1
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Sasso J, Tenchov R, Bird R, Iyer KA, Ralhan K, Rodriguez Y, Zhou QA. The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1951-2000. [PMID: 37821099 PMCID: PMC10655051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing systemic toxicity. Their design allows for higher doses of the cytotoxic drug to be administered, potentially increasing efficacy. They are currently among the most promising drug classes in oncology, with efforts to expand their application for nononcological indications and in combination therapies. Here we provide a detailed overview of the recent advances in ADC research and consider future directions and challenges in promoting this promising platform to widespread therapeutic use. We examine data from the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific information, and analyze the publication landscape of recent research to reveal the exploration trends in published documents and to provide insights into the scientific advances in the area. We also discuss the evolution of the key concepts in the field, the major technologies, and their development pipelines with company research focuses, disease targets, development stages, and publication and investment trends. A comprehensive concept map has been created based on the documents in the CAS Content Collection. We hope that this report can serve as a useful resource for understanding the current state of knowledge in the field of ADCs and the remaining challenges to fulfill their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet
M. Sasso
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Rumiana Tenchov
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Robert Bird
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | | | - Yacidzohara Rodriguez
- CAS,
A Division of the American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Song CH, Jeong M, In H, Kim JH, Lin CW, Han KH. Trends in the Development of Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:72. [PMID: 37987250 PMCID: PMC10660735 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer treatment, the first-generation, cytotoxic drugs, though effective against cancer cells, also harmed healthy ones. The second-generation targeted cancer cells precisely to inhibit their growth. Enter the third-generation, consisting of immuno-oncology drugs, designed to combat drug resistance and bolster the immune system's defenses. These advanced therapies operate by obstructing the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells through the body, ultimately eliminating them effectively. Within the arsenal of cancer treatment, monoclonal antibodies offer several advantages, including inducing cancer cell apoptosis, precise targeting, prolonged presence in the body, and minimal side effects. A recent development in cancer therapy is Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs), initially developed in the mid-20th century. The second generation of ADCs addressed this issue through innovative antibody modification techniques, such as DAR regulation, amino acid substitutions, incorporation of non-natural amino acids, and enzymatic drug attachment. Currently, a third generation of ADCs is in development. This study presents an overview of 12 available ADCs, reviews 71 recent research papers, and analyzes 128 clinical trial reports. The overarching objective is to gain insights into the prevailing trends in ADC research and development, with a particular focus on emerging frontiers like potential targets, linkers, and drug payloads within the realm of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hun Song
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Minchan Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Hyukmin In
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Ji Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan;
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea; (C.H.S.); (M.J.); (H.I.); (J.H.K.)
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3
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Gusarova VD, Smolov MA, Lyagoskin IV, Degterev MB, Rechetnik EV, Rodionov AV, Pantyushenko MS, Shukurov RR. Characterization of a HIR-Fab-IDS, Novel Iduronate 2-Sulfatase Fusion Protein for the Treatment of Neuropathic Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter Syndrome). BioDrugs 2023; 37:375-395. [PMID: 37014547 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is a severe lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. The only medicinal product approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for enzyme replacement therapy, recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase (idursulfase, Elaprase®), is a large molecule that is not able to cross the blood-brain barrier and neutralize progressive damage of the central nervous system caused by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Novel chimeric protein HIR-Fab-IDS is an anti-human insulin receptor Fab fragment fused to recombinant modified iduronate-2-sulfatase. This modification provides a highly selective interaction with the human insulin receptor, which leads to the HIR-Fab-IDS crossing the blood-brain barrier owing to internalization of the hybrid molecule by transcytosis into endothelial cells adjacent to the nervous system by the principle of a 'molecular Trojan horse'. OBJECTIVES In this work, the physicochemical and biological characterization of a blood-brain barrier-penetrating fusion protein, HIR-Fab-IDS, is carried out. HIR-Fab-IDS consists of an anti-human insulin receptor Fab fragment fused to recombinant iduronate-2-sulfatase. METHODS Comprehensive analytical characterization utilizing modern techniques (including surface plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry) was performed using preclinical and clinical batches of HIR-Fab-IDS. Critical quality parameters that determine the therapeutic effect of iduronate-2-sulfatase, as well as IDS enzymatic activity and in vitro cell uptake activity were evaluated in comparison with the marketed IDS product Elaprase® (IDS RP). In vivo efficiency of HIR-Fab-IDS in reversing mucopolysaccharidosis type II pathology in IDS-deficient mice was also investigated. The affinity of the chimeric molecule for the INSR was also determined by both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance. We also compared the distribution of 125I-radiolabeled HIR-Fab-IDS and IDS RP in the tissues and brain of cynomolgus monkeys after intravenous administration. RESULTS The HIR-Fab-IDS primary structure investigation showed no significant post-translational modifications that could affect IDS activity, except for the formylglycine content, which was significantly higher for HIR-Fab-IDS compared with that for IDS RP (~ 76.5 vs ~ 67.7%). Because of this fact, the specific enzyme activity of HIR-Fab-IDS was slightly higher than that of IDS RP (~ 2.73 × 106 U/μmol vs ~ 2.16 × 106 U/μmol). However, differences were found in the glycosylation patterns of the compared IDS products, causing a minor reduced in vitro cellular uptake of HIR-Fab-IDS by mucopolysaccharidosis type II fibroblasts compared with IDS RP (half-maximal effective concentration ~ 26.0 vs ~ 23.0 nM). The efficacy of HIR-Fab-IDS in IDS-deficient mice has demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the level of glycosaminoglycans in the urine and tissues of the main organs to the level of healthy animals. The HIR-Fab-IDS has revealed high in vitro affinity for human and monkey insulin receptors, and the radioactively labeled product has been shown to penetrate to all parts of the brain and peripheral tissues after intravenous administration to cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that HIR-Fab-IDS, a novel iduronate-2-sulfatase fusion protein, is a promising candidate for the treatment of central nervous system manifestations in neurological mucopolysaccharidosis type II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D Gusarova
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia.
| | - Maxim A Smolov
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Ivan V Lyagoskin
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Maksim B Degterev
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Rechetnik
- Department of Scientific Expertise and Pharmacovigilance, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy district, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Alexander V Rodionov
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Marina S Pantyushenko
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
| | - Rahim R Shukurov
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Department, JSC "GENERIUM", 14 Vladimirskaya Street, Volginskiy, Petushinskiy District, Vladimir Region, 601125, Russia
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Yates NDJ, Warnes ME, Breetveld R, Spicer CD, Signoret N, Fascione M. Preparation and Application of an Inexpensive α-Formylglycine Building Block Compatible with Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:2001-2005. [PMID: 36662590 PMCID: PMC10071478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
α-Formylglycine (fGly) is a rare residue located in the active site of sulfatases and serves as a precursor to pharmaceutically relevant motifs. The installation of fGly motifs into peptides is currently challenging due to degradation under the acidic and nucleophile-rich conditions accompanying resin cleavage during solid-phase peptide synthesis. We report the synthesis of acid- and nucleophile-tolerant α-formylglycine building blocks from vitamin C and use them to prepare callyaerin A, a macrocyclic peptide containing an fGly-derived motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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5
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Yamazaki S, Matsuda Y. Tag‐Free Enzymatic Modification for Antibody−Drug Conjugate Production. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
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6
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Mushtaq A, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. Antiviral effects of coinage metal-based nanomaterials to combat COVID-19 and its variants. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5323-5343. [PMID: 35775993 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The world has been suffering from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and millions of people have been infected through human-to-human transmission and lost their lives within months. Although multidisciplinary scientific approaches have been employed to fight against this deadly pandemic, various mutations and diverse environments keep producing constraints in treating SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, the efficacy of the developed vaccines has been limited, and inoculation with the vaccines does not guarantee complete protection even though multiple doses are required, which is a frustrating process. Historically, coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) have been well-known for their effectiveness in antiviral action as well as good biocompatibility, binding receptor inhibition, reactive oxygen species, and phototherapy properties. Thus, this review highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 using the antivirus ability and mode of action of coinage metals such as viral entry mechanisms into host cells and the NP-inhibition process, which are explained in detail. This article also draws attention to coinage metal nanomaterial-based approaches to treat other contagious viruses. In addition, coinage metal-based biosensors and an overview of some other biocompatible metal-based nanomaterials to fight against SARS-CoV-2 variants are discussed. Finally, the advantages, perspectives and challenges of coinage metal nanoparticles are given to fight against viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Mushtaq
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
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7
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Sornay C, Vaur V, Wagner A, Chaubet G. An overview of chemo- and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211563. [PMID: 35116160 PMCID: PMC8790347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioconjugation of proteins-that is, the creation of a covalent link between a protein and any other molecule-has been studied for decades, partly because of the numerous applications of protein conjugates, but also due to the technical challenge it represents. Indeed, proteins possess inner physico-chemical properties-they are sensitive and polynucleophilic macromolecules-that make them complex substrates in conjugation reactions. This complexity arises from the mild conditions imposed by their sensitivity but also from selectivity issues, viz the precise control of the conjugation site on the protein. After decades of research, strategies and reagents have been developed to address two aspects of this selectivity: chemoselectivity-harnessing the reacting chemical functionality-and site-selectivity-controlling the reacting amino acid residue-most notably thanks to the participation of synthetic chemistry in this effort. This review offers an overview of these chemical bioconjugation strategies, insisting on those employing native proteins as substrates, and shows that the field is active and exciting, especially for synthetic chemists seeking new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sornay
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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8
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Boschanski M, Krüger T, Karsten L, Falck G, Alam S, Gerlach M, Müller B, Müller KM, Sewald N, Dierks T. Site-Specific Conjugation Strategy for Dual Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Aerobic Formylglycine-Generating Enzymes. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1167-1174. [PMID: 34060308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple, site-specific protein conjugation is increasingly attractive for the generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). As it is important to control the number and position of cargoes in an ADC, position-selective generation of reactive sites in the protein of interest is required. Formylglycine (FGly) residues are generated by enzymatic conversion of cysteine residues embedded in a certain amino acid sequence motif with a formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The addition of copper ions increases FGE activity leading to the conversion of cysteines within less readily accepted sequences. With this tuned enzyme activity, it is possible to address two different recognition sequences using two aerobic formylglycine-generating enzymes. We demonstrate an improved and facile strategy for the functionalization of a DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat protein) and the single-chain antibody scFv425-Fc, both directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The single-chain antibody was conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and carboxyfluorescein (CF) and successfully tested for receptor binding, internalization, and cytotoxicity in cell culture, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareile Boschanski
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Krüger
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lennard Karsten
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Georg Falck
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus Gerlach
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Kristian M Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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9
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Chuprakov S, Ogunkoya AO, Barfield RM, Bauzon M, Hickle C, Kim YC, Yeo D, Zhang F, Rabuka D, Drake PM. Tandem-Cleavage Linkers Improve the In Vivo Stability and Tolerability of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:746-754. [PMID: 33689309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although peptide motifs represent the majority of cleavable linkers used in clinical-stage antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the sequences are often sensitive to cleavage by extracellular enzymes, such as elastase, which leads to systemic release of the cytotoxic payload. This action reduces the therapeutic index by causing off-target toxicities that can be dose-limiting. For example, a common side-effect of ADCs made using peptide-cleavable linkers is myelosuppression, including neutropenia. Only a few reports describe methods for optimizing peptide linkers to maintain efficient and potent tumor payload delivery while enhancing circulating stability. Herein, we address these critical limitations through the development of a tandem-cleavage linker strategy, where two sequential enzymatic cleavage events mediate payload release. We prepared dipeptides that are protected from degradation in the circulation by a sterically encumbering glucuronide moiety. Upon ADC internalization and lysosomal degradation, the monosaccharide is removed and the exposed dipeptide is degraded, which liberates the attached payload inside the target cell. We used CD79b-targeted monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugates as our model system and compared the stability, efficacy, and tolerability of ADCs made with tandem-cleavage linkers to ADCs made using standard technology with the vedotin linker. The results, where rat studies showed dramatically improved tolerability in the hematopoietic compartment, highlight the role that linker stability plays in efficacy and tolerability and also offer a means of improving an ADC's therapeutic index for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Chuprakov
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Ayodele O Ogunkoya
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Robyn M Barfield
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Maxine Bauzon
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Colin Hickle
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Yun Cheol Kim
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Dominick Yeo
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Fangjiu Zhang
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, 5959 Horton Street, Suite 400, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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10
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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11
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Barfield RM, Kim YC, Chuprakov S, Zhang F, Bauzon M, Ogunkoya AO, Yeo D, Hickle C, Pegram MD, Rabuka D, Drake PM. A Novel HER2-targeted Antibody-drug Conjugate Offers the Possibility of Clinical Dosing at Trastuzumab-equivalent Exposure Levels. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1866-1874. [PMID: 32651200 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab and the related ADC, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), both target HER2-overexpressing cells. Together, these drugs have treatment indications in both early-stage and metastatic settings for HER2+ breast cancer. T-DM1 retains the antibody functionalities of trastuzumab and adds the potency of a cytotoxic maytansine payload. Interestingly, in the clinic, T-DM1 cannot always replace the use of trastuzumab plus chemotherapy administered together as single agents. We hypothesize that this failure may be due, in part, to the limited systemic exposure achieved by T-DM1 relative to trastuzumab because of toxicity-related dosing constraints on the ADC. We have developed a trastuzumab-based ADC site specifically conjugated to maytansine through a noncleavable linker. This construct, termed CAT-01-106, has a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 1.8, approximately half the average DAR of T-DM1, which comprises a mixture of antibodies variously conjugated with DARs ranging from 0 to 8. The high DAR species present in T-DM1 contribute to its toxicity and limit its clinical dose. CAT-01-106 showed superior in vivo efficacy compared with T-DM1 at equal payload dosing and was equally or better tolerated compared with T-DM1 at equal payload dosing up to 120 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats and 60 mg/kg in cynomolgus monkeys. CAT-01-106 also showed improved pharmacokinetics in rats relative to T-DM1, with 40% higher ADC exposure levels. Together, the data suggest that CAT-01-106 may be sufficiently tolerable to enable clinical dosing at trastuzumab-equivalent exposure levels, combining the functions of both the antibody and the payload in one drug and potentially improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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12
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Liu J, Barfield RM, Rabuka D. Site-Specific Bioconjugation Using SMARTag ® Technology: A Practical and Effective Chemoenzymatic Approach to Generate Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2033:131-147. [PMID: 31332752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
As a critical feature of the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), site-specific bioconjugation approaches can help to optimize stability, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety as well as improve manufacturing consistency. The SMARTag® technology platform offers a practical and efficient chemoenzymatic solution for site-specific protein modifications. A bioorthogonal aldehyde handle is introduced through the oxidation of a cysteine residue, embedded in a specific peptide sequence (CxPxR), to the aldehyde-bearing formylglycine (fGly). This enzymatic modification is carried out by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). The broad recognition of this short sequence by FGE within the context of heterologous proteins allows for the introduction of fGly residues at chosen sites in proteins expressed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The protocol presented here describes the methods for expressing fGly-containing antibodies in eukaryotic cells and subsequent site-specific conjugation with a payload-linker using aldehyde-specific Hydrazino-Iso-Pictet-Spengler (HIPS) chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Catalent Pharma Solutions, Richmond, CA, USA
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13
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Gauzy-Lazo L, Sassoon I, Brun MP. Advances in Antibody–Drug Conjugate Design: Current Clinical Landscape and Future Innovations. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 25:843-868. [DOI: 10.1177/2472555220912955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of potent cytotoxic molecules into cancer cells is considered a promising anticancer strategy. The design of clinically effective antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which biologically active drugs are coupled through chemical linkers to monoclonal antibodies, has presented challenges for pharmaceutical researchers. After 30 years of intensive research and development activities, only seven ADCs have been approved for clinical use; two have received fast-track designation and two breakthrough therapy designation from the Food and Drug Administration. There is continued interest in the field, as documented by the growing number of candidates in clinical development. This review aims to summarize the most recent innovations that have been applied to the design of ADCs undergoing early- and late-stage clinical trials. Discovery and rational optimization of new payloads, chemical linkers, and antibody formats have improved the therapeutic index of next-generation ADCs, ultimately resulting in improved clinical benefit for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Sassoon
- Immuno-Oncology Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Hernandez-Alba O, Houel S, Hessmann S, Erb S, Rabuka D, Huguet R, Josephs J, Beck A, Drake PM, Cianférani S. A Case Study to Identify the Drug Conjugation Site of a Site-Specific Antibody-Drug-Conjugate Using Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2419-2429. [PMID: 31429052 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Middle-down mass spectrometry (MD MS) has emerged as a promising alternative to classical bottom-up approaches for protein characterization. Middle-level experiments after enzymatic digestion are routinely used for subunit analysis of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-related compounds, providing information on drug load distribution and average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR). However, peptide mapping is still the gold standard for primary amino acid sequence assessment, post-translational modifications (PTM), and drug conjugation identification and localization. However, peptide mapping strategies can be challenging when dealing with more complex and heterogeneous mAb formats, like antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We report here, for the first time, MD MS analysis of a third-generation site-specific DAR4 ADC using different fragmentation techniques, including higher-energy collisional- (HCD), electron-transfer (ETD) dissociation and 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). UVPD used as a standalone technique for ADC subunit analysis afforded, within the same liquid chromatography-MS/MS run, enhanced performance in terms of primary sequence coverage compared to HCD- or ETD-based MD approaches, and generated substantially more MS/MS fragments containing either drug conjugation or glycosylation site information, leading to confident drug/glycosylation site identification. In addition, our results highlight the complementarity of ETD and UVPD for both primary sequence validation and drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment. Altogether, our results highlight the potential of UVPD for ADC MD MS analysis for drug conjugation/glycosylation site assessment, and indicate that MD MS strategies can improve structural characterization of empowered next-generation mAb-based formats, especially for PTMs and drug conjugation sites validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Houel
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Steve Hessmann
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Romain Huguet
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Jonathan Josephs
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Pkwy, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Biologics West, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94530, USA
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, CNRS IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM R5-0 - 25 Rue Becquerel, Cedex 2, 67087, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Krüger T, Weiland S, Boschanski M, Sinha PK, Falck G, Müller KM, Dierks T, Sewald N. Conversion of Serine‐Type Aldehyde Tags by the Radical SAM Protein AtsB from
Methanosarcina mazei. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2074-2078. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krüger
- Organische und Bioorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Stefanie Weiland
- Biochemie IFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mareile Boschanski
- Biochemie IFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Prem Kumar Sinha
- Biochemie IFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Georg Falck
- Zelluläre und Molekulare BiotechnologieTechnische FakultätUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Zelluläre und Molekulare BiotechnologieTechnische FakultätUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemie IFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische ChemieFakultät für ChemieUniversität Bielefeld Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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16
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Zhang C, Vinogradova EV, Spokoyny AM, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Arylation Chemistry for Bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4810-4839. [PMID: 30399206 PMCID: PMC6433541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation chemistry has been used to prepare modified biomolecules with functions beyond what nature intended. Central to these techniques is the development of highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions that operate under mild, biomolecule compatible conditions. Methods that form a nucleophile-sp2 carbon bond show promise for creating bioconjugates with new modifications, sometimes resulting in molecules with unparalleled functions. Here we outline and review sulfur, nitrogen, selenium, oxygen, and carbon arylative bioconjugation strategies and their applications to modify peptides, proteins, sugars, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
| | - Ekaterina V. Vinogradova
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
- Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
- Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
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Formylglycine-generating enzyme binds substrate directly at a mononuclear Cu(I) center to initiate O 2 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5370-5375. [PMID: 30824597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818274116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) is required for the posttranslational activation of type I sulfatases by oxidation of an active-site cysteine to Cα-formylglycine. FGE has emerged as an enabling biotechnology tool due to the robust utility of the aldehyde product as a bioconjugation handle in recombinant proteins. Here, we show that Cu(I)-FGE is functional in O2 activation and reveal a high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of FGE in complex with its catalytic copper cofactor. We establish that the copper atom is coordinated by two active-site cysteine residues in a nearly linear geometry, supporting and extending prior biochemical and structural data. The active cuprous FGE complex was interrogated directly by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These data unambiguously establish the configuration of the resting enzyme metal center and, importantly, reveal the formation of a three-coordinate tris(thiolate) trigonal planar complex upon substrate binding as furthermore supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Critically, inner-sphere substrate coordination turns on O2 activation at the copper center. These collective results provide a detailed mechanistic framework for understanding why nature chose this structurally unique monocopper active site to catalyze oxidase chemistry for sulfatase activation.
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18
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Zhang C, Vinogradova EV, Spokoyny AM, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Arylierungschemie für die Biokonjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ekaterina V. Vinogradova
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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19
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Linz T, Yeo D, Hong Q, Zmolek W, McFarland J, Barfield RM, Haskins WE, Rabuka D. Systematic LC/MS/MS Investigations for the IND-Enabling Extended Characterization of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Modifications. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7040040. [PMID: 31544890 PMCID: PMC6698958 DOI: 10.3390/antib7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that systematic liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry investigations of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), its small and large molecular components, and surrogate small-molecule conjugates might comprise a simple and efficient approach for the extended characterization of ADCs. Furthermore, we envisioned that results from this work might allow us to assign specific composition changes in the ADC based on monoisotopic mass shifts of conjugatable modifications as detected in the surrogate small-molecule conjugates. We tested our hypothesis with a case study using an aldehyde-tag-based ADC conjugated to a noncleavable linker bearing a maytansine payload. Nearly quantitative bioconversion from cysteine to formylglycine was observed in the monoclonal antibody, and bioorthogonal conjugation was detected only on the formylglycine residues in the ADC. Using our method, both conjugatable and nonconjugatable modifications were discovered in the linker/payload; however, only conjugatable modifications were observed on the ADC. Based on these results, we anticipate that our approach to systematic mass spectrometric investigations can be successfully applied to other ADCs and therapeutic bioconjugates for investigational new drug (IND)-enabling extended characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Linz
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Dominick Yeo
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Qiuting Hong
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Wesley Zmolek
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Jesse McFarland
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | - Robyn M Barfield
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
| | | | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA.
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20
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Krüger T, Dierks T, Sewald N. Formylglycine-generating enzymes for site-specific bioconjugation. Biol Chem 2018; 400:289-297. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Site-specific bioconjugation strategies offer many possibilities for directed protein modifications. Among the various enzyme-based conjugation protocols, formylglycine-generating enzymes allow to posttranslationally introduce the amino acid Cα-formylglycine (FGly) into recombinant proteins, starting from cysteine or serine residues within distinct consensus motifs. The aldehyde-bearing FGly-residue displays orthogonal reactivity to all other natural amino acids and can, therefore, be used for site-specific labeling reactions on protein scaffolds. In this review, the state of research on catalytic mechanisms and consensus motifs of different formylglycine-generating enzymes, as well as labeling strategies and applications of FGly-based bioconjugations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krüger
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25 , D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
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21
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Huang BCB, Kim YC, Bañas S, Barfield RM, Drake PM, Rupniewski I, Haskins WE, Rabuka D. Antibody-drug conjugate library prepared by scanning insertion of the aldehyde tag into IgG1 constant regions. MAbs 2018; 10:1182-1189. [PMID: 30252630 PMCID: PMC6284588 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1512327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of site-specific over stochastic bioconjugation technologies include homogeneity of product, minimal perturbation of protein structure/function, and – increasingly – the ability to perform structure activity relationship studies at the conjugate level. When selecting the optimal location for site-specific payload placement, many researchers turn to in silico modeling of protein structure to identify regions predicted to offer solvent-exposed conjugatable sites while conserving protein function. Here, using the aldehyde tag as our site-specific technology platform and human IgG1 antibody as our target protein, we demonstrate the power of taking an unbiased scanning approach instead. Scanning insertion of the human formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) recognition sequence, LCTPSR, at each of the 436 positions in the light and heavy chain antibody constant regions followed by co-expression with FGE yielded a library of antibodies bearing an aldehyde functional group ready for conjugation. Each of the variants was expressed, purified, and conjugated to a cytotoxic payload using the Hydrazinyl Iso-Pictet-Spengler ligation to generate an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), which was analyzed in terms of conjugatability (assessed by drug-to-antibody ratio, DAR) and percent aggregate. We searched for insertion sites that could generate manufacturable ADCs, defined as those variants yielding reasonable antibody titers, DARs of ≥ 1.3, and ≥ 95% monomeric species. Through this process, we discovered 58 tag insertion sites that met these metrics, including 14 sites in the light chain, a location that had proved refractory to the placement of manufacturable tag sites using in silico modeling/rational approaches.
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22
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Krüger T, Weiland S, Falck G, Gerlach M, Boschanski M, Alam S, Müller KM, Dierks T, Sewald N. Zweifach-bioorthogonale Derivatisierung durch verschiedene Formylglycin-generierende Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krüger
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Weiland
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Georg Falck
- Zelluläre und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Fakultät; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Marcus Gerlach
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Mareile Boschanski
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Zelluläre und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Fakultät; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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23
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Krüger T, Weiland S, Falck G, Gerlach M, Boschanski M, Alam S, Müller KM, Dierks T, Sewald N. Two-fold Bioorthogonal Derivatization by Different Formylglycine-Generating Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7245-7249. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Krüger
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Stefanie Weiland
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Georg Falck
- Zelluläre und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Fakultät; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Marcus Gerlach
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Mareile Boschanski
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Zelluläre und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Technische Fakultät; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organische und Bioorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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24
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Li Z, Chen GY. Current Conjugation Methods for Immunosensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E278. [PMID: 29701654 PMCID: PMC5977292 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of immunosensors using polymeric nanomaterials and nanoparticles have enabled a wide range of new functions and applications in diagnostic and prognostic research. One fundamental challenge that all immunosensors must overcome is to provide the specificity of target molecular recognition by immobilizing antibodies, antibody fragments, and/or other peptides or oligonucleotide molecules that are capable of antigen recognition on a compact device surface. This review presents progress in the application of immobilization strategies including the classical adsorption process, affinity attachment, random cross-linking and specific covalent linking. The choice of immobilization methods and its impact on biosensor performance in terms of capture molecule loading, orientation, stability and capture efficiency are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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25
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Enzyme-Based Labeling Strategies for Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Antibody Mimetics. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010004. [PMID: 31544857 PMCID: PMC6698867 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for site-specific modification of proteins have increased in number, complexity, and specificity over the last years. Such modifications hold the promise to broaden the use of existing biopharmaceuticals or to tailor novel proteins for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. The recent quest for next-generation antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) sparked research into techniques with site selectivity. While purely chemical approaches often impede control of dosage or locus of derivatization, naturally occurring enzymes and proteins bear the ability of co- or post-translational protein modifications at particular residues, thus enabling unique coupling reactions or protein fusions. This review provides a general overview and focuses on chemo-enzymatic methods including enzymes such as formylglycine-generating enzyme, sortase, and transglutaminase. Applications for the conjugation of antibodies and antibody mimetics are reported.
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26
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Barfield RM, Rabuka D. Leveraging Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme for Production of Site-Specifically Modified Bioconjugates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1728:3-16. [PMID: 29404988 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7574-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic modification of proteins can generate uniquely reactive chemical functionality, enabling site-specific reactions on the protein surface. Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) is one enzyme that can be exploited in this fashion. FGE binds its consensus sequence (CXPXR, known as the "aldehyde-tag") and converts the cysteine to a formylglycine (fGly). fGly-containing proteins contain a bioorthogonal aldehyde on their surface that can be modified selectively in the presence of the 20 canonical amino acids. Here, we describe protocols for the generation of a site-specifically modified protein, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), using aldehyde-tagging protocols and aldehyde-reactive conjugation chemistry.
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27
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Drake PM, Carlson A, McFarland JM, Bañas S, Barfield RM, Zmolek W, Kim YC, Huang BC, Kudirka R, Rabuka D. CAT-02-106, a Site-Specifically Conjugated Anti-CD22 Antibody Bearing an MDR1-Resistant Maytansine Payload Yields Excellent Efficacy and Safety in Preclinical Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:161-168. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Knop M, Lemnaru R, Seebeck FP. Mutation of Conserved Residues Increases in Vitro Activity of the Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1755-1761. [PMID: 28605111 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) recognizes proteins with a specific cysteine-containing six-amino-acid motif and converts this cysteine residue into formylglycine. The resulting aldehyde function provides a unique handle for selective protein labeling. We have identified two mutations in FGE from Thermomonospora curvata that increase this catalytic efficiency more than 40-fold. The resulting activity and stability, as well as its ease of recombinant production, make this FGE variant a practical reagent for in vitro protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Knop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roxana Lemnaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Milczek EM. Commercial Applications for Enzyme-Mediated Protein Conjugation: New Developments in Enzymatic Processes to Deliver Functionalized Proteins on the Commercial Scale. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Meury M, Knop M, Seebeck FP. Structural Basis for Copper-Oxygen Mediated C−H Bond Activation by the Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meury
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias Knop
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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31
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Meury M, Knop M, Seebeck FP. Structural Basis for Copper-Oxygen Mediated C−H Bond Activation by the Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8115-8119. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meury
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias Knop
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department for Chemistry; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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32
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Botzanowski T, Erb S, Hernandez-Alba O, Ehkirch A, Colas O, Wagner-Rousset E, Rabuka D, Beck A, Drake PM, Cianférani S. Insights from native mass spectrometry approaches for top- and middle- level characterization of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2017; 9:801-811. [PMID: 28406343 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1316914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a family of compounds with promise as efficient immunotherapies. First-generation ADCs were generated mostly via reactions on either lysine side-chain amines or cysteine thiol groups after reduction of the interchain disulfide bonds, resulting in heterogeneous populations with a variable number of drug loads per antibody. To control the position and the number of drug loads, new conjugation strategies aiming at the generation of more homogeneous site-specific conjugates have been developed. We report here the first multi-level characterization of a site-specific ADC by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) methods, including native MS and its hyphenation to ion mobility (IM-MS). We demonstrate the versatility of native MS methodologies for site-specific ADC analysis, with the unique ability to provide several critical quality attributes within one single run, along with a direct snapshot of ADC homogeneity/heterogeneity without extensive data interpretation. The capabilities of native IM-MS to directly access site-specific ADC conformational information are also highlighted. Finally, the potential of these techniques for assessing an ADC's heterogeneity/homogeneity is illustrated by comparing the analytical characterization of a site-specific DAR4 ADC to that of first-generation ADCs. Altogether, our results highlight the compatibility, versatility, and benefits of native MS approaches for the analytical characterization of all types of ADCs, including site-specific conjugates. Thus, we envision integrating native MS and IM-MS approaches, even in their latest state-of-the-art forms, into workflows that benchmark bioconjugation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Colas
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - David Rabuka
- c Catalent Biologics West , Emeryville , CA , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | | | - Sarah Cianférani
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
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Ozer I, Chilkoti A. Site-Specific and Stoichiometric Stealth Polymer Conjugates of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:713-723. [PMID: 27998056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As potent and selective therapeutic agents, peptides and proteins are an important class of drugs, but they typically have suboptimal pharmacokinetic profiles. One approach to solve this problem is their conjugation with "stealth" polymers. Conventional methods for conjugation of this class of polymers to peptides and proteins are typically carried out by reactions that have poor yield and provide limited control over the site of conjugation and the stoichiometry of the conjugate. To address these limitations, new chemical and biological approaches have been developed that provide new molecular tools in the bioconjugation toolbox to create stealth polymer conjugates of peptides and proteins with exquisite control over their properties. This review article highlights these recent advances in the synthesis of therapeutic peptide- and protein-stealth polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , 101 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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