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Khaleque MA, Kim JH, Lee HH, Kim GH, You WY, Lee WJ, Kim YY. Comparative Analysis of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Disc Degeneration: Understanding the Dynamics of Temporary-Compression-Induced Early Autophagy and Sustained-Compression-Triggered Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2352. [PMID: 38397026 PMCID: PMC10889391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the initiation of autophagy activation and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells under temporary compression (TC) and sustained compression (SC) to identify ideal research approaches in intervertebral disc degeneration. Various techniques were used: radiography (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transmission electron microscope (TEM), H&E staining, Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) (LC3, beclin-1, and cleaved caspase-3), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for autophagy-related (beclin-1, LC3, and P62) and apoptosis-related (caspase-3 and PARP) gene expression analysis. X-ray and MRI revealed varying degrees of disc degeneration, ranging from moderate to severe in both groups. The severity was directly linked to compression duration, with SC resulting in notably severe central NP cell degeneration. Surprisingly, TC also caused similar, though less severe, degeneration. Elevated expression of LC3 and beclin-1 was identified after 6 weeks, but it notably declined after 12 weeks. Central NP cells in both groups exhibited increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 that was positively correlated with the duration of SC. TC showed fewer apoptotic markers compared to SC. LC3, beclin-1, and P62 mRNA expression peaked after 6 weeks and declined after 12 weeks in both groups. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP expression peaked in SC, positively correlating with longer compression duration, while TC showed lower levels of apoptosis gene expression. Furthermore, TEM results revealed different events of the autophagic degradation process after 2 weeks of compression. TCmay be ideal for studying early triggered autophagy-mediated degeneration, while SC may be ideal for studying late or slower-triggered apoptosis-mediated degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Yul Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea; (M.A.K.); (J.-H.K.); (H.-H.L.); (G.-H.K.); (W.-Y.Y.); (W.-J.L.)
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Liu Y, Zhang Q, Ji N, Wang J, Li J, Du J, Zhao J, Ouyang P, Qin J, Li H, Wang D. Stability simulation analysis of targeted puncture in L4/5 intervertebral space for PELD surgery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1298914. [PMID: 38260730 PMCID: PMC10800398 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1298914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The application prospects of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) as a minimally invasive spinal surgery method in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation are extensive. This study aims to find the optimal entry angle for the trephine at the L4/5 intervertebral space, which causes less lumbar damage and has greater postoperative stability. To achieve this, we conduct a three-dimensional simulated analysis of the degree of damage caused by targeted puncture-based trephine osteotomy on the lumbar spine. Methods: We gathered clinical CT data from patients to construct a lumbar model. This model was used to simulate and analyze the variations in trephine osteotomy volume resulting from targeted punctures at the L4/5 interspace. Furthermore, according to these variations in osteotomy volume, we created Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models specifically for the trephine osteotomy procedure. We then applied mechanical loads to conduct range of motion and von Mises stress analyses on the lumbar motion unit. Results: In percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy, the smallest osteotomy volume occurred with a 20° entry angle, close to the base of the spinous process. The volume increased at 30° and reached its largest at 40°. In percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy, the largest osteotomy volume was observed with a 50° entry angle, passing through the facet joints, with smaller volumes at 60° and the smallest at 70°. In FEA, M6 exhibited the most notable biomechanical decline, particularly during posterior extension and right rotation. M2 and M3 showed significant differences primarily in rotation, whereas the differences between M3 and M4 were most evident in posterior extension and right rotation. M5 displayed their highest stress levels primarily in posterior extension, with significant variations observed in right rotation alongside M4. Conclusion: The appropriate selection of entry sites can reduce lumbar damage and increase stability. We suggest employing targeted punctures at a 30° angle for PEID and at a 60° angle for PTED at the L4/5 intervertebral space. Additionally, reducing the degree of facet joint damage is crucial to enhance postoperative stability in lumbar vertebral motion units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haopeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Gao Y, Chen X, Zheng G, Lin M, Zhou H, Zhang X. Current status and development direction of immunomodulatory therapy for intervertebral disk degeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1289642. [PMID: 38179277 PMCID: PMC10764593 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1289642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) is a main factor in lower back pain, and immunomodulation plays a vital role in disease progression. The IVD is an immune privileged organ, and immunosuppressive molecules in tissues reduce immune cell (mainly monocytes/macrophages and mast cells) infiltration, and these cells can release proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, disrupting the IVD microenvironment and leading to disease progression. Improving the inflammatory microenvironment in the IVD through immunomodulation during IVDD may be a promising therapeutic strategy. This article reviews the normal physiology of the IVD and its degenerative mechanisms, focusing on IVDD-related immunomodulation, including innate immune responses involving Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and the complement system and adaptive immune responses that regulate cellular and humoral immunity, as well as IVDD-associated immunomodulatory therapies, which mainly include mesenchymal stem cell therapies, small molecule therapies, growth factor therapies, scaffolds, and gene therapy, to provide new strategies for the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Maoqiang Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haiyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Disease Research of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, China
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Ahmed S, Hussain R, Khan A, Batool SA, Mughal A, Nawaz MH, Irfan M, Wadood A, Avcu E, Rehman MAU. 3D Printing Assisted Fabrication of Copper-Silver Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Reinforced Sodium Alginate/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Based Composite Scaffolds: Designed for Skin Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5052-5066. [PMID: 37857344 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) is a promising method for producing patient-specific implants. In the present study, sodium alginate (Na-ALG)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer blends of varying ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were used to produce tailored-designed skin scaffolds using a 3D bioprinter. Samples of skin scaffolds were printed at 20 layers with a layer height of 0.15 mm using a needle with an inner diameter of 330 μm while maintaining the extrusion speed, extrusion width, and fill density at 10 mm/s, 0.2 mm, and 85%, respectively. The Na-ALG/PVA blend with a 3:1 ratio showed the best printability due to its good viscosity and minimal nozzle leakage, allowing for the fabrication of skin scaffolds with high fidelity and the desired morphological characteristics. Then, copper-silver doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (Cu-Ag MBGNs) were incorporated into the Na-ALG/PVA blend (which had already been prepared by using a Na-ALG:PVA ratio of 3:1) in order to obtain therapeutic (angiogenic and antibacterial) effects. The fabricated Na-ALG/PVA/Cu-Ag MBGNs biocomposite scaffolds with dimensions of 20 mm× 20 × 3 mm3 and pore size of 400 ± 60 μm exhibited a promising fidelity. The presence of chemical bonds attributed to Na-ALG, PVA, and Cu-Ag MBGNs and the uniform distribution of Na, C, and O elements within the microstructure of the scaffolds were confirmed by EDX, SEM, and FTIR analyses. The scaffolds were hydrophilic and exhibited proper swelling and degradation behavior for skin tissue engineering. According to the inhibition halo test, the scaffolds exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The cytocompatibility to human-derived fibroblast cells was confirmed by the WST-8 assay and in vivo Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay. In addition, Na-ALG/PVA/Cu-Ag MBGNs showed angiogenic potential, exhibiting favorable wound healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Hussain
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Khan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Ammara Batool
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Awab Mughal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Haseeb Nawaz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Science & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Egemen Avcu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41001, Turkey
- Department of Machine and Metal Technologies, Ford Otosan Ihsaniye Automotive Vocational School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41650, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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