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Yang F, Gelfond J, McGeary D, Perkins A, Moore AA, Song L, Escalante A, Liu W. Optimal Tai Chi forms in knee osteoarthritis: An exploration from biomechanical rationale to pain reduction. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2024; 6:100480. [PMID: 38800823 PMCID: PMC11126833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2024.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tai Chi (TC) shows some beneficial effects in reducing pain in knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the selection of criteria TC forms in previous studies were unclear and inconsistent, possibly accounting for the varying outcomes and rendering the training effects suboptimal. We have selected four optimal TC (OTC) forms based on the knee joint load and its association with pain. This pilot study sought to examine the effect of the OTC forms on reducing knee pain in individuals with knee OA. Methods Fifteen knee OA participants were recruited. Their knee joint pain level was rated by using the Visual Analogue Scale before and after two weeks of OTC training and compared between these two assessments. Results The two-week OTC training course was well accepted by our participants. The knee OA pain showed a significant reduction (median pain score: 5 cm before training and 1 cm post-training, Wilcoxon p < 0.001) after the two-week training program. Conclusions Our pilot results revealed that the 2-week four-form-based OTC program could significantly reduce the knee pain level in people with knee OA. Additionally, our OTC program appears to be about 50% more effective in reducing knee pain than the existing TC-based program, which uses 10 TC forms over 12 weeks (1.59 vs. 1.06 in Hedge's g). The findings in this study may inform the development of OTC-based knee pain reduction programs and the design of relevant clinical trials to establish OTC's effectiveness, safety, and dose-response relationship in easing knee OA pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelfond
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Donald McGeary
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Allen Perkins
- School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Alison A. Moore
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lixin Song
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Agustín Escalante
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Yang K, Ding Y, Chu L, Cheng C, Yu X, Xu H, Tao Y, Liu T, Yin L, Wu X, Liu B, Jiang L. Altered activation patterns of the sensory-motor cortex in patients with knee osteoarthritis during knee isokinetic movement at different speeds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1444731. [PMID: 39234272 PMCID: PMC11371690 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1444731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal brain activation patterns in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) at rest have been revealed, but it is unclear how brain activation patterns change during movement. This study aimed to investigate the alterations in brain activation patterns in KOA patients during knee isokinetic movement, and the correlation between cortical activity changes and pain severity and dysfunction. Methods Eighteen patients with KOA and 18 healthy controls (HC) were recruited, and to performed the knee isokinetic test with three speeds. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to detect the cerebral cortex hemodynamics changes of primary somatosensory (S1), primary motor (M1) and somatosensory association cortex (SAC) in the region of interest (ROI) during movement. Then, we evaluated potential correlations between M1, S1 and SAC values and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores. Results The results showed that peak torque of knee extension in KOA patients was significantly smaller than that in HC. For HC, unilateral knee movement activated bilateral ROIs. The contralateral activation was dominant, showing the phenomenon of high contralateral activation. For KOA patients, there were no statistical difference in the activation level between the left and right of the cerebral cortex, with both sides showing lower activation levels compared to HC. Further analysis found that the contralateral M1, S1, and SAC of the affected knee in KOA patients were significantly lower than those in HC, while no difference was found on the ipsilateral side. Moreover, during isokinetic movement at 180°/s, VAS score in KOA patients was negatively correlated with the activation level of the contralateral S1 and M1 values, and WOMAC was negatively correlated with the activation level of the contralateral M1 value. Conclusion Contralateral activation of the sensorimotor cortex exists during unilateral knee movement, but in KOA patients, this contralateral cortical activation is suppressed. Furthermore, the clinical pain and dysfunction in KOA patients are associated with activation levels of specific brain regions. These findings can provide a better understanding of KOA brain science and are expected to contribute to the development of central intervention for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixi Chu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changfeng Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Puxing Community Healthcare Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xubo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingli Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Tong B, Chen H, Wang C, Zeng W, Li D, Liu P, Liu M, Jin X, Shang S. Clinical prediction models for knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:1045-1059. [PMID: 38265451 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and describe existing models for predicting knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from their inception to May 2023 for any studies to develop and validate a prediction model for predicting knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full-text qualifications, and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using the PROBAST. Data extraction of eligible articles was extracted by a data extraction form based on CHARMS. The quality of evidence was graded according to GRADE. The results were summarized with descriptive statistics. RESULTS The search identified 2693 records. Sixteen articles reporting on 26 prediction models were included targeting occurrence (n = 9), others (n = 7), progression (n = 5), persistent (n = 2), incident (n = 1), frequent (n = 1), and flares (n = 1) of knee pain. Most of the studies (94%) were at high risk of bias. Model discrimination was assessed by the AUROC ranging from 0.62 to 0.81. The most common predictors were age, BMI, gender, baseline pain, and joint space width. Only frequent knee pain had a moderate quality of evidence; all other types of knee pain had a low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION There are many prediction models for knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis that do show promise. However, the clinical extensibility, applicability, and interpretability of predictive tools should be considered during model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Tong
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Nursing Department of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Wang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | | | - Shaomei Shang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Du X, Fan R, Kong J. What improvements do general exercise training and traditional Chinese exercises have on knee osteoarthritis? A narrative review based on biological mechanisms and clinical efficacy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1395375. [PMID: 38841568 PMCID: PMC11150680 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1395375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a disease that significantly affects the quality of life of patients, with a complex pathophysiology that includes degeneration of cartilage and subchondral bone, synovitis, and associations with mechanical load, inflammation, metabolic factors, hormonal changes, and aging. Objective This article aims to comprehensively review the biological mechanisms and clinical effects of general exercise training and traditional Chinese exercises (such as Tai Chi and Qigong) on the treatment of KOA, providing references for the development of clinical exercise prescriptions. Methods A systematic search of databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was conducted, reviewing studies including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Keywords included "knee osteoarthritis," "exercise therapy," "physical activity," and "traditional Chinese exercise." Results and conclusion General exercise training positively affects KOA by mechanisms such as promoting blood circulation, improving the metabolism of inflammatory factors, enhancing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reducing cartilage cell aging. Traditional Chinese exercises, like Tai Chi and Qigong, benefit the improvement of KOA symptoms and tissue repair by regulating immune function and alleviating joint inflammation. Clinical studies have shown that both types of exercise can improve physical function, quality of life, and pain relief in patients with KOA. Both general exercise training and traditional Chinese exercises are non-pharmacological treatment options for KOA that can effectively improve patients' physiological function and quality of life. Future research should further explore the long-term effects and biological mechanisms of these exercise interventions and develop personalized exercise programs based on the specific needs of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbin Du
- Shandong Huayu University of Technology, Dezhou, China
- Faculty of Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Rao Fan
- College of Sports Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Jianda Kong
- College of Sports Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
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Alcina Navarro A, Gómez Valero S, Gimeno del Sol M, Coronel Granado MP. Navigating the New EU Medical Devices Regulation: Retrospective Post-Market Follow-Up of Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis. Open Access Rheumatol 2024; 16:67-73. [PMID: 38529260 PMCID: PMC10962269 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s446572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The entry into force of the new Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745 highlights the need for post-market clinical follow-up to ensure the safety and efficacy throughout the life cycle of medical devices. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a single intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection in knee osteoarthritis in real-world conditions, over a six-month period, aligning with the summary of safety and clinical performance (SSCP) required by the new regulation. Patients and Methods Patients over 18 years of age with knee osteoarthritis, treated with a single injection of HA (Adant® One, Meiji Pharma Spain, Spain) at a 3rd level hospital. Patients were treated and followed between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2022. Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related data were collected, and efficacy regarding pain relief and/or function improvement was assessed using a Likert-type scale. Data were pseudo-anonymized and the comparison was performed using Fisher' or Mann Whitney' test. The study was approved by the Ethics Review Board of the Hospital Puerta de Hierro (Madrid, Spain). Results We followed 20 patients with knee osteoarthritis, with a mean age of 61 years, 80% women, and with a high burden of comorbidities (90%). A total of 60% of patients presented Kellgren-Lawrence grade III-IV. Four patients (20%) returned before 6 months due to lack of efficacy. Of the other patients, 65% showed a clinical response that lasted more than 12 months in 38.5% of cases. Time until medical appointment and taking concomitant medication for knee osteoarthritis were associated with better clinical response (p < 0.05). Conclusion The administration of a Adant® One single intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection in knee osteoarthritis is effective, safe, and maintains the improvement over a six-month period. Our findings also emphasize the need of using standardized tools for accurate efficacy assessment and optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Gómez Valero
- Rehabilitation Department, Hospital Universitario del Henares, Coslada, Madrid, Spain
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Toda H, Hobara H, Tada M. Sex differences in dynamic joint stiffness during walking in older adults. Gait Posture 2024; 108:50-55. [PMID: 37984028 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (OA) often occurs in older women. Walking assistance such as knee brace is used to reduce mechanical stress on the knee, preventing OA onset. Dynamic joint stiffness (DJS) quantifies the resistance of an assistive device, providing a foundation for an objective bending stiffness prescription model. DJS may show sex differences among older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to investigate sex differences in lower limb DJS in the sagittal plane during walking in older adults. METHODS A total of 132 healthy older adults, aged 65 years or older (71 men and 61 women), were extracted from a public dataset. DJS of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane was determined during the power absorption phase of the stance. DJS, joint angular excursion, and Δ joint moment were compared between older men and women using the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, the r-value was calculated to represent the effect size of the differences in amplitude. RESULTS Ankle DJS in older women was significantly lower with a reduced Δ ankle plantar flexion moment compared with that into men (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001; r = 0.35 and 0.42, respectively). Additionally, knee DJS was lower in older women (p = 0.007). However, since the joint angular excursion and ΔMoment showed no differences (p = 0.624 and 0.222, respectively), the effect size was small (r = 0.24). Hip DJS showed no significant sex differences (p = 0.703). SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the decrease in ankle DJS in older women was caused by the reduced ankle plantarflexion moment. Thus, support for ankle DJS is necessary for healthy older women. Nonetheless, knee DJS does not elucidate the cause of knee OA in the older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Toda
- Robot Rehabilitation Center, The Hyogo Institute of Assistive Technology, Hyogo, Japan; Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Medical and Robotic Engineering Design, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Tada
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
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Prevalence of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in Saudi Arabia and Associated Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050728. [PMID: 36900733 PMCID: PMC10001239 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in Saudi Arabia and the association between knee OA and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. METHODS A self-reported, population-based, cross-sectional survey between January 2021 and October 2021 was conducted. A large, population-representative sample (n = 2254) of adult subjects aged 18 years and over from all regions of Saudi Arabia was collected electronically using convenience sampling. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) clinical criteria were used to diagnose OA of the knee. The knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) was used to investigate the severity of knee OA. This study focused on modifiable risk factors (body mass index, education, employment status, marital status, smoking status, type of work, previous history of knee injury, and physical activity level) and non-modifiable risk factors (age, gender, family history of OA, and presence of flatfoot). RESULTS The overall prevalence of knee OA was 18.9% (n = 425), and women suffered more compared to their male counterparts (20.3% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.001). The logistic regression analysis model showed age (OR: 1.06 [95% CI: 1.05-1.07]; p < 0.01), sex (OR: 2.14 [95% CI: 1.48-3.11]; p < 0.01), previous injury (OR: 3.95 [95% CI: 2.81-5.56]; p < 0.01), and obesity (OR: 1.07 [95% CI: 1.04-1.09]; p < 0.01) to be associated with knee OA. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of knee OA underlines the need for health promotion and prevention programmes that focus on modifiable risk factors to decrease the burden of the problem and the cost of treatment in Saudi Arabia.
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Wang XY, Bao CC, An R, Wu T, Wang D, Zhang YJ, He CQ. Evaluation of the effect of physical therapy on pain and dysfunction of knee osteoarthritis based on fNIRS: a randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:152. [PMID: 36855073 PMCID: PMC9972641 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-06074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disease that can cause joint pain and dysfunction, affecting the quality of life of patients. Nonsurgical treatment is the conventional treatment of KOA, among which physical therapy is widely used because of its simplicity, convenience and effectiveness. The functional biomarker will add to the clinical fidelity and diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, our study chose a more objective evaluation indicator, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), to identify between healthy people and KOA patients, and to detect the pain change before and after treatment of KOA patients. METHODS The study will be conducted in the Rehabilitation Medical Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University and divided into 2 stages. In the first stage, we will compare and determine the differences in baseline data between healthy volunteers and KOA patients. In the second stage, 72 KOA patients will be randomly divided into two groups: the drug therapy group (DT) and the combination therapy group (CT) for 10 treatments. Outcome measures will be measured at baseline and on the 5th and 10th days after the intervention, including the numerical rating scale (NRS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), the association of pain severity with task-state functional connectivity fNIRS and association of pain severity with task-activated fNIRS. DISCUSSION By analyzing the fNIRS data of healthy volunteers and KOA patients, our study will be determined whether fNIRS can be used as a new indicator to reflect the severity of pain in KOA patients. Subsequently, the same fNIRS data for KOA patients before and after the intervention will be collected to provide an accurate evaluation criterion for the effect of physical therapy on KOA. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered on the Chinese Registry website (registered in ChiCTR.org with the identifiers ChiCTR2200064175 and 29/09/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yi Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-cha Bao
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran An
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-jia Zhang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-qi He
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Hart DA. Osteoarthritis as an Umbrella Term for Different Subsets of Humans Undergoing Joint Degeneration: The Need to Address the Differences to Develop Effective Conservative Treatments and Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315365. [PMID: 36499704 PMCID: PMC9736942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) of joints such as the knee and hip are very prevalent, and the number of individuals affected is expected to continue to rise. Currently, conservative treatments after OA diagnosis consist of a series of increasingly invasive interventions as the degeneration and pain increase, leading very often to joint replacement surgery. Most interventions are focused on alleviating pain, and there are no interventions currently available that stop and reverse OA-associated joint damage. For many decades OA was considered a disease of cartilage, but it is now considered a disease of the whole multi-tissue joint. As pain is the usual presenting symptom, for most patients, it is not known when the disease process was initiated and what the basis was for the initiation. The exception is post-traumatic OA which results from an overt injury to the joint that elevates the risk for OA development. This scenario leads to very long wait lists for joint replacement surgery in many jurisdictions. One aspect of why progress has been so slow in addressing the needs of patients is that OA has been used as an umbrella term that does not recognize that joint degeneration may arise from a variety of mechanistic causes that likely need separate analysis to identify interventions unique to each subtype (post-traumatic, metabolic, post-menopausal, growth and maturation associated). A second aspect of the slow pace of progress is that the bulk of research in the area is focused on post-traumatic OA (PTOA) in preclinical models that likely are not clearly relevant to human OA. That is, only ~12% of human OA is due to PTOA, but the bulk of studies investigate PTOA in rodents. Thus, much of the research community is failing the patient population affected by OA. A third aspect is that conservative treatment platforms are not specific to each OA subset, nor are they integrated into a coherent fashion for most patients. This review will discuss the literature relevant to the issues mentioned above and propose some of the directions that will be required going forward to enhance the impact of the research enterprise to affect patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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10
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Gao M, Wang J, Jiang L, Pan X, Canavese F, Li Y, Wang W, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Magnetic resonance imaging R2* sequences can better detect microstructural cartilage changes than T2 mapping in cynomolgus monkeys with limited knee kinematics: preliminary imaging findings. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:870. [PMID: 36115988 PMCID: PMC9482308 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The difference between MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)-R2* and T2 mapping sequences regarding their superiority in the detection of microstructural cartilage changes in knees with limited ROM (range of motion) was unknown. METHODS Twenty male cynomolgus monkeys (mean age: 10.65 ± 0.97 years) underwent knee ROM evaluations and were divided into three groups: Group A (n = 10), with similar left and right knee ROM; Group B (n = 5), with left knee ROM superior to right; and Group C (n = 5), with left knee ROM inferior to right. Twenty-eight ROIs (regions of interest) in the cartilage of the lateral (L) and medial (M) femoral trochlea (FT), anterior (A)/central (C)/posterior (P) femoral condyle (FC) and tibial plateau (TP) of both knees were identified in each monkey. The corresponding ROI values in R2* and T2 mapping sequences were recorded for analysis. One-way ANOVA, Chi-square tests and Pearson's correlation analysis were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Among the total 1120 ROIs, significant differences in R2* values among the three groups existed in two ROIs: cartilage of the right MPTP (F = 5.216, P = 0.017) and left MAFC (F = 4.919, P = 0.021). However, the T2 mapping values of all ROIs were similar among the three groups. Microstructural cartilage changes occurred more frequently in the medial (40 ROIs) than in the lateral (0 ROIs) knee compartment (χ2 = 43.077, P < 0.001). The Group B cartilage R2* value of the right MPTP increased with the difference in bilateral knee ROM (r = 0.913, P = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS In knees with limited ROM, MRI-R2* sequence is superior to T2 mapping in the detection of microstructural cartilage changes, which the medial knee compartment was more susceptible to. Cartilage R2* values tend to increase with the amount of knee ROM loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- ManMan Gao
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Sport Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002nd SunGangXi Road of FuTian District, Shenzhen, 518025 China ,grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 628th ZhenYuan Road of GuangMing District, Shenzhen, 518107 China ,grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China ,grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518061 China
| | - JianMin Wang
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 628th ZhenYuan Road of GuangMing District, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - LuoYong Jiang
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Orthopedics, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518025 China
| | - XiMin Pan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Gastrointestinal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655 China
| | - Federico Canavese
- grid.414184.c0000 0004 0593 6676Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Lille University Center, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - YiQiang Li
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, GuangZhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 China
| | - WenTao Wang
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 628th ZhenYuan Road of GuangMing District, Shenzhen, 518107 China
| | - ZhiYu Zhou
- grid.511083.e0000 0004 7671 2506Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 628th ZhenYuan Road of GuangMing District, Shenzhen, 518107 China ,grid.412615.50000 0004 1803 6239Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - WeiMin Zhu
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Sport Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, 3002nd SunGangXi Road of FuTian District, Shenzhen, 518025 China
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11
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Mathew J, Adhia DB, Smith ML, De Ridder D, Mani R. Source localized infraslow neurofeedback training in people with chronic painful knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled feasibility clinical trial. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:899772. [PMID: 35968375 PMCID: PMC9366917 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.899772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pain is a key symptom in people living with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Infra-slow Neurofeedback (ISF-NF) training is a recent development focusing on modulating cortical slow-wave activity to improve pain outcomes. A parallel, two-armed double-blinded, randomized sham-controlled, feasibility clinical trial aimed to determine the feasibility and safety of a novel electroencephalography-based infraslow fluctuation neurofeedback (EEG ISF-NF) training in people with KOA and determine the variability of clinical outcomes and EEG changes following NF training. Eligible participants attended nine 30-min ISF-NF training sessions involving three cortical regions linked to pain. Feasibility measures were monitored during the trial period. Pain and functional outcomes were measured at baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up after 2 weeks. Resting-state EEG was recorded at baseline and immediate post-intervention. Participants were middle-aged (61.7 ± 7.6 years), New Zealand European (90.5%), and mostly females (62%) with an average knee pain duration of 4 ± 3.4 years. The study achieved a retention rate of 91%, with 20/22 participants completing all the sessions. Participants rated high levels of acceptance and “moderate to high levels of perceived effectiveness of the training.” No serious adverse events were reported during the trial. Mean difference (95% CI) for clinical pain and function measures are as follows for pain severity [active: 0.89 ± 1.7 (−0.27 to 2.0); sham: 0.98 ± 1.1 (0.22–1.7)], pain interference [active: 0.75 ± 2.3 (−0.82 to 2.3); Sham: 0.89 ± 2.1 (−0.60 to 2.4)], pain unpleasantness [active: 2.6 ± 3.7 (0.17–5.1); sham: 2.8 ± 3 (0.62–5.0)] and physical function [active: 6.2 ± 13 (−2.6 to 15); sham: 1.6 ± 12 (−6.8 to 10)]. EEG sources demonstrated frequency-specific neuronal activity, functional connectivity, and ISF ratio changes following NF training. The findings of the study indicated that the ISF-NF training is a feasible, safe, and acceptable intervention for pain management in people with KOA, with high levels of perceived effectiveness. The study also reports the variability in clinical, brain activity, and connectivity changes following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerin Mathew
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jerin Mathew,
| | - Divya Bharatkumar Adhia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ramakrishnan Mani
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Alves-Simões M. Rodent models of knee osteoarthritis for pain research. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:802-814. [PMID: 35139423 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Pain is the main symptom, yet no current treatment can halt disease progression or effectively provide symptomatic relief. Numerous animal models have been described for studying OA and some for the associated OA pain. This review aims to update on current models used for studying OA pain, focusing on mice and rats. These models include surgical, chemical, mechanical, and spontaneous OA models. The impact of sex and age will also be addressed in the context of OA modelling. Although no single animal model has been shown ideal for studying OA pain, increased efforts to phenotype OA will likely impact the choice of models for pre-clinical and basic research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alves-Simões
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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13
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Dainese P, Wyngaert KV, De Mits S, Wittoek R, Van Ginckel A, Calders P. Association between knee inflammation and knee pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:516-534. [PMID: 34968719 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on the relationship between markers of inflammation and pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE databases from inception until June 2021. Eligible articles had to report on the association between inflammation (as measured by effusion, synovitis, baker's cysts, cytokines and C-reactive protein) and pain in patients with radiographic knee OA. Two reviewers independently performed a screening on title and abstracts, data extraction and risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A best evidence synthesis was conducted for each inflammatory sign included in this review. RESULTS 37 studies were included. Articles reported on the following measures: effusion or synovitis assessed via ultrasound (n = 9) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 17); baker's cyst (n = 3); cytokine concentrations (n = 11); and C-reactive protein levels (n = 4). The strength of the association between inflammation and pain does not exceed the moderate level (i.e., correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.19 to 0.61). Moderate levels of evidence were found for the association between synovitis (measured with ultrasound or contrast enhanced MRI) and pain. The levels of evidence between effusion (assessed via ultrasound), effusion/synovitis (assessed via non-contrast enhanced MRI), Baker's cyst, cytokines, C-reactive protein and pain were conflicting. CONCLUSIONS Different inflammatory markers are associated with pain but the correlation ranges from weak to moderate, and the quality of evidence from conflicting to moderate. Further research is needed to strengthen the level of evidence and to establish mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dainese
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K V Wyngaert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Mits
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Wittoek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Van Ginckel
- Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Calders
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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Crijns TJ, Brinkman N, Ramtin S, Ring D, Doornberg J, Jutte P, Koenig K. Are There Distinct Statistical Groupings of Mental Health Factors and Pathophysiology Severity Among People with Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis Presenting for Specialty Care? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2022; 480:298-309. [PMID: 34817453 PMCID: PMC8747586 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mounting evidence that objective measures of pathophysiology do not correlate well with symptom intensity. A growing line of inquiry identifies statistical combinations (so-called "phenotypes") of various levels of distress and unhelpful thoughts that are associated with distinct levels of symptom intensity and magnitude of incapability. As a next step, it would be helpful to understand how distress and unhelpful thoughts interact with objective measures of pathologic conditions such as the radiologic severity of osteoarthritis. The ability to identify phenotypes of these factors that are associated with distinct levels of illness could contribute to improved personalized musculoskeletal care in a comprehensive, patient-centered model. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) When measures of mental health are paired with radiologic osteoarthritis severity, are there distinct phenotypes among adult patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis? (2) Is there a difference in the degree of capability and pain self-efficacy among the identified mental health and radiologic phenotypes? (3) When capability (Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function [PROMIS PF]) is paired with radiographic osteoarthritis severity, are there distinct phenotypes among patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis? (4) Is there a difference in mental health among patients with the identified capability and radiologic phenotypes? METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of data from a study of 119 patients who presented for musculoskeletal specialty care for hip or knee osteoarthritis. Sixty-seven percent (80 of 119) of patients were women, with a mean age of 62 ± 10 years. Seventy-six percent (91 of 119) of patients had knee osteoarthritis, and 59% (70 of 119) had an advanced radiographic grade of osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade 3 or higher). This dataset is well-suited for our current experiment because the initial study had broad enrollment criteria, making these data applicable to a diverse population and because patients had sufficient variability in radiographic severity of osteoarthritis. All new and returning patients were screened for eligibility. We do not record the percentage of eligible patients who do not participate in cross-sectional surveys, but the rate is typically high (more than 80%). One hundred forty-eight eligible patients started the questionnaires, and 20% (29 of 148) of patients did not complete at least 60% of the questionnaires and were excluded, leaving 119 patients available for analysis. We measured psychologic distress (Patient Health Questionnaire-2 [PHQ-2] and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 questionnaire [GAD-2]), unhelpful thoughts about pain (Pain Catastrophizing Scale-4 [PCS-4]), self-efficacy when in pain (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-2), and capability (PROMIS PF). One of two arthroplasty fellowship-trained surgeons assigned the Kellgren-Lawrence grade of osteoarthritis based on radiographs in the original study. We used a cluster analysis to generate two sets of phenotypes: (1) measures of mental health (PHQ-2, GAD-2, PCS-4) paired with the Kellgren-Lawrence grade and (2) capability (PROMIS PF) paired with the Kellgren-Lawrence grade. We used one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H tests to assess differences in capability and self-efficacy and mental health, respectively. RESULTS When pairing measures of psychologic distress (PHQ-2 and GAD-2) and unhelpful thoughts (catastrophic thinking) with the grade of radiographic osteoarthritis, six distinct phenotypes arose. These groups differed in terms of capability and pain self-efficacy (for example, mild pathology/low distress versus average pathology/high distress [PROMIS PF, mean ± standard deviation]: 43 ± 6.3 versus 33 ± 4.8; p = 0.003). When pairing the degree of capability (PROMIS PF) with the Kellgren-Lawrence grade, four distinct phenotypes arose. Patients in three of these did not differ in terms of disease severity but had notable variation in the degree of limitations. Patients with these radiologic and capability phenotypes differed in terms of distress and unhelpful thoughts (for example, moderate pathology/low capability versus mild pathology/high capability [PHQ-2, median and interquartile range]: 3 [1 to 5] versus 0 [0 to 0]; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Statistical groupings ("phenotypes") that include both measures of pathology and mental health are associated with differences in symptom intensity and magnitude of incapability and have the potential to help musculoskeletal specialists discern mental and social health priorities. Future investigations may test whether illness phenotype-specific comprehensive biopsychosocial treatment strategies are more effective than treatment of pathology alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, prognostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J. Crijns
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Niels Brinkman
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sina Ramtin
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Ring
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Job Doornberg
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Paul Jutte
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karl Koenig
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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15
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Toda H, Maruyama T, Fujita K, Yamauchi Y, Tada M. Self-Reported Walking Difficulty Associated with Stiff-Knee Gait in Japanese Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101308. [PMID: 34682987 PMCID: PMC8544354 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Individuals with knee osteoarthritis are restricted in their daily activity because of walking difficulty. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between self-reported walking difficulty and knee flexion excursion during gait in Japanese patients with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with knee osteoarthritis participated in this study. Knee flexion excursions in loading response and swing during gait were measured through an inertial measurement unit-based motion capture system. The walking difficulty was assessed by a subitem in the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure. Pain intensity was assessed by a visual analog scale. Characteristics and gait variables were compared between groups that were determined a priori using the results of the walking difficulty assessment. The relationship between knee flexion excursion during gait and walking difficulty were analyzed using logistic regression. Results: The participants with walking difficulty had significantly small knee flexion excursion in both loading response and swing with large pain. After controlling the effect of pain, only knee flexion excursion in the swing was significantly related to the walking difficulty. Conclusions: This study suggested that the knee flexion excursion in swing during gait is helpful for understanding the walking difficulty experienced in Japanese patients with knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Toda
- Digital Human Research Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; (T.M.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3599-8201
| | - Tsubasa Maruyama
- Digital Human Research Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; (T.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Functional Joint Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan;
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Doujin Hospital, Urasoe 901-2133, Japan;
| | - Mitsunori Tada
- Digital Human Research Team, Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan; (T.M.); (M.T.)
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