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Arrivi G, Specchia M, Pilozzi E, Rinzivillo M, Caruso D, Santangeli C, Prosperi D, Ascolese AM, Panzuto F, Mazzuca F. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Primary Orbital Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): Systematic Literature Review and Clinical Case Presentation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:379. [PMID: 38397981 PMCID: PMC10886459 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ocular involvement of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is uncommon and mainly represented by metastases from gastrointestinal and lung neuroendocrine tumors. Primary orbital NENs are even less common and their diagnostic and therapeutic management is a challenge. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted from 1966 to September 2023 on PubMed to identify articles on orbital NENs and to summarize their clinical-pathological features, diagnosis and therapeutic management. Furthermore, we presented a case of a locally advanced retro-orbital primary neuroendocrine tumor that was referred to the certified Center of Excellence of Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. RESULTS The final analysis included 63 records on orbital NENs and 11 records focused on primary orbital NENs. The localization was mostly unilateral and in the right orbit; proptosis or exophthalmos represented the initial symptoms. The diagnostic work-up and therapeutic management was discussed and a diagnostic algorithm for the suspicion of primary orbital NENs was proposed. CONCLUSIONS A multidisciplinary approach is required for the management of primary orbital NENs, emphasizing the importance of early referral to dedicated centers for prompt differential diagnosis, tailored treatment, and an improved quality of life and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Arrivi
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Grottarossa Street 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (F.M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, PhD School in Translational Medicine and Oncology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Specchia
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Grottarossa Street 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (F.M.)
| | - Emanuela Pilozzi
- Anatomia Patologica Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Rinzivillo
- European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Damiano Caruso
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Curzio Santangeli
- Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniela Prosperi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Ascolese
- Radiotherapy Oncology Unit, Department of Surgical Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Panzuto
- European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Center of Excellence, Digestive Disease Unit, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (F.P.)
- European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) Center of Excellence, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mazzuca
- Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Grottarossa Street 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (F.M.)
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Qiao J, Wang Y, He W. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the orbit: report of three cases and a literature review. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231199762. [PMID: 37740637 PMCID: PMC10517623 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231199762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) originate from neuroendocrine cells, and mainly occur in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, rarely occurring in the orbit. Here, the clinicopathologic factors, treatments and prognosis of three cases of orbital NENs are described. The mean age of the three patients (two females and one male) was 59 years. Two cases exhibited ocular symptoms, including unilateral proptosis and eyelid mass, while the third case presented systemic symptoms exhibited as Cushing's syndrome. The tumours were surgically resected in all three patients. Immunohistochemistry assays revealed positive expression for pan cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen in all cases. Additionally, neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (also known as CD56) and synaptophysin were positive in two cases. The pathological diagnosis for case 1 and 2 was 'neuroendocrine carcinoma' and both patients died three months after diagnosis. Case 3 was diagnosed with a neuroendocrine tumour and the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome gradually improved following surgery. In addition, no recurrence was observed during the four-year follow-up period. These cases demonstrate that orbital neuroendocrine tumours show different clinical manifestations due to the different types. Pathology may clarify the diagnosis, classification and grading, and provide a reference value for treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunYi Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin He
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Bugălă NM, Carsote M, Stoica LE, Albulescu DM, Ţuculină MJ, Preda SA, Boicea AR, Alexandru DO. New Approach to Addison Disease: Oral Manifestations Due to Endocrine Dysfunction and Comorbidity Burden. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092080. [PMID: 36140482 PMCID: PMC9497746 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights oral anomalies with major clinical impact in Addison disease (AD), including dental health and dermatologic features, through a dual perspective: pigmentation issues and AD comorbidities with oral manifestations. Affecting 92% of AD patients, cutaneomucosal hyperpigmentation is synchronous with or precedes general manifestations by up to a decade, underlying melanocytic infiltration of the basal epidermal layer; melanophages in the superficial dermis; and, rarely, acanthosis, perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate, and hyperkeratosis. Intraoral pigmentation might be the only sign of AD; thus, early recognition is mandatory, and biopsy is helpful in selected cases. The buccal area is the most affected location; other sites are palatine arches, lips, gums, and tongue. Pigmented oral lesions are patchy or diffuse; mostly asymptomatic; and occasionally accompanied by pain, itchiness, and burn-like lesions. Pigmented lingual patches are isolated or multiple, located on dorsal and lateral areas; fungiform pigmented papillae are also reported in AD individuals. Dermoscopy examination is particularly indicated for fungal etiology; yet, it is not routinely performed. AD’s comorbidity burden includes the cluster of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type 1 underlying AIRE gene malfunction. Chronic cutaneomucosal candidiasis (CMC), including oral CMC, represents the first sign of APS1 in 70–80% of cases, displaying autoantibodies against interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F ± IL-22, and probably a high mucosal concentration of interferon (IFN)-γ. CMC is prone to systemic candidiasis, representing a procarcinogenic status due to Th17 cell anomalies. In APS1, the first cause of mortality is infections (24%), followed by oral and esophageal cancers (15%). Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism (HyP) is the earliest endocrine element in APS1; a combination of CMC by the age of 5 years and dental enamel hypoplasia (the most frequent dental complication of pediatric HyP) by the age of 15 is an indication for HyP assessment. Children with HyP might experience short dental roots, enamel opacities, hypodontia, and eruption dysfunctions. Copresence of APS-related type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) enhances the risk of CMC, as well as periodontal disease (PD). Anemia-related mucosal pallor is related to DM, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, corresponding gastroenterological diseases (Crohn’s disease also presents oral ulceration (OU), mucogingivitis, and a 2–3 times higher risk of PD; Biermer anemia might cause hyperpigmentation by itself), and rheumatologic diseases (lupus induces OU, honeycomb plaques, keratotic plaques, angular cheilitis, buccal petechial lesions, and PD). In more than half of the patients, associated vitiligo involves depigmentation of oral mucosa at different levels (palatal, gingival, alveolar, buccal mucosa, and lips). Celiac disease may manifest xerostomia, dry lips, OU, sialadenitis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis and dental enamel defects in children, a higher prevalence of caries and dentin sensitivity, and gingival bleeding. Oral pigmented lesions might provide a useful index of suspicion for AD in apparently healthy individuals, and thus an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation is useful. The spectrum of autoimmune AD comorbidities massively complicates the overall picture of oral manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narcis Mihăiţă Bugălă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Aviatorilor Ave. 34–38, Sector 1, 011683 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744851934
| | - Loredana Elena Stoica
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dana Maria Albulescu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela Jana Ţuculină
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Smaranda Adelina Preda
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ancuta-Ramona Boicea
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dragoș Ovidiu Alexandru
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Ishida A, Asakuno K, Shiramizu H, Yoshimoto H, Nakase K, Kato M, Hirayama M, Sato H, Matsuo S, Miki N, Ono M, Yamada S. Revalidation of inferior petrosal sinus sampling: the latest results from a single-center experience. Endocr J 2021; 68:1217-1223. [PMID: 34053993 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease (CD), which manifests as excess cortisol secretion, is caused by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. Such adenomas are occasionally difficult to identify on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and thorough endocrinological examination may be required to detect them. Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) sampling (IPSS) has been the gold standard test for distinguishing CD from ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS). However, IPSS is an invasive procedure, and proper catheterization is occasionally challenging due to anatomical variations. Thus, there have been ongoing debates regarding the necessity of this procedure. Here, we present our recent IPSS data derived from the analysis of 65 patients who were referred to us for possible CD between April 2018 and December 2020 after undergoing meticulous endocrinological testing. Even with detailed MRI, no obvious lesions were identified in 19 patients. IPSS performed on these 19 individuals identified an IPS-to-peripheral ACTH gradient in 15 of them. The four patients who lacked this gradient were subjected to a classical algorithm using concurrently measured prolactin levels, the results of which were consistent with their ultimately confirmed diagnoses: two true-positive and two true-negative diagnoses. These findings support the validity of the algorithm and demonstrate that the prolactin-adjusted IPS-to-peripheral ACTH ratio can improve the differentiation between CD and EAS. We had no false-negative results, but three patients were false-positive. Consequently, those three patients in which no apparent tumor was clarified during surgery could not have any endocrinological improvement postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Keizoh Asakuno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiramizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Haruko Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Ko Nakase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Masataka Kato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Hikari Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Seigo Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Moriyama Memorial Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Miki
- Hypothalamic & Pituitary Center, Moriyama Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Hypothalamic & Pituitary Center, Moriyama Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Hypothalamic & Pituitary Center, Moriyama Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0081, Japan
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Ryan TG, Juniat V, Stewart C, Malhotra R, Hardy TG, McNab AA, Davis G, Selva D. Clinico-radiological findings of neuroendocrine tumour metastases to the orbit. Orbit 2021; 41:44-52. [PMID: 33729098 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2021.1895845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We present the clinico-radiological findings of neuroendocrine tumour metastases to the orbit.Methods: This was a multicentre, retrospective study of patients with neuroendocrine tumour metastases to the orbit. Data was collected from medical records across five different sites within Australia and the United Kingdom.Results: Nine patients (eleven lesions) were identified. The most common presenting complaint was diplopia (5/9, 56%). Disease occurred bilaterally in two patients. Seven patients (78%) had extraocular muscle involvement. The lateral recti (4/9, 44%) and superior recti (2/9, 22%) were the most commonly affected. Ocular presentation preceded primary tumour diagnosis in three patients (33%). On orbital imaging, metastases were most commonly reported as well circumscribed, ovoid or round, heterogeneous, contrast-enhancing masses. Features of intralesional haemorrhage and bony invasion are uncommonly reported.Conclusions: Neuroendocrine tumour metastasis to the orbit is uncommon. Metastases have a propensity for the extraocular muscles, commonly presenting as heterogeneous, well circumscribed, contrast-enhancing lesions on neuroimaging. New ocular symptoms, a history of neuroendocrine tumours, and these radiological findings, should lead to high clinical suspicion of metastatic disease. Atypical findings warrant biopsy to exclude other causes of orbital lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Ryan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - V Juniat
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - R Malhotra
- Oculoplastics Unit, East Grinstead Hospital, East Sussex, UK
| | - T G Hardy
- Orbital Plastics and Lacrimal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - A A McNab
- Orbital Plastics and Lacrimal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia Ltd, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Davis
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - D Selva
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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