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Soheili F, Delfan N, Masoudifar N, Ebrahimni S, Moshiri B, Glogauer M, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Toward Digital Periodontal Health: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:937. [PMID: 39329678 PMCID: PMC11428937 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11090937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases, ranging from gingivitis to periodontitis, are prevalent oral diseases affecting over 50% of the global population. These diseases arise from infections and inflammation of the gums and supporting bones, significantly impacting oral health. The established link between periodontal diseases and systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, underscores their importance as a public health concern. Consequently, the early detection and prevention of periodontal diseases have become critical objectives in healthcare, particularly through the integration of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. This paper aims to bridge the gap between clinical practices and cutting-edge technologies by providing a comprehensive review of current research. We examine the identification of causative factors, disease progression, and the role of AI in enhancing early detection and treatment. Our goal is to underscore the importance of early intervention in improving patient outcomes and to stimulate further interest among researchers, bioengineers, and AI specialists in the ongoing exploration of AI applications in periodontal disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soheili
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Niloufar Delfan
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran
| | - Negin Masoudifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shahin Ebrahimni
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Behzad Moshiri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran P9FQ+M8X, Kargar, Iran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators Laboratory (BIOSA), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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Tabata T, Nakagawa H, Matin K, Otsuki M, Aoki A, Sumi Y, Shimada Y. Analysis of cariogenic biofilms by using a swept-source optical coherence tomography in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 165:106009. [PMID: 38838513 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to measure the thickness of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms forming in an oral biofilm reactor (OBR) by using a noninvasive swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) system at every 4 h time interval until 20 h and analyze the correlations with the amounts of biofilms. METHODS S. mutans biofilms were formed on square-shaped bovine enamel blocks inside an OBR. Biofilms were analyzed at every 4 h stage (4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 16 h and 20 h) using a SS-OCT system and a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The amounts of biofilms were measured at each stage by separating the water insoluble glucan (WIG) and bacterial cells. Co-relationships between the SS-OCT measured biofilm thickness and the amounts of adhered biofilms were analyzed. RESULTS The thickness of biofilms detected on SS-OCT images at 4 h stage was 0.059 ± 0.029 (Av ± SD) mm which increased time-dependently in a linear fashion after 8 h stage and reached to 0.435 ± 0.159 mm at 20 h stage and the correlation coefficient was about 0.89. The amounts of biofilms; bacterial optical density (OD) and WIG concentration increased time-dependently were 0.035 ± 0.008 / mm2 and 10.328 ± 2.492 µg/ mm2 respectively at 20 h stage. Correlation coefficients of 0.66 between 'the amounts of bacteria' and 'biofilm thickness on OCT' and 0.67 between 'the amounts of WIG' and 'biofilm thickness on OCT' were obtained, suggesting that there was a relatively positive correlation between them. CONCLUSION The SS-OCT can be a useful tool to measure time-dependent growth of biofilms. Further studies are needed in order to assess biofilms using SS-OCT more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Tabata
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisaichi Nakagawa
- Department of Oral Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Khairul Matin
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Japan; Medoc International Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Otsuki
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sumi
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimada
- Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Jané-Chimeno L, Gil A, Jaen-Gutiérrez R, Freire P, Jané-Chimeno A, Ruales-Suárez G. New adhesive rehabilitation technique with indexed occlusal tabletops made by 3D printing technology. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 38979970 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In oral rehabilitation, a full mouth minimal invasive treatment can represent a major challenge for the patient and the dentist. The purpose of this article is to present a new technique to restore eroded teeth and recover the vertical dimension with a simple and predictable technique. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS Occlusal tabletop restorations are a suitable conservative option to restore anatomy and vertical dimension augmentation but highly sensitive. The cementation of those restorations without stable landmarks, the cement excess removal, the insertion path, or the time needed are some of the difficulties can be faced. Now a days with the new CAD-CAM techniques is possible to develop a new occlusal tabletop manufacturing alternative utilizing 3D-printed technology by unifying the restorations with a customized connector that allows us to print several onlays at same time, as a single object, also being cemented at once. CONCLUSIONS This protocol reduces the technique sensitivity of a vertical dimension oral rehabilitation process, reduce the chair time, enhancing the patient-comfort and delivers a unique way to restore dental lost anatomy as a definitive or temporary way with printing materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE With the advent of new CAD-CAM 3D printing materials, which are increasingly versatile and gaining favor among clinicians, it is now possible to address complex clinical situations with greater predictability. This technology enables the development of treatment solutions that are both effective and efficient, consequently reducing clinical time for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jané-Chimeno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gil
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Patricia Freire
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- Department Surgery, Internacional University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adela Jané-Chimeno
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerardo Ruales-Suárez
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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La Rosa GRM, Chapple I, Polosa R, Pedullà E. A scoping review of new technologies for dental plaque quantitation: Benefits and limitations. J Dent 2023; 139:104772. [PMID: 37939996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the validity and reliability of novel digitalized tools for dental plaque detection and explore the benefits and limitations connected to their use. DATA Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. All human clinical studies comparing dental plaque detection using digitalized systems against a standard reference were included. SOURCES PubMed and Scopus were screened from 01 January 2013 to 28 September 2023. Bibliographies of primary studies and principal peer-reviewed scientific journals were manually searched. STUDY SELECTION The initial search identified 576 articles, with a total of 13 included in the review, published between 2015 and 2023. Most of the studies included (77 %) were cross-sectional with three being prospective. Digital devices captured 2D and 3D images via cameras and intra-oral scanners, respectively. The Turesky's modified plaque index was the most frequent clinical index. Correlation with clinical examination was moderate to strong, with good to excellent intra- and inter-system agreement. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this scoping review, image analysis-based plaque detection systems demonstrated good correlations with clinical plaque indices, using both 2D and 3D imaging systems. Whilst digital plaque detection devices offer advantages in terms of procedural standardization and reproducibility, they also have limitations, therefore currently, their application should be underpinned by a comprehensive clinical examination. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Digital plaque detection tools, that provide standardized measurements and store acquired images, facilitate more informed feedback to patients. This objective analysis may enhance clinician confidence in their utility for clinical trials and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Iain Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Barmak AB, Inam W, Kan JYK, Kois JC, Akal O. Artificial intelligence models for diagnosing gingivitis and periodontal disease: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:816-824. [PMID: 35300850 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Artificial intelligence (AI) models have been developed for periodontal applications, including diagnosing gingivitis and periodontal disease, but their accuracy and maturity of the technology remain unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the performance of the AI models for detecting dental plaque and diagnosing gingivitis and periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS A review was performed in 4 databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, World of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. A manual search was also conducted. Studies were classified into 4 groups: detecting dental plaque, diagnosis of gingivitis, diagnosis of periodontal disease from intraoral images, and diagnosis of alveolar bone loss from periapical, bitewing, and panoramic radiographs. Two investigators evaluated the studies independently by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal. A third examiner was consulted to resolve any lack of consensus. RESULTS Twenty-four articles were included: 2 studies developed AI models for detecting plaque, resulting in accuracy ranging from 73.6% to 99%; 7 studies assessed the ability to diagnose gingivitis from intraoral photographs reporting an accuracy between 74% and 78.20%; 1 study used fluorescent intraoral images to diagnose gingivitis reporting 67.7% to 73.72% accuracy; 3 studies assessed the ability to diagnose periodontal disease from intraoral photographs with an accuracy between 47% and 81%, and 11 studies evaluated the performance of AI models for detecting alveolar bone loss from radiographic images reporting an accuracy between 73.4% and 99%. CONCLUSIONS AI models for periodontology applications are still in development but might provide a powerful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Director of Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Adjunct Professor Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Mass
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Abdul B Barmak
- Assistant Professor Clinical Research and Biostatistics, Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Joseph Y K Kan
- Professor, Advanced Education in Implant Dentistry, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, Calif
| | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Private practice, Seattle, Wash
| | - Orhan Akal
- Machine Learning Scientist, Boston, Mass
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Meseli S, Ekenel S, Korkut B, Aksu B, Tagtekin D, Yanikoglu F. Clinical assessment of various imaging systems for dental plaque scoring after the use of 3 different toothpastes. Imaging Sci Dent 2023; 53:209-216. [PMID: 37799736 PMCID: PMC10548153 DOI: 10.5624/isd.20220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to compare dental plaque scores obtained through clinical examinations and various imaging techniques, as well as to assess the effectiveness of herbal and conventional toothpastes for plaque removal. Material and Methods Thirty volunteers were divided into 3 groups. Each group was given a different toothpaste (from 2 herbal toothpastes and a conventional toothpaste) with which to brush their teeth for 21 days. Both initially and after brushing, dental plaque samples were collected, and plaque on the buccal surfaces of anterior teeth was scored using several imaging systems after staining with a disclosing agent. Specifically, digital dental photography, intraoral digital scanning, and FluoreCam imaging were employed to capture intraoral images. The Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index was used for clinical examination and image analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses and correlational assessments between clinical examination and imaging scores were conducted before and after toothpaste use. The Shapiro-Wilk test and Pearson correlations were utilized. Results The lowest mean value was observed in the clinical examination without staining, while the highest was obtained using the FluoreCam method. No significant change was found in the level of any microorganism assessed following toothpaste use (P<0.05), with the exception of a decrease in S. mutans levels after using conventional toothpaste (P<0.05). Conclusion Herbal toothpaste demonstrated plaque-removal effectiveness comparable to that of conventional toothpaste. The use of imaging methods for measuring plaque index has been suggested as a means to educate patients about plaque control and promote ongoing oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Meseli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sergen Ekenel
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bora Korkut
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Burak Aksu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilek Tagtekin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Funda Yanikoglu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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D'Elia G, Floris W, Marini L, Corridore D, Rojas MA, Ottolenghi L, Pilloni A. Methods for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Home Oral Hygiene Measures-A Narrative Review of Dental Biofilm Indices. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:172. [PMID: 37504238 PMCID: PMC10378657 DOI: 10.3390/dj11070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque is a biofilm structured in an extracellular matrix of polymers of host and microbial origin; the microorganisms can coexist in harmony with the host, thus guarantying oral health. Environmental modifications can lead to dysbiosis and onset of oral diseases; in fact, plaque is the etiological agent both of periodontal disease and dental decay. The use of an effective oral hygiene index should be considered as a relevant goal for the clinicians and the researchers, and consequently, numerous plaque indices have been proposed during the years. The present literature review aims primarily to obtain a complete summary of these scores to assess plaque deposits. It is useful because the clinician/researcher will select the right scoring method for the specific situation only if he knows the available options and if he is aware of both their strengths and weaknesses. This review applies a basic classification of plaque indices that distinguishes the ones that use non-quantitative methods from the ones that use quantitative methods. Non-quantitative methods are more subjective because they are based on the ability of the clinician to point out the presence or the entity of deposits, while quantitative methods introduce objectifiable means to measure plaque deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda D'Elia
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - William Floris
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marini
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Denise Corridore
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariana Andrea Rojas
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilloni
- Section of Periodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, #6 Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Conte G, Amaliya A, Gupta S, Emma R, Gospodaru S, Bordeniuc G, Fala V, Pacino SA, Urso S, Zucchelli G, Polosa R. Repeatability of dental plaque quantitation by light induced fluorescence technology in current, former, and never smokers. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:480. [PMID: 37443061 PMCID: PMC10347782 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of smoking on the accumulation of dental plaque have not been studied in depth. We compared dental plaque quantitation obtained with a novel light induced fluorescence technology among current, former, and never smokers and verified measurements' repeatability. METHODS Dental plaque quantitation was objectively assessed by quantitative light induced fluorescence (QLF) technology on three separate study visits in current, former, and never smokers: baseline (day 0), day 7, day 30. Increase in the fluorescence intensity of at least 30% (ΔR30) and 120% (ΔR120) together with the simple oral hygiene (SOH) scoring were considered for analysis. RESULTS The QLF parameters were highly repeatable in each study group (p < 0.0001, by regression analyses). All QLF parameters showed a significant difference between never smokers and current smokers (p = 0.041 for ΔR30; p = 0.027 for ΔR120; p = 0.04 for SOH). No significant differences were observed between never and former smokers and between current and former smokers except for ΔR120 (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION Dental plaque measurements by QLF technology were highly reproducible and showed greater plaque formation among current smokers compared to non-smokers. Objective and reproducible quantitation of dental plaque can be a valuable clinical and regulatory science endpoint to investigate the effect of smoking cessation medications, combustion-free tobacco products, and consumer care products on oral health. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There is a need to objectively evaluate the relationship between smoking and plaque build-up as well as maturation. Current smokers demonstrated greater and more mature plaque buildup when compared to never and former smokers. Differences in plaque build-up and maturation between current, former and non-smokers may be utilized as an effective tool for patient motivation, identifying therapeutic end-points, translational research as well as prognostication. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is a pilot study parts of a larger project with registration ID: NCT04649645. As preliminary study, the pilot study referred into this paper started before the larger study registered in ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Conte
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Addendo Srl, Dental Clinic, Catania, Italy
| | - Amaliya Amaliya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Unit of Periodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Gheorghe Bordeniuc
- Fala Dental, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
- "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valeriu Fala
- Fala Dental, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
- "Nicolae Testemiţanu" State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Sebastiano Antonio Pacino
- Addendo Srl, Dental Clinic, Catania, Italy
- ECLAT Srl, Spin-off of the University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Urso
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zucchelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- ECLAT Srl, Spin-off of the University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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9
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Ravazzi R, Neves JG, Santamaria MP, Rosa LP, Rosa FCS, Santamaria-Jr M. Porphyrin-associated fluorescence spectroscopy (Photogen®) for the optical diagnosis of dental biofilm in orthodontic treatment: an observational clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103580. [PMID: 37094608 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the presence of dental biofilm with fluorescence spectroscopy associated with porphyrin (Photogen®) in users of orthodontic appliances. METHODS This cross-sectional observational clinical trial included 21 patients with metallic orthodontic fixed appliances. The presence of biofilm was evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy (Evince-MMÓptics. São Carlos-SP, Brazil) with a porphyrin photo-evidence device (Photogen®). Digital images of the buccal surface of the upper anterior teeth (central and lateral incisors and canines) without and with porphyrin were analyzed using the histogram R (red) function in ImageJ software. The results were analyzed using the maximum and mode values of the red pixels from the histograms. The statistical analysis considered the significance level of 5%. RESULTS The maximum values and modes of the red pixels were significantly higher in biofilms analyzed by porphyrin-associated optical spectroscopy compared to optical spectroscopy alone. CONCLUSIONS Porphyrin-associated fluorescence spectroscopy was able to detect dental biofilm in the oral environment of patients with orthodontic treatment. This method better evidenced the presence of biofilm on the buccal surfaces of the upper teeth compared to that observed with fluorescence spectroscopy without porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ravazzi
- Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO. Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Guilherme Neves
- Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO. Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pedrine Santamaria
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky - College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky. USA
| | - Luciano Pereira Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal University of Bahia-UFBA. Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Milton Santamaria-Jr
- Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Center of Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO. Araras, SP, Brazil; Department Social Dentistry and Children's Clinic, São Paulo State University - ICT-UNESP, College of Dentistry, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Lee J, Lee T, Jung HI, Park W, Song JS. Effectiveness of an Oral Health Education Program Using a Smart Toothbrush with Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Technology in Children. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10030429. [PMID: 36979987 PMCID: PMC10047114 DOI: 10.3390/children10030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial aimed to educate patients and manage oral hygiene remotely via a smart toothbrush (ST) by using mobile applications and to improve oral hygiene and habits by evaluating the plaque state via images from a Q-ray cam, which is a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) digital imaging device. In total, 68 children (aged 6–12 years) were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was assigned an electro-toothbrush (ET), group II was assigned a smart toothbrush (ST), and group III used a manual toothbrush (MT). Each group used an assigned toothbrush and was checked after 1 and 3 months. Oral hygiene status was evaluated using the patient hygiene performance (PHP) index and fluorescent plaque index (FPI), which are presented in the QLF program. In addition, questionnaires on oral health behaviors and attitudes were also evaluated. There was a 0.24 decrease in the PHP index and a 1.40 decrease in the simple hygiene score three months later compared with the baseline in the ST group, with no significant difference between the three methods (p = 0.518, p = 0.626). Many group II participants said that ST helped with oral hygiene, and they were willing to use it continuously. In addition, all participants’ brushing times and attitudes toward oral hygiene improved after oral hygiene education using a Q-ray cam. Therefore, the use of STs provided good dental health education and a plaque-decreasing effect to children aged 6–12 years old. Furthermore, the QLF device can be used as a useful tool for maintaining good oral hygiene in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyang Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi-In Jung
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Innovation Research and Support Center for Dental Science, Yonsei University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonse Park
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Seon Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3170; Fax: +82-2-369-7420
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11
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Sardana D, Li KY, Ekambaram M, Yang Y, McGrath CP, Yiu CK. Validation of clinical photography and a laser fluorescence device for assessment of enamel demineralization during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102828. [PMID: 35339722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the validity of DIAGNOdent pen™ 2190 and clinical photographs in the diagnosis (presence or absence) and assessment of white spot lesions (WSLs) during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment. METHODS A total of 1607 readings from 99 patients were obtained using DIAGNOdent pen™ 2190, clinical photographs, and visual assessment criteria to assess WSLs at 6 -, 12- and 18 months after bonding of brackets. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed, and areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the presence or absence of WSLs and distinguish the severity of WSLs as slight or severe. Sensitivities, specificities, and AUC were calculated for outcomes at an alpha of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The values of sensitivity and specificity of DIAGNOdent pen™ 2190 were found to be 0.78 and 0.83, respectively, to distinguish presence/absence of WSLs with good accuracy (AUC= 0.855; 95% CI: 0.820-0.889) and for digital photographs, accuracy was excellent (AUC= 0.973, 95% CI: 0.956-0.991) with sensitivity and specificity of 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. However, the accuracy of DIAGNOdent pen™ 2190 was poor (AUC= 0.543, 95% CI: 0.418-0.668) in delineating slight and severe WSLs with a sensitivity of 0.31 and specificity of 0.83; while the values of sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing slight or severe lesions for clinical photographs were 0.96 and 0.99, respectively with excellent accuracy (AUC=0.978, 95% CI: 0.936-1.000). CONCLUSIONS Clinical photographs had better validity than DIAGNOdent pen™ 2190 in diagnosis and assessment of severity of demineralized lesions during multi-bracketed fixed orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divesh Sardana
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R; T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kar Yan Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | | | - Yanqi Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Colman P McGrath
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Cynthia Ky Yiu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.
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12
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Kamran MA, Alshahrani A, Alnazeh AA, Udeabor SE, Qasim M, Alshahrani I. Ultrastructural and physicochemical characterization of pH receptive chlorhexidine-loaded poly-L-glycolic acid-modified orthodontic adhesive. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:996-1004. [PMID: 34716725 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded poly-L-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as a modifier of a commercial orthodontic adhesive via the assessment of physicochemical, biological, and mechanical properties at tooth-bracket interface. CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were synthesized using double emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized using transmission electron microscopy and Raman analysis. CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT orthodontic adhesive were prepared using two different concentrations of the CHX (25 and 50%) and characterized for degree of conversion (DC), antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity testing. Bonded specimens were tested for shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) at tooth-bracket interface. The synthesized PLGA nanoparticles averaged between 60 and 80 nm in size. After loading CHX inside PLGA nanoparticles, the morphology of the PLGA nanoparticles was considerably changed. Orthodontic bracket bonded with 25% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive demonstrated DC scores similar to control group. Both 25 and 50% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive specimens showed higher antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared to control group. The least mean SBS values were exhibited by 50% CHX-loaded PLGA-modified adhesive samples, while a statistically significant difference was observed in the mean ARI values among all study groups at all-time points (p = .018). This study indicates that the addition of CHX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in Transbond XT achieved stable bonds with enhanced antimicrobial and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdullah Kamran
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alshahrani
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alnazeh
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samuel Ebele Udeabor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alshahrani
- Department of Pediatric and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Evaluation of wound dehiscence after vertical bone graft by using quantitative light-induced fluorescence. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102470. [PMID: 34333145 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound dehiscence is a common complication following vertical bone augmentation of implant dentistry. If the implanted titanium mesh becomes exposed, the exposed titanium mesh should be removed with the contaminated grafts before a clinical graft infection develops. However, no generally accepted evaluation methods have been suggested to determine the removal timing or the extent of contaminated bone grafts to be removed. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology has been used for various oral bacterial condition such as dental caries, plaque, peri-implantitis, and osteomyelitis. This paper reports two patients with wound dehiscence within the third week after vertical bone augmentation with autogenous particulate bone on the posterior maxilla. With conservative treatment, a QLF technology was applied to determine whether to remove the mesh. The exposed mesh of the first patient was removed when red-fluorescence was observed the red fluorescence by QLF. However, the other case did not show red fluorescence during the fifth week after dehiscence, and secondary healing was achieved without complications. The remaining bone grafts were well integrated into the sound cortico-cancellous complex sufficient to support the dental implant. Based on these clinical, radiological, and histological results, we discussed the rationale of QLF application on wound dehiscence after the bone graft in implant dentistry.
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14
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Andrade SA, Pratavieira S, Bagnato VS, Varotti FDP. Use of wide-field optical fluorescence for visualization of oral biofilm in a patient with peri-implant mucositis: a new approach. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eRC5638. [PMID: 34037088 PMCID: PMC8121375 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021rc5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant diseases, caused by bacteria from biofilm related to dental implants, are one of the main causes of late loss of implants. In this sense, peri-implant diseases are divided into peri-implant mucositis, when it affects only the soft tissues, and peri-implantitis, when there is a bone involvement, which can lead to the failure of dental implant therapy. Thus, biofilm removal is essential for peri-implant health, allowing long-term success in implant therapy. To improve the visualization of oral biofilm, which is usually transparent or colorless, disclosing agents have been routinely used. However, disclosing agents have allergenic potential and can cause staining extrinsically in restorative and prosthetic materials, leading to aesthetic impairment. Thus, the use of fluorescence has been studied as an alternative for visualization of oral biofilm. Therefore, this report describes the use of wide-field optical fluorescence for visualization of oral biofilm associated with implants and teeth, in a routine appointment and follow-up of a partially edentulous patient with peri-implant mucositis. In addition, this report showed wide-field optical fluorescence can be used in a clinical routine of care of patients with dental implants. In this sense, wide-field optical fluorescence allowed easy and immediate visualization of the mature oral biofilm for its adequate removal, evaluation of the quality of restoration to sealing of screw access-hole of implant and identification of cariogenic lesions, without risk of allergic reactions or staining of prostheses and restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Araújo Andrade
- Universidade Federal da São João del-ReiDivinópolisMGBrazilUniversidade Federal da São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Universidade de São PauloSão CarlosSPBrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Universidade Federal da São João del-ReiDivinópolisMGBrazilUniversidade Federal da São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Ganss C, Glanz A, Glanz T, Schlueter N, Ruf S. Red fluorescence of plaque in the dentition-a comparison of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D) images and conventional images of disclosed plaque. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Vila-Blanco N, Freire V, Balsa-Castro C, Tomás I, Carreira MJ. DenTiUS Plaque, a Web-Based Application for the Quantification of Bacterial Plaque: Development and Usability Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e18570. [PMID: 32663148 PMCID: PMC7499169 DOI: 10.2196/18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the dentistry field, the analysis of dental plaque is vital because it is the main etiological factor in the 2 most prevalent oral diseases: caries and periodontitis. In most of the papers published in the dental literature, the quantification of dental plaque is carried out using traditional, non-automated, and time-consuming indices. Therefore, the development of an automated plaque quantification tool would be of great value to clinicians and researchers. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a web-based tool called DenTiUS and various clinical indices to evaluate dental plaque levels using image analysis techniques. METHODS The tool was executed as a web-based application to facilitate its use by researchers. Expert users are free to define experiments, including images from either a single patient (to observe an individual plaque growth pattern) or several patients (to perform a group characterization) at a particular moment or over time. A novel approach for detecting visible plaque has been developed as well as a new concept known as nonvisible plaque. This new term implies the classification of the remaining dental area into 3 subregions according to the risk of accumulating plaque in the near future. New metrics have also been created to describe visible and nonvisible plaque levels. RESULTS The system generates results tables of the quantitative analysis with absolute averages obtained in each image (indices about visible plaque) and relative measurements (indices about visible and nonvisible plaque) relating to the reference moment. The clinical indices that can be calculated are the following: plaque index of an area per intensity (API index, a value between 0 and 100), area growth index (growth rate of plaque per unit of time in hours; percentage area/hour), and area time index (the time in days needed to achieve a plaque area of 100% concerning the initial area at the same moment). Images and graphics can be obtained for a moment from a patient in addition to a full report presenting all the processing data. Dentistry experts evaluated the DenTiUS Plaque software through a usability test, with the best-scoring questions those related to the workflow efficiency, value of the online help, attractiveness of the user interface, and overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The DenTiUS Plaque software allows automatic, reliable, and repeatable quantification of dental plaque levels, providing information about area, intensity, and growth pattern. Dentistry experts recognized that this software is suitable for quantification of dental plaque levels. Consequently, its application in the analysis of plaque evolution patterns associated with different oral conditions, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of various oral hygiene measures, can represent an improvement in the clinical setting and the methodological quality of research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Vila-Blanco
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vicente Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsa-Castro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialities, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Tomás
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialities, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Carreira
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías Intelixentes, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kim IH, Kim Y, Choi J, Ku JK. The novel application of quantitative light-induced fluorescence to oral mucosal necrosis: A case report with histologic findings. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Klaus K, Glanz T, Glanz AG, Ganss C, Ruf S. Comparison of Quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) images and images of disclosed plaque for planimetric quantification of dental plaque in multibracket appliance patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4478. [PMID: 32161288 PMCID: PMC7066241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present cross-sectional clinical study was to check the ability of plaque detection and quantification by QLF-D against conventional digital photographs of disclosed plaque in multibracket appliance (MB) patients. 20 patients were included according to the following criteria: (1) upper and lower jaw treated by MB appliance, (2) patients being 16 years of age or older, (3) all central and lateral incisors as well as canines in situ, (4) absence of developmental defects, carious lesions, surface fillings, prosthetic restorations or recessions greater than 1/3 of root length in central/lateral incisors and canines as well as (5) declaration of consent. QLF-D and conventional photographs were analyzed planimetrically regarding plaque coverage on buccal and oral surfaces of central/lateral incisors and canines. The conventional photographs of stained plaque served as gold standard. On average, in QLF-D pictures 20.7% ± 17.4 of the tooth surfaces were covered with plaque, while the conventional photographs of disclosed plaque presented a mean plaque-covered area of 36.2% ± 23.5. The Bland-Altman plot for both imaging modalities showed a very large inconsistent scattering with both negative and positive deviations. The method discrepancy increased with increasing plaque coverage, thus indicating a systematic method error. On average, the deviation of the methods from the optimal line of accordance was -15.5%. In patients wearing MB appliances, there was no clinical significant agreement regarding the plaque-covered tooth surface depicted by QLF-D respectively conventional images of disclosed plaque. Due to the large method discrepancy, QLF-D is currently not reliable for precise plaque quantification in MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klaus
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Glanz
- Private Practice, Lüdenscheid, Germany (Dr. Arndt Himmen, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Str. 24, 58511, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Alexander Georg Glanz
- Private Orthodontic Practice, Zweibrücken, Germany (Dr. Michael Wagner, Poststr. 5, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Carolina Ganss
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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Oh HY, Choi ES, Choi EM, Noh HJ. Inter-rater agreement among multiple examiners for the assessment of plaque scores between quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital and two-tone disclosing solution-stained digital images. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:277-281. [PMID: 31600575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To utilize plaque scoring indices as objective measures, a certain standard of intra-rater and inter-rater agreement must be met. Achievement of high consistency among several examiners in the assessment of images from Q-ray cam (for quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital imaging) and digital single-lens reflex camera of stained tooth surfaces might enable more efficient undertaking of large epidemiological studies and oral tests. METHODS Second-year dental hygiene students and registered dental hygienists 40 examiners were randomly selected, all of whom provided informed consent. Multiple examiners assessed plaque scoring indices from the two types of images of the same 30 patients. The images were observed on a computer monitor, and the area with dental plaque was assessed using the Patient Hygiene Performance Index. The intra-class correlation coefficient was determined to evaluate the agreement among examiners and test methods for dental plaque Q-ray cam and digital single-lens reflex camera measurements were compared using a Bland-Altman plot. The intra-class correlation coefficient was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the exploratory graph was analyzed with MedCalc. RESULTS Agreement among 40 examiners was excellent with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.990 when the Q-ray cam was used. The intra-class correlation coefficient for the registered dental hygienists group was 0.987 and that for the dental hygiene students group was 0.980. CONCLUSIONS The study was high agreement in the assessment of Q-ray cam images and digital single-lens reflex camera images of stained dental plaque by multiple examiners, confirming that the two methods are validated both independently and with high mutual agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Oh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Suwon Science College, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Choi
- Department of Dental Hygiene, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hie-Jin Noh
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea.
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