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Primrose JG, Jain L, Bolam SM, Monk AP, Munro JT, Dalbeth N, Poulsen RC. Concentration-dependent effects of leptin on osteoarthritis-associated changes in phenotype of human chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:457-468. [PMID: 37171229 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2023.2214249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. Elevated leptin levels have been implicated as a potential cause of this association. Previous studies have shown that supra-physiological leptin concentrations can induce osteoarthritis-like changes in chondrocyte phenotype. Here, we tested the effects of leptin in the concentration range found in synovial fluid on chondrocyte phenotype. Chondrocytes isolated from macroscopically normal regions of cartilage within osteoarthritic joints from patients undergoing knee arthroplasty, all with body mass index >30 kg/m2 were treated with 2-40 ng/ml leptin for 24 h. Chondrocyte phenotype marker expression was measured by RT-qPCR and western blot. The role of HES1 in mediating the effects of leptin was determined by gene knockdown using RNAi and over-expression using adenoviral-mediated gene delivery. Treatment of chondrocytes with 20 or 40 ng/ml leptin resulted in decreased SOX9 levels and decreased levels of the SOX9-target genes COL2A1 and ACAN. Levels of HES1 were lower and ADAMTS5 higher in chondrocytes treated with 20 or 40 ng/ml leptin. HES1 knockdown resulted in increased ADAMTS5 expression whereas over-expression of HES1 prevented the leptin-induced increase in ADAMTS5. An increase in MMP13 expression was only evident in chondrocytes treated with 40 ng/ml leptin and was not mediated by HES1 activity. High concentrations of leptin can cause changes in chondrocyte phenotype consistent with those seen in osteoarthritis. Synovial fluid leptin concentrations of this level are typically observed in patients with metabolic syndrome and/or women, suggesting elevated leptin levels may form part of the multifactorial network that leads to osteoarthritis development in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gb Primrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lekha Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott M Bolam
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Paul Monk
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob T Munro
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jiang C, Gao G, Sun W, Sun Y, Yu J. Molecular characterization of physis tissue and hormonal profiles of female rats neonatally exposed to low-dose bisphenol A. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:146-157. [PMID: 36779543 DOI: 10.1177/07482337231156666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Physis is a complex cartilaginous structure that is critical for longitudinal bone growth. As one of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals, bisphenol A (BPA) can interfere with the physis by deranging the complex networks of nutritional, cellular, paracrine, and endocrine factors, and this affects longitudinal bone growth, leading to different growth outcomes. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unclear. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathways involved in the physis after neonatal exposure to low-dose BPA may permit the identification of research targets for therapeutics, which may aid in modulating the process of growth plate closure. In the present study, female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.05 mg·kg-1·day-1 of BPA and corn oil vehicle from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to 15 via subcutaneous injection. Next-generation RNA sequencing was performed for the mRNA isolated from the physis. The levels of osteocalcin (OC), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were measured on PND30 (BPA0.05mg vs. Vehicle; n = 5 for each group). We observed statistically significant enrichment of gene sets in the BPA0.05mg tissues compared with the Vehicle tissues. Further analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified BPA0.05mg-specific networks of secreted proteins (LEP, NPY, AGT, ACE2, C4B, and C4BPA) as well as those of local matrix and protease proteins (FBN2, LAMC2, ADAMTS16, and ADAMTS19). Furthermore, the levels of OC and GH were affected by BPA exposure. Our results revealed the specific molecular characteristics of physis contaminated with BPA and may provide new clues for physis maturation and supervision of industrial products and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Jiang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 145601Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglin Gao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 145601Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 145601Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 145601Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, 145601Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abend Bardagi A, Dos Santos Paschoal C, Favero GG, Riccetto L, Alexandrino Dias ML, Guerra Junior G, Degasperi G. Leptin's Immune Action: A Review Beyond Satiety. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:117-133. [PMID: 36278927 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2129381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines such as leptin, which is one of the most important hormones for controlling satiety, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. This hormone acts in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses since immune cells have leptin receptors from which this hormone initiates its biological action. These receptors have been identified in hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and mature immune cells, inducing signaling pathways mediated by JAK/STAT, PI3K, and ERK 1/2. It is known that the bone marrow also contains leptin-producing adipocytes, which are crucial for regulating hematopoiesis through largely unknown mechanisms. Therefore, we have reviewed the roles of leptin inside and outside the bone marrow, going beyond its action in the control of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abend Bardagi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Dos Santos Paschoal
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ganem Favero
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luisa Riccetto
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Alexandrino Dias
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra Junior
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Degasperi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
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Wang X, Xu J, Kang Q. Neuromodulation of bone: Role of different peptides and their interactions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:32. [PMID: 33179112 PMCID: PMC7684869 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the skeletal system has been expanded upon the recognition of several neural pathways that serve important roles in bone metabolism and skeletal homeostasis, as bone tissue is richly innervated. Considerable evidence provided by in vitro, animal and human studies have further elucidated the importance of a host of hormones and local factors, including neurotransmitters, in modulating bone metabolism and osteo-chondrogenic differentiation, both peripherally and centrally. Various cells of the musculoskeletal system not only express receptors for these neurotransmitters, but also influence their endogenous levels in the skeleton. As with a number of physiological systems in nature, a neuronal pathway regulating bone turnover will be neutralized by another pathway exerting an opposite effect. These neuropeptides are also critically involved in articular cartilage homeostasis and pathogenesis of degenerative joint disorders, such as osteoarthritis. In the present Review, data on the role of several neuronal populations in nerve-dependent skeletal metabolism is examined, and the molecular events involved are explored, which may reveal broader relationships between two apparently unrelated organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Fu R, Han F, Liu L, Yu F, Gui Z, Wang X, Li B, Fang B, Xia L. The Effects of Leptin on the Proliferation and Differentiation of Primary Chondrocytes in Vitro and Cartilage Regeneration in Vivo. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1907-1919. [PMID: 33405564 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxuan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Gui
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lunguo Xia
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hung J, Al-Nakkash L, Broderick TL, Castro M, Plochocki JH. Leptin-deficient mice have altered three-dimensional growth plate histomorphometry. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:8. [PMID: 30697359 PMCID: PMC6346570 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipokine that regulates energy homeostasis and is also needed for normal bone growth and maintenance. Mutation in the lep gene, which characterizes the ob/ob mouse model, results in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as reduced limb bone length and increased fracture risk. However, the relationship between limb bone length and growth plate cartilage structure in obese diabetic adolescents is incompletely understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin deficiency affects the microstructure of growth plate cartilage in juvenile ob/ob mice. METHODS Tibial growth plate cartilage structure was compared between lean and obese, leptin-deficient (ob/ob) female mice aged 10 weeks. We used confocal laser scanning microscopy to assess 3D histological differences in Z stacks of growth plate cartilage at 0.2 µm intervals, 80-100 µm in depth. Histomorphometric comparisons were made between juvenile lean and ob/ob mice. RESULTS We found obese mice have significantly reduced tibial length and growth plate height in comparison with lean mice (P < 0.05). Obese mice also have fewer chondrocyte columns in growth plate cartilage with reduced chondrocyte cell volumes relative to lean mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data help explicate the relationship between growth plate cartilage structure and bone health in obese diabetic juvenile mice. Our findings suggest obesity and diabetes may adversely affect growth plate cartilage structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hung
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
| | - Layla Al-Nakkash
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
| | - Tom L. Broderick
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Exercise Metabolism, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
| | - Monica Castro
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Plochocki
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308 USA
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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