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Singh P, Saha S, Tripathi AM, Yadav G, Dhinsa K. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Deciduous Root Canals after Instrumentation with Different Filing Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:S22-S29. [PMID: 35645508 PMCID: PMC9108822 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective To evaluate root canal transportation, centering ability ratio (CAR), remaining dentine thickness, dentinal cracks, and instrumentation time after instrumentation with different filing systems in root canals of primary teeth by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. Materials and methods Sixty prepared canals of primary teeth divided into 4 groups with 15 canals in each were prepared with NiTi K files, Proaper Next (PTN) files, OneShape (OS), and WaveOne (WO) files, respectively. Using CBCT scan, the pre- and postinstrumentation scan was done to obtain images at three levels (apical, middle, and cervical). The results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software version. Result Significant statistical difference was found between different filing systems. Conclusion ProTaper Next files showed least canal transportation and the best centering ability was shown by OS file system. The NiTi K hand files preserved maximum remaining dentin thickness (RDT) and produced minimum dentin cracks. WO file system took least instrumentation time when compared to the other three filing systems. Clinical significance The use of rotary instruments in the pulpectomy of primary teeth represents a promising technique being advantageous for the pediatric patients by maintaining the original canal curvatures, showing greater ability to maintain dentin thickness, causing lesser dentin cracks, and reducing chair time thus favoring preparation of more conical root canals and better obturation. How to cite this article Singh P. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Deciduous Root Canals after Instrumentation with Different Filing Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(S-1):S22-S29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Saha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay Mani Tripathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gunjan Yadav
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Dhinsa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kumar T, Mittal S, Keshav V, Kaur R, Maakhni E. A comparative evaluation of remaining dentin thickness following biomechanical preparation of teeth using different rotary file systems: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:32-36. [PMID: 35722073 PMCID: PMC9200186 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_373_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Materials and Methodology: Statistical Analysis Used: Results: Conclusion:
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Gomaa MA, Osama M, Badr AE. Shaping ability of three thermally treated nickel-titanium systems in S-shaped canals. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:435-441. [PMID: 33660339 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the shaping ability of ProTaper Next (PTN), HyFlex EDM (HEDM) and One Curve (OC) systems manufactured via different thermal treatment methods in simulated S-shaped canals. Sixty S-shaped canals in clear resin blocks were enlarged to a final apical size of 25 using PTN, HEDM and OC instruments (n = 20 canals/group). Composite images were obtained by superimposing pre- and post-preparation images. The amount of removed resin was measured perpendicularly to the canal surface in 22 points. Prepared canal width and canal transportation at different levels were determined. Canal aberrations were also recorded. Data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance, the Kruskal-Wallis and the chi-square tests at a 0.05 significance level. OC produced the most conservative enlargement and better maintained particularly the apical curvature of the S-shaped canals than HEDM and PTN. OC and HEDM better maintained the canal terminus and coronal curvature than PTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Gomaa
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Osama
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany E Badr
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Faraj BM. Root canal curvature as a prognostic factor influencing the diagnostic accuracy of radiographic working length determination and postoperative canal axis modification: an in vitro comparative study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:90. [PMID: 33653318 PMCID: PMC7923826 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiographic analysis of tooth morphology is mandatory for accurate calibration of the degree of canal curvature angle and radiographic working length to its real dimensions in case difficulty assessment protocols. This study aimed to determine the impact of the degree of root canal curvature angle on maintaining the real working length and the original canal axis of prepared root canals using a reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique. Methods Radiographic image analysis was performed on 60 extracted single-rooted human premolar teeth with a moderate canal curvature (10°–25°) and severe canal curvature (26°–70°). Working length and longitudinal canal axis were determined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and digital periapical radiography. The real canal length was determined by subtracting 0.5 mm from the actual canal length. Root canals were prepared using the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Results There was no significant relation of the degree of canal curvature angle to the accuracy of radiographic working length estimated on CBCT and digital periapical radiographic techniques (P > 0.05). Postinstrumentation changes in the original canal axis between moderate and severe canal curvature angles, assessed on CBCT and periapical digital radiographic images were statistically non-significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions A standardized digital periapical radiographic method performed similarly to the CBCT technique near to its true working length. No significant interaction exists between the diagnostic working length estimation, postoperative root canal axis modification, and the degree of canal curvature angle, using reciprocating rotary instrumentation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bestoon Mohammed Faraj
- College of Dentistry, Conservative Department, University of Sulaimani, Madame Mitterand Street 30, 46001, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
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Tufenkci P, Orhan K, Celikten B, Bilecenoglu B, Gur G, Sevimay S. Micro-computed tomographic assessment of the shaping ability of the One Curve, One Shape, and ProTaper Next nickel-titanium rotary systems. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e30. [PMID: 32839711 PMCID: PMC7431932 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This micro-computed tomographic (CT) study aimed to compare the shaping abilities of ProTaper Next (PTN), One Shape (OS), and One Curve (OC) files in 3-dimensionally (3D)-printed mandibular molars. Materials and Methods In order to ensure standardization, 3D-printed mandibular molars with a consistent mesiobuccal canal curvature (45°) were used in the present study (n = 18). Specimens were instrumented with the OC, OS, or PTN files. The teeth were scanned pre- and post-instrumentation using micro-CT to detect changes of the canal volume and surface area, as well as to quantify transportation of the canals after instrumentation. Two-way analysis of variance was used for statistical comparisons. Results No statistically significant differences were found between the OC and OS groups in the changes of the canal volume and surface area before and after instrumentation (p > 0.05). The OC files showed significantly less transportation than the OS or PTN systems for the apical section (p < 0.05). In a comparison of the systems, similar values were found at the coronal and middle levels, without any significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions These 3 instrumentation systems showed similar shaping abilities, although the OC file achieved a lesser extent of transportation in the apical zone than the OS and PTN files. All 3 file systems were confirmed to be safe for use in mandibular mesial canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Tufenkci
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Turkey
| | - Kaan Orhan
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Berkan Celikten
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Bilecenoglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurkan Gur
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Sevimay
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Arıcan Öztürk B, Atav Ateş A, Fişekçioğlu E. Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Shaping Ability of XP-endo Shaper and ProTaper Next in Large Root Canals. J Endod 2020; 46:437-443. [PMID: 31911004 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the shaping abilities of the XPS (XP-endo Shaper) and PTN (ProTaper Next) systems by using cone-beam computed tomography on apical, middle, and coronal thirds of the pre-created large canals with different apical sizes. METHODS Seventy-two teeth with single canal were divided into 3 groups, and then large root canals were created with apical diameter #30 (Group 1), #35 (Group 2), or #40 (Group 3) by using hand files. Each group was again divided into 2 experimental groups, and root canals were instrumented with either XPS or PTN. Canals were scanned before and after instrumentation by using cone-beam computed tomography scanner to evaluate mesiodistal transportation, buccolingual transportation, centering ratio, percent increased prepared area (PA) (mm2), and percent increased prepared outline (PO) (mm) at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex. Data were statistically analyzed, and the significance level was set at P < .05. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in PA, PO, and centering ratio values between instruments in size 30 and size 35. The mean increases in PA and PO (P < .021) were statistically higher with XPS in size 40. PTN had statistically higher buccolingual transportation in size 30 and size 35. XPS had lower mesiodistal transportation values in all 3 apical sizes. CONCLUSIONS PTN system is able to remove the dentin even in cases of increased apical diameter. However, XPS has less canal transportation and better centering ability compared with PTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burçin Arıcan Öztürk
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayfer Atav Ateş
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Fişekçioğlu
- Department of DentoMaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cui Z, Wei Z, Du M, Yan P, Jiang H. Shaping ability of protaper next compared with waveone in late-model three-dimensional printed teeth. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:115. [PMID: 29940905 PMCID: PMC6019729 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparison of the shaping ability of advanced nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) instruments is of great interest to the field of endodontics. However, the models used to study canal preparation still lack uniformity, relevance to reality and complexity. The aim of this study was thus to compare the shaping abilities of the ProTaper Next (PN) and WaveOne (WO) Ni-Ti instruments in three-dimensional (3D)-printed teeth, which may overcome the present defects of most real teeth and model teeth including 3D S-shaped canals. Methods Six teeth and their corresponding 3D-printed replicas were prepared using the same kind of Ni-Ti instrument. The pre- and post-preparation volumes, surface areas and transportation of the canals were measured to compare the teeth with their replicas. Twenty 3D-printed teeth with S-shaped canals were used to support the preparation study. The S-shaped canals were then scanned to measure their volumes and surface areas. Next, the two kinds of instruments were used to prepare the 3D-printed canals (n = 10 per group). The volume and surface area of the canals, the transportation along the two curvatures and the percentage of unprepared surface area were measured. Micro-CT and VGstudio2.2 (VG2.2) software were used to perform scans and collect data throughout the research. The paired-samples T test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used for statistical analysis. Results There was no significant difference between the real canals and the printed ones post-preparation (P > .05). The printed S-shaped root canals had a unified shape, with a small standard deviation and range. The WO group had higher mean values for the volume and superficial area measurements compared with the PN group (P < .05). No differences in the untouched areas were found between the two systems (P > .05). PN caused less transportation at the apical curve than WO did (P < .05). Conclusions In conclusion, 3D-printed teeth are suitable for the study of Ni-Ti rotary instruments. Furthermore, the PN rotary system caused less transportation at the apical curve than the WO system did in complicated root canal procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cui
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road, Wuhan City, 237, China
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Dentistry, Second Hospital of Baoding, 338 Dongfeng West Road, Baoding, China
| | - Minquan Du
- Department of Prevention Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road, Wuhan City, 237, China.
| | - Han Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road, Wuhan City, 237, China.
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Kyaw Moe MM, Ha JH, Jin MU, Kim YK, Kim SK. Root Canal Shaping Effect of Instruments with Offset Mass of Rotation in the Mandibular First Molar: A Micro–computed Tomographic Study. J Endod 2018; 44:822-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Park HJ, Seo MS, Moon YM. Root canal volume change and transportation by Vortex Blue, ProTaper Next, and ProTaper Universal in curved root canals. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43:e3. [PMID: 29487834 PMCID: PMC5816992 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2018.43.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare root canal volume change and canal transportation by Vortex Blue (VB; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer), and ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply Maillefer) nickel-titanium rotary files in curved root canals. Materials and Methods Thirty canals with 20°-45° of curvature from extracted human molars were used. Root canal instrumentation was performed with VB, PTN, and PTU files up to #30.06, X3, and F3, respectively. Changes in root canal volume before and after the instrumentation, and the amount and direction of canal transportation at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the root apex were measured by using micro-computed tomography. Data of canal volume change were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test, while data of amount and direction of transportation were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. Results There were no significant differences among 3 groups in terms of canal volume change (p > 0.05). For the amount of transportation, PTN showed significantly less transportation than PTU at 3 mm level (p = 0.005). VB files showed no significant difference in canal transportation at all 3 levels with either PTN or PTU files. Also, VB files showed unique inward transportation tendency in the apical area. Conclusions Other than PTN produced less amount of transportation than PTU at 3 mm level, all 3 file systems showed similar level of canal volume change and transportation, and VB file system could prepare the curved canals without significant shaping errors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min-Seock Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Moon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea
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Ji Y, Wen S, Liu S, Zhu M, Yao M, Wang T, Lin Z. Could cone-beam computed tomography demonstrate the lateral accessory canals? BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:142. [PMID: 29187181 PMCID: PMC5708093 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess root canal morphology has become popular; however, few studies have examined its efficiency to assess the entire root canals, including the tiny lateral and accessory canals (LACs). This study aimed to assess the ability of CBCT to evaluate the root canal of mandibular incisors at three different scanning settings, compared with the canal staining and tooth clearing (CS) technique as the gold standard. METHODS CBCT images of 70 extracted mandibular incisors were taken using NewTom VG CBCT at high-resolution scan mode (HZ), zoom scan mode (ZS), and full scan mode (FS), with different scanning settings. A radiologist, a postgraduate student, and an endodontist assessed the root canal morphology in a blinded manner. The number of root canals (NC), canal configuration according to Vertucci's classification (VC), and LACs were evaluated twice by each evaluator using the CBCT images, in comparison with CS. Comparisons of the differences were used the chi-square test, and the intra-evaluator and inter-evaluator agreement were used the Kappa statistics; the significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS The voxel dimension of HZ, ZS and FS modes were 0.125 mm, 0.20 mm and 0.25 mm respectively, and the HZ mode had significant increased scanning doses. For NC, the diagnostic accuracy was >90% in all three modes, with no significant difference among the evaluators and modes. VC and LAC could only be evaluated in HZ mode. For VC, the accuracies were 97.1%, 94.3%, and 92.9% respectively, with no significant differences among the three evaluators. For LAC, the accuracies were 80.0%, 13.3%, and 33.3% respectively, and there were significant differences among the three evaluators. Intra-evaluator agreement was excellent, with the kappa values indicating "perfect" to "substantial" agreement. Inter-evaluator agreement was excellent for NC and VC; however, Kappa values could not be analyzed due to LACs detected were so variable. CONCLUSIONS As far as possible, the HZ mode should be chosen to demonstrate the root canal system, and partial LACs could be detected using this mode; however, the potential benefit of the diagnostic information must be weighed against the increased radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ji
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanhui Wen
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghuan Yao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiemei Wang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zitong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Effect of maxillary expansion on orthodontics. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:944-951. [PMID: 26614995 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of maxillary expansion on orthodontics. METHODS Eight beagle dogs were randomly divided into two groups, with 4 dogs in each group. Dogs in group 1 were executed immediately and received the direct physical measurement. The magnetic expansion appliance was used in group 2 for the maxillary expansion. After the expansion, the model was taken again and they were executed after cone beam CT (CBCT) scanning. The model measurement method was adopted in group 1 to measure the dental measurement indicators and width of base bone arch. The CBCT measurement method was employed to measure the above dental indicators and bone indicators. The difference in the indicators measured by different methods was compared and analyzed. RESULTS Before the expansion, there was no significant difference in the bone measurement indicators between the CBCT measurement method and direct physical measurement method. After the expansion, there was no significant difference in indicators between the CBCT measurement method and direct physical measurement. But there was significant difference among the model measurement method, CBCT measurement method and direct physical measurement method. There was the significant difference in the dental indicators between the CBCT measurement method and model measurement, as well as the bone indicators of posterior marginal spacing of greater palatine foramen, posterior marginal spacing of incisive foramen, width of base bone arch and spacing of implant anchorage. CONCLUSIONS There is no significant difference between the effect of CBCT measurement method and direct physical measurement method, but CBCT is significantly better than the model measurement.
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