO2 values, regardless of baseline DLCO levels. Increases in VO2 levels after AHSCT positively correlated with increases in the physical component scores of the Short Form-36 quality of life questionnaire (r = 0.70; P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION AHSCT improves the aerobic capacity of SSc patients probably reflecting combined increments in lungs, skeletal muscle and cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla Costa-Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Juliana B E Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Daniela A Moraes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Júlio C Crescêncio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | | | - Lourenço Gallo-Júnior
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | - André Schmidt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School
| | - Maria Carolina Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo.,Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Hemotherapy Center of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Ross L, Costello B, Lindqvist A, Hansen D, Brown Z, Stevens W, Burns A, Prior D, Pianta M, Perera W, La Gerche A, Nikpour M. Disease specific determinants of cardiopulmonary fitness in systemic sclerosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 58:152137. [PMID: 36434894 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to quantify the burden of exercise intolerance in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and explore the disease features that contribute to impaired exercise capacity (measured as peak oxygen uptake, peak VO2) to provide novel mechanistic insights into the causes of physical disability in SSc. METHODS Thirty-three SSc patients with no history of cardiac disease and no active myositis underwent cardiac and skeletal muscle MRI, transthoracic echocardiography, pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). CPET results were compared to an age-, sex-, and weight-matched controls with no overt cardiopulmonary disease. Native T1 and T2-mapping sequences were used to quantify diffuse fibroinflammatory myocardial disease and qualitative assessment of skeletal muscle oedema was performed. The associations between parameters of cardiorespiratory function and skeletal muscle abnormalities and peak VO2 were evaluated with linear regression analysis. RESULTS Exercise capacity was markedly impaired in SSc and significantly reduced when compared to control subjects (percent predicted peak VO2: 70% vs 98%, p < 0⋅01). Diffuse myocardial fibroinflammatory disease (p < 0⋅01) and skeletal muscle oedema (p = 0⋅01) were significantly associated with reduced exercise capacity. There was no association between impaired exercise capacity and left ventricular ejection fraction. CONCLUSION SSc is associated with marked functional impairment that is not explained by commonly used parameters of cardiac function such as left ventricular ejection fraction. Rather, only more sensitive measures of organ involvement are associated with impaired exercise tolerance. Our results show diffuse interstitial changes of the myocardium and skeletal muscle affect oxygen uptake and are important contributors to functional limitation in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ross
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
| | - Benedict Costello
- Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Anniina Lindqvist
- Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dylan Hansen
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe Brown
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy Stevens
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Burns
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - David Prior
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus Pianta
- Department of Medical Imaging, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Warren Perera
- Department of Medical Imaging, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - André La Gerche
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Mandana Nikpour
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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Nicolas A, Leroy S, Mouthon L, Uzunhan Y, Cottin V, Mekinian A, Queyrel V, Hachulla E, Gachet B, Launay D, Martis N. Systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease: a survey of current practices in France. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2023; 15:1759720X231159712. [PMID: 37187855 PMCID: PMC10176589 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x231159712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the leading cause of mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Objective We performed an overview of the diagnostic approaches, follow-up and treatment strategies used in France for the management of SSc-associated ILD (SSc-ILD). Design Structured nationwide online surveyMethods A structured nationwide online survey was submitted to participants via the French Medical Societies for Internal Medicine and Pneumology, and research groups on SSc-ILD from May 2018 to June 2020. The 79 multiple-choice and 9 open-ended questions covered the screening of ILD at baseline, monitoring of patients with established SSc-ILD and its management. Fourteen optional vignettes exploring different clinical phenotypes of SSc-ILD were submitted to evaluate therapeutic decisions. Results All of the 93 participants screened SSc patients for ILD at baseline with 83 (89%) participants relying on a systematic chest computed tomography (CT) scan. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were prescribed by 87 (94%) participants at baseline and during follow-up. Treatment was started based on abnormal PFT (95%), chest CT scan characteristics (89%), worsening dyspnoea (72%) and drop in SpO2 during 6-min walk tests (66%). First-line therapy was cyclophosphamide (CYC) (89%), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (83%) and prednisone (73%). Rituximab as second-line immunosuppressive therapy (41%) was preferred to antifibrotic agents (18%), and a median daily prednisone dose of 10 mg (interquartile range, 10-15) was prescribed by 73% participants. Extensive SSc-ILD with worsening PFT (95%), regardless of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide values and skin extension, were more likely to be treated, and CYC was favoured over MMF (p < 0.01). Extensive SSc-ILD with disease duration of less than 5 years was also a criterium for treatment initiation. Conclusion This overview of practices in diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of SSc-ILD in France describes real-life management of patients. It highlights heterogeneity in this management and gaps in current strategies that should be addressed to improve and harmonize clinical practices in SSc-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Leroy
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University
Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Reference Centre for Systemic Autoimmune
Diseases, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yurdagul Uzunhan
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Avicenne
Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Cottin
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Louis
Pradel Hospital, Bron, France
| | - Arsene Mekinian
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical
Immunology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Queyrel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical
Immunology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
| | - Eric Hachulla
- Univ. Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for
Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- CHU Lille, Département de Médecine Interne et
Immunologie Clinique, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes
- Systémiques Rares du Nord et Nord-Ouest de
France (CeRAINO), Lille, France
| | - Benoit Gachet
- Infectious Diseases Department, Gustave Dron
Hospital, Tourcoing, France
| | - David Launay
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical
Immunology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares
du Nord et Nord-Ouest de France (CeRAINO), University Hospital of Lille, Rue
Michel Polonovski, Hôpital Huriez, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, U1286 – INFINITE – Institute for
Translational Research in Inflammation, Lille, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Nihal Martis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical
Immunology, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
- Côte d’Azur University, Nice, France
- INSERM U1065 – Mediterranean Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Control of gene expression (COdEX), Paris, France
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11
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Viewpoint: a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:653-661. [PMID: 36271064 PMCID: PMC9935731 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare and heterogeneous disease affecting the skin and internal organs. SSc-associated ILD (SSc-ILD) is a common and often early manifestation of SSc. This article discusses the rationale for a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) to the early identification and assessment of patients with SSc-ILD. Diagnosis of SSc-ILD is often challenging as patients with early disease can be asymptomatic, and SSc-ILD symptoms, such as exertional dyspnea and cough, are non-specific. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the lungs is the gold standard for diagnosis of SSc-ILD since pulmonary function tests lack sensitivity and specificity, especially in early disease. On HRCT, most patients with SSc-ILD have a non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) pattern. In addition, findings of pulmonary hypertension and esophageal dysmotility may be present. The multi-organ involvement of SSc and the diverse spectrum of symptoms support an MDA for the diagnosis and assessment of patients with SSc-ILD, with input from rheumatologists, pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, radiologists, and other specialists. Key Points • Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common manifestation of systemic sclerosis (SSc). • Early diagnosis is key to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with SSc-ILD and other manifestations of SSc. • The multi-organ involvement of SSc supports a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and assessment of patients with SSc-ILD, with input from rheumatologists, pulmonologists, gastroenterologists, radiologists, and other specialists.
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12
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Assessment of disease outcome measures in systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:527-541. [PMID: 35859133 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of disease activity in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is challenging owing to its heterogeneous manifestations across multiple organ systems, the variable rate of disease progression and regression, and the relative paucity of patients in early-phase therapeutic trials. Despite some recent successes, most clinical trials have failed to show efficacy, underscoring the need for improved outcome measures linked directly to disease pathogenesis, particularly applicable for biomarker studies focused on skin disease. Current outcome measures in SSc-associated interstitial lung disease and SSc skin disease are largely adequate, although advancing imaging technology and the incorporation of skin mRNA biomarkers might provide opportunities for earlier detection of the therapeutic effect. Biomarkers can further inform pathogenesis, enabling early phase trials to act as reverse translational studies through the incorporation of routine high-throughput sequencing.
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13
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Martis N, Leroy S. [Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the management of systemic sclerosis]. Rev Med Interne 2022; 43:498-505. [PMID: 35691757 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary complications are the leading cause of mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) requiring an early identification. The complexity of the overlapping aetiologies of dyspnoea in SSc often requires a global and comprehensive approach. Through its integrative approach of ventilatory, metabolic, cardiovascular, skeletal muscular and gas exchange findings, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been known to identify and sort competing mechanisms of exercise limitation in scleroderma patients presenting with dyspnoea. CPET may be used to screen for pulmonary arterial hypertension, suspect interstitial lung disease and guide therapeutic strategies including exercise rehabilitation. This review focuses on the clinical value of CPET in the decision-making processes for a more personalised diagnostic approach to SSc-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Martis
- Service de médecine interne, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet 1, Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 54831, équipe: génome non-codant et pathologies pulmonaires, Valbonne, France; Inserm U1065, centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire, équipe: contrôle de l'expression génique.
| | - S Leroy
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; CNRS UMR7275, institut de pharmacologie moléculaire et cellulaire, 54831, équipe: génome non-codant et pathologies pulmonaires, Valbonne, France; Service de pneumologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France; FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
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14
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In systemic sclerosis TAPSE/sPAP ratio is correlated with ventilatory efficiency and exercise capacity assessed by CPET. Clin Exp Med 2022; 23:365-369. [PMID: 35150361 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters and right ventricular echocardiographic parameters for pulmonary arterial hypertension screening in a cohort of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Methods forty SSc patients were examined using CPET and resting transthoracic echocardiography. CPET parameters analyzed were minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max); echocardiographic parameters were systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and TAPSE/sPAP ratio. Results a positive correlation was observed between VE/VCO2 slope and age (r = 0.415, p < 0.01) and sPAP (r = 0.461, p < 0.01), conversely, a negative correlation was found between VE/VCO2 slope and TASPE/sPAP ratio (r = - 0.521, p = 0.001). VO2 max showed an inverse correlation with age (r = - 0.367, p < 0.05) and sPAP (r = - 0.387, p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with TAPSE/sPAP ratio (r = 0.521, p < 0.01). On stepwise linear regression analysis, VE/VCO2 slope was significantly correlated with TAPSE/sPAP ratio (β coefficient = - 0.570; p < 0.0001), as well as VO2 max was significantly correlated with TAPSE/sPAP ratio (β coefficient = 0.518; p = 0.001). Conclusion in SSc patients, TAPSE/sPAP ratio is the echocardiographic parameter of RV function which showed the best correlation with ventilatory efficiency and exercise capacity.
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15
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Gille T, Laveneziana P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in interstitial lung diseases and the value of ventilatory efficiency. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/162/200355. [PMID: 34853093 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0355-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are diverse parenchymal pulmonary disorders, primarily characterised by alveolar and interstitial inflammation and/or fibrosis, and sharing pathophysiological similarities. Thus, patients generally harbour common respiratory symptoms, lung function abnormalities and modified exercise adaptation. The most usual and disabling complaint is exertional dyspnoea, frequently responsible for premature exercise interruption. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is increasingly used for the clinical assessment of patients with ILD. This is because exercise performance or dyspnoea on exertion cannot reliably be predicted by resting pulmonary function tests. CPET, therefore, provides an accurate evaluation of functional capacity on an individual basis. CPET can unmask anomalies in the integrated functions of the respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, peripheral muscle and neurosensory systems in ILDs. CPET uniquely provides an evaluation of all above aspects and can help clinicians shape ILD patient management. Preliminary evidence suggests that CPET may also generate valuable prognostic information in ILDs and can be used to shed light on the presence of associated pulmonary hypertension. This review aims to provide comprehensive and updated evidence concerning the clinical utility of CPET in ILD patients, with particular focus on the physiological and clinical value of ventilatory efficiency (V˙E/V˙CO2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gille
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord (USPN), INSERM, UMR 1272 Hypoxia & the Lung, UFR SMBH Léonard de Vinci, Bobigny, France .,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis (GHUPSSD), Hôpital Avicenne, Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles du Département Médico-Universitaire NARVAL, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierantonio Laveneziana
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire APHP-Sorbonne Université, sites Pitié-Salpêtrière, Saint-Antoine et Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l'Exercice et de la Dyspnée (Département R3S), Paris, France
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16
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Chen J, Yang C, Pan J, Zhao C, Chen Z, Wen J, Dong F, Liao X, Lei L. Clinical features and prognostic factors of systemic sclerosis in Guangxi, China: Retrospective, single-center study of long-term survival in 470 patients. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 25:182-191. [PMID: 34889515 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease the prevalence of which varies among populations. We analyzed SSc patients from Guangxi to improve the clinical understanding of this disease. METHODS Data of 470 SSc patients admitted to our institution from October 1,2012 to January 1,2019 were examined. The characteristics of these patients were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox proportional-hazard regression was used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS The average age was 50.44 ± 12.31 years, 285 patients (60.6%) were women, 2.1% had pneumoconiosis, 58.2% had pulmonary interstitial disease (ILD), 18.7% had pulmonary hypertension (PH), and 3.6% had renal crisis. These patients had diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc, 70.2%) or limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (29.7%), and PH and renal crisis were more common in the dcSSc group. Patients 50 years old or more had greater prevalences of ILD, PH, and musculoskeletal damage, greater positivity of laboratory biomarkers, and increased mortality (all P < .05). Seventy-four patients (15.7%) died. The non-survivors were older, had longer disease duration, had higher prevalences of ILD, restrictive ventilation dysfunction, PH, and renal crisis, and had higher levels of creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB), C-reactive protein, and immunoglobin A (all P < .05). Renal crisis, PH, and high CK-MB were independent risk factors for death. CONCLUSIONS Pneumoconiosis was more common in SSc patients than the general population from this region. Our patients had a 10-year cumulative survival rate of 74.9%, higher than reported for patients from the US. Renal crisis, PH, and high CK-MB level were independent risk factors for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- The Department of Rheumatology, Minzu Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Pan
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanrui Chen
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Wen
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fei Dong
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Lei
- The Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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17
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De Almeida Chaves S, Porel T, Mounié M, Alric L, Astudillo L, Huart A, Lairez O, Michaud M, Prévot G, Ribes D, Sailler L, Gaches F, Adoue D, Pugnet G. Sine scleroderma, limited cutaneous, and diffused cutaneous systemic sclerosis survival and predictors of mortality. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:295. [PMID: 34876194 PMCID: PMC8650544 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with a variability of mortality rates in the literature. OBJECTIVE To determine the mortality and its predictors in a long-term follow-up of a bi-centric cohort of SSc patients. METHODS A retrospective observational study by systematically analyzing the medical records of patients diagnosed with SSc in Toulouse University Hospital and Ducuing Hospital. Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), mortality at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 years of disease and causes of death were described. Predictors of mortality using Cox regression were assessed. RESULTS Three hundred seventy-five patients were included: 63 with diffuse cutaneous SSc, 279 with limited cutaneous SSc, and 33 with sine scleroderma. The SMR ratio was 1.88 (95% CI 1.46-1.97). The overall survival rates were 97.6% at 1 year, 93.4% at 3 years, 87.1% at 5 years, 77.9% at 10 years, and 61.3% at 15 years. Sixty-nine deaths were recorded. 46.4% were SSc related deaths secondary to interstitial lung disease (ILD) (34.4%), pulmonary hypertension (31.2%), and digestive tract involvement (18.8%). 53.6% were non-related to SSc: cardiovascular disorders (37.8%) and various infections (35.1%) largely distanced those from cancer (13.5%). Four significant independent predictive factors were identified: carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) < 70% (HR=3.01; p=0.0053), C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/l (HR=2.13; p=0.0174), cardiac involvement (HR=2.86; p=0.0012), and the fact of being male (HR=3.25; p=0.0004). CONCLUSION Long-term data confirmed high mortality of SSc. Male sex, DLCO <70%, cardiac involvement, and CRP> 5mg/l were identified as independent predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiphaine Porel
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Mickael Mounié
- INSERM UMR1027, 37 Allées Jules Guesdes, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
- Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Léonardo Astudillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Exupéry Nephrology Clinic, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Antoine Huart
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Olivier Lairez
- Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Occitanie, France
- Department of Cardiology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Martin Michaud
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Joseph Ducuing, Toulouse, France
| | - Grégoire Prévot
- Department of Pneumology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - David Ribes
- Department of Nephrology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
| | - Laurent Sailler
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
- Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Francis Gaches
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Joseph Ducuing, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Adoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
- Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Occitanie, France
| | - Gregory Pugnet
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France
- Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Occitanie, France
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18
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Weatherald J, Philipenko B, Montani D, Laveneziana P. Ventilatory efficiency in pulmonary vascular diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/200214. [PMID: 34289981 PMCID: PMC9488923 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0214-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a frequently used tool in the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea. Ventilatory inefficiency, defined as high minute ventilation (V′E) relative to carbon dioxide output (V′CO2), is a hallmark characteristic of pulmonary vascular diseases, which contributes to exercise intolerance and disability in these patients. The mechanisms of ventilatory inefficiency are multiple and include high physiologic dead space, abnormal chemosensitivity and an altered carbon dioxide (CO2) set-point. A normal V′E/V′CO2 makes a pulmonary vascular disease such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) unlikely. The finding of high V′E/V′CO2 without an alternative explanation should prompt further diagnostic testing to exclude PAH or CTEPH, particularly in patients with risk factors, such as prior venous thromboembolism, systemic sclerosis or a family history of PAH. In patients with established PAH or CTEPH, the V′E/V′CO2 may improve with interventions and is a prognostic marker. However, further studies are needed to clarify the added value of assessing ventilatory inefficiency in the longitudinal follow-up of patients. Ventilatory inefficiency is a hallmark feature of PH that reflects abnormal ventilation/perfusion matching, chemosensitivity and an altered CO2 set-point. Minute ventilation/CO2 production is useful in the diagnosis, management and prognostication of PH.https://bit.ly/3jnNdUG
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Weatherald
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brianne Philipenko
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Respirology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Montani
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM UMR_S 999, Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Dept of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pierantonio Laveneziana
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris, France .,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire APHP-Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Pitié-Salpêtrière, Saint-Antoine et Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles de la Respiration, de l'Exercice et de la Dyspnée (Département R3S), Paris, France
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19
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Pulmonary function tests in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: new directions and future prospects. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Bournia VK, Kallianos A, Panopoulos S, Gialafos E, Velentza L, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Sfikakis PP, Trakada G. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in patients with systemic sclerosis without baseline pulmonary hypertension: a prospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 2021; 42:303-309. [PMID: 34189602 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) is a standardized, non-invasive procedure assessing pulmonary, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and skeletal muscle functions during a symptom-limited test. Few studies have examined whether CPET is of prognostic value in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), a disease characterized by highly increased cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. To examine the prognostic value of CPET in SSc patients without baseline pulmonary hypertension (PH). Sixty-two consecutive SSc patients underwent CPET, Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) and echocardiography at baseline. Four patients with Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure ≥ 40 mmHg, were excluded. Participants repeated PFTs approximately every 3 years. At the end of the follow-up period [median (IQR): 9.79 (2.78) years] patient vital status was recorded. Cox Regression analysis was used to identify predictors of deterioration of PFTs and 10-year survival. Median (IQR) age of 58 patients (90% women) at baseline was 54.0 (15.0) years, whereas 10-year survival was 88%. Baseline respiratory Oxygen uptake (VO2max) predicted PFT deterioration, defined either as a decline in FVC ≥ 10% or a combined decline in FVC 5%-9% plus DLCO ≥ 15%, during follow-up, after correction for age, gender and smoking status (HR: 0.874, 95%CI: 0.779-0.979, p = 0.021). In addition, lower baseline VO2max (HR = 0.861, 95%CI:0.739-1.003, p = 0.054) and DLCO (HR = 0.957, 95%CI: 0.910-1.006 p = 0.088), as well as male gender (HR = 5.68, 95%CI: 1.090-29.610 p = 0.039) and older age (HR = 1.069, 95%CI: 0.990-1.154, p = 0.086) were associated, after adjustment, with an increased risk for death. In the absence of baseline PH, CPET indices may predict pulmonary function deterioration and death in SSc patients during a nearly 10-year follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastasios Kallianos
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Panopoulos
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Gialafos
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lemonia Velentza
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Petros P Sfikakis
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Trakada
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, 11528, Athens, Greece.
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Vaiarello V, Schiavetto S, Foti F, Gigante A, Iannazzo F, Paone G, Palange P, Rosato E. Mycophenolate Mofetil Improves Exercise Tolerance in Systemic Sclerosis Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease: A Pilot Study. Rheumatol Ther 2020; 7:1037-1044. [PMID: 32862407 PMCID: PMC7695784 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-020-00232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the overproduction of collagen leading to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the major causes of death in patients with SSc. Exercise tolerance can be investigated by cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET). First-line therapies in patients with SSc associated with ILD (SSc-ILD) include cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of patients with SSc-ILD to MMF by means of CPET. METHODS Ten consecutive SSc patients were enrolled in this study. All SSc patients underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, pulmonary function tests, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and CPET at baseline and after 2 years of therapy with MMF. RESULTS After 24 months of treatment with MMF (target dose 1500 mg twice daily), forced vitality capacity, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure had not improved significantly and there were no significant differences in HRCT findigns. In addition, peak oxygen uptake (V'O2 peak) and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide production (V'E/V'CO2 slope) had not improved significantly. In contrast, there was a significant improvement from baseline to 24 months of treatment in the respiratory exchange ratio [median (interquartile range): 1.07 (0.92-1.22) vs. 1.26 (1.22-1.28), respectively; p < 0.01] and in the Borg scale for leg discomfort [median (interquartile range): 5 (5-7) vs. 4 (3-4), respectively; p < 0.01] . CONCLUSION These data from our pilot study on a small cohort of SSc patients are the first to demonstrate that treatment with MMF can improves exercise tolerance and leg discomfort in patients with SSc-ILD. These preliminary results need to be confirmed in large randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vaiarello
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiavetto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Lung Function and Exercise Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Foti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gigante
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannazzo
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gregorino Paone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Lung Function and Exercise Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Lung Function and Exercise Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Rosato
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Phillips DB, Collins SÉ, Stickland MK. Measurement and Interpretation of Exercise Ventilatory Efficiency. Front Physiol 2020; 11:659. [PMID: 32714201 PMCID: PMC7344219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a method for evaluating pulmonary and cardiocirculatory abnormalities, dyspnea, and exercise tolerance in healthy individuals and patients with chronic conditions. During exercise, ventilation (V˙E) increases in proportion to metabolic demand [i.e., carbon dioxide production (V˙CO2)] to maintain arterial blood gas and acid-base balance. The response of V˙E relative to V˙CO2 (V˙E/V˙CO2) is commonly termed ventilatory efficiency and is becoming a common physiological tool, in conjunction with other key variables such as operating lung volumes, to evaluate exercise responses in patients with chronic conditions. A growing body of research has shown that the V˙E/V˙CO2 response to exercise is elevated in conditions such as chronic heart failure (CHF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), interstitial lung disease (ILD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Importantly, this potentiated V˙E/V˙CO2 response contributes to dyspnea and exercise intolerance. The clinical significance of ventilatory inefficiency is demonstrated by findings showing that the elevated V˙E/V˙CO2 response to exercise is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with CHF, PH, and COPD. In this article, the underlying physiology, measurement, and interpretation of exercise ventilatory efficiency during CPET are reviewed. Additionally, exercise ventilatory efficiency in varying disease states is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B Phillips
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sophie É Collins
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael K Stickland
- Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,G.F. MacDonald Centre for Lung Health, Covenant Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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