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Rodrigues TC, Taneja AK, Skaf A, Godoy IRB. Upper extremity infection: imaging features with focus on magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol 2023:10.1007/s00256-023-04545-8. [PMID: 38097765 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Upper extremity infections are frequently seen, especially in individuals with weakened immune system, posttraumatic events, and after surgery procedures. If not properly treated, such conditions can lead to serious consequences, such as movement impairment, amputation, and even mortality. These infections have the potential to spread extensively from their initial site of entry, traversing interconnected spaces either intra or extra-compartmental. Understanding the relevant anatomy is crucial to assess location and stage of infection, since surgical intervention and intravenous antibiotics are usually required. In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive review of the imaging findings of upper extremity infection, focusing on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, this article sheds light on the pivotal role of radiology in managing hand, elbow, and shoulder infections offering an overview of available treatment options. KEY FINDINGS: Various types of infections affecting the upper extremity will be discussed, including infectious tenosynovitis, deep space infections, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Authors also highlight anatomical spaces, common pathogens, spread routes, and key radiological features of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Cantarelli Rodrigues
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Do Coração (HCor), Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 53, 7Th Floor. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 04004-030, Brazil
- ALTA Diagnostic Center (DASA Group), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atul Kumar Taneja
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Abdalla Skaf
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Do Coração (HCor), Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 53, 7Th Floor. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 04004-030, Brazil
- ALTA Diagnostic Center (DASA Group), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivan Rodrigues Barros Godoy
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Do Coração (HCor), Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 53, 7Th Floor. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 04004-030, Brazil.
- ALTA Diagnostic Center (DASA Group), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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