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Kachari M, Adarsha MS, Meena N, Kumari A, Sudhanva ME, Vijayalakshmi L. Assessment of different irrigation techniques on the penetration depth of different sealers into dentinal tubules by confocal laser scanning microscope: An in vitro comparative study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:388-392. [PMID: 38779208 PMCID: PMC11108416 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_335_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background The effective disinfection of the entire root canal system aids in the penetration of irrigants into the dentinal tubules further improving sealer penetration and achieving a three-dimensional seal in endodontically treated teeth. Various final irrigation techniques can be employed to achieve this goal. Therefore, this study intended to assess and compare the efficacy of three final irrigation techniques on the depth of penetration of two root canal sealers into dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Methods Forty-eight single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected and decoronated to a length of 12 mm. All the samples were prepared using ProTaper Gold rotary files and divided into three groups: Group 1 - Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI), Group 2 - passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Group 3 - Pro-agitator tip system (PATS). Each group was divided into two subgroups: Subgroup A - AH Plus and Subgroup B - GuttaFlow Bioseal (GFB). Then, sealers were mixed with 0.1% rhodamine B dye and the samples were obturated. All the samples were sectioned at 2 mm and 5 mm from the apex and visualized under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) (10×) for maximum mean penetration depth and percentage of sealer penetration. Statistical analysis was done using the independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance test, followed by Tukey's Post hoc analysis. Results PUI performed better in the apical third, whereas PUI and PATS showed comparable results in the middle third for both depth and percentage of sealer penetration. Among the two sealers, GFB performed better than AH Plus in both the apical and middle third. These values were statistically significant. (P < 0.05). Conclusion Final irrigation activation with PUI or PATS can significantly improve sealer penetration. The average depth of penetration of GFB both at the middle and apical third of the root was significantly superior to AH Plus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kachari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M. S. Adarsha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N. Meena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Kumari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - ME Sudhanva
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - L. Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vokkaligara Sangha Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Wang Y, Lei L, Huang J, Cai Z, Huang X. Sonic-assisted antibacterial photodynamic therapy: a strategy for enhancing lateral canal disinfection. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38166876 PMCID: PMC10762957 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections in lateral canals pose challenges for root canal treatment. This in vitro study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of sonic-assisted methylene blue mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (MB-aPDT) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in infected lateral canals. METHODS Sixty-five premolars infected with E. faecalis in lateral canals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 13) and treated with : (1) 5.25% NaOCl (positive control); (2) Saline (negative control); (3) Sonic-assisted MB-aPDT; (4) 3% NaOCl + MB-aPDT; (5) 3% NaOCl + sonic-assisted MB-aPDT, respectively. The antibacterial efficacy was evaluated by the colony- counting method (CCM) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). RESULTS Both 5.25% NaOCl and the 3% NaOCl + sonic-assisted MB-aPDT exhibited the most effective while comparable antibacterial effects without significant statistical difference (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the antibacterial effect of the 3% NaOCl + MB-aPDT group was significantly higher compared to that of the sonic-assisted MB-aPDT group (P < 0.05). The SEM results demonstrated notable morphological alterations in E. faecalis across all experimental groups, except for the negative control group. CONCLUSION The concentration of NaOCl can be reduced to a safe level while preserving its antibacterial efficacy through the synergism with the sonic-assisted MB-aPDT in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Lishan Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
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Kucher M, Dannemann M, Modler N, Böhm R, Hannig C, Kühne MT. Determination of a Representative and 3D-Printable Root Canal Geometry for Endodontic Investigations and Pre-Clinical Endodontic Training-An Ex Vivo Study. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050133. [PMID: 37232784 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Models of artificial root canals are used in several fields of endodontic investigations and pre-clinical endodontic training. They allow the physical testing of dental treatments, the operating of instruments used and the interaction between these instruments and the tissues. Currently, a large number of different artificial root canal models exist whose geometry is created either on the basis of selected natural root canal systems or to represent individual geometrical properties. Currently, only a few geometric properties such as the root canal curvature or the endodontic working width are taken into consideration when generating these models. To improve the representational capability of the artificial root canal models, the aim of the current study is therefore to generate an artificial root canal based on the statistical evaluation of selected natural root canals. Here, the approach introduced by Kucher for determining the geometry of a root canal model is used, which is based on the measurement and statistical evaluation of the root canal center line's curvatures and their cross-sectional dimensions. Using the example of unbranched distal root canals of mandibular molars (n = 29), an artificial root canal model representing the mean length, curvature, torsion and cross-sectional dimensions of these teeth could be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kucher
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Dannemann
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Institute of Energy and Transport Engineering, Westsächsische Hochschule Zwickau, 08056 Zwickau, Germany
| | - Niels Modler
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Böhm
- Faculty of Engineering, Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, 04277 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Kühne
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Miranda TC, Andrade JFM, Gelfuso GM, Cunha-Filho M, Oliveira LA, Gratieri T. Novel technologies to improve the treatment of endodontic microbial infections: Inputs from a drug delivery perspective. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122794. [PMID: 36870400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic microbial infections are still a challenge for an effective treatment for being biofilm-mediated and very refractory to conventional therapies. Biomechanical preparation and chemical irrigants cannot fully eradicate biofilms due to the anatomic structure of the root canal system. Instruments employed in biomechanical preparation and irrigants solution cannot reach the narrow and deepest portion of root canals, especially the apical thirds. In addition, aside from the dentin surface, biofilms can also infiltrate dentine tubules and periapical tissues, compromising treatment success. Therefore, different technologies have been investigated to achieve a more effective outcome in the control of endodontic infections. However, these technologies continue to face great difficulties in reaching the apical region and eradicating biofilms to avoid the recurrence of infection. Here, we present an overview of the fundamentals of endodontics infections and review technologies currently available for root canal treatment. We discuss them from a drug delivery perspective, highlighting each technology's strength to envision the best use of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamires C Miranda
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Jayanaraian F M Andrade
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Laudimar A Oliveira
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Li Y, Huang S, Huang J, Huang X. An easily achievable strategy to promote the penetration of methylene blue into dentinal tubules. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 41:103237. [PMID: 36496126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One critical issue that impairs the therapeutic effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in root canal disinfection is the insufficient penetration of photosensitizer into dentinal tubules. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the treatments in enhancing photosensitizers' penetrability for aPDT in root canal therapy. METHODS Thirty premolars with a single root canal were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10), using Methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer and treated with different approaches: sonic-assisted diffusing group, ultrasonic-assisted diffusing group and the control without treatment. All specimens were observed by stereomicroscope to measure the penetration depth of MB into dentinal tubules. RESULTS Both sonic and ultrasonic treatments substantially improved the penetrability of MB. The former achieved a deeper penetration depth than the latter did in the same region of root (P<0.05). Regarding the dye penetration depths at different root regions, the control group showed a declining trend from coronal to apical. In contrast, the penetration depths of sonic and ultrasonic-assisted diffusing groups from highest to lowest were middle > coronal > apical (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that both sonic and ultrasonic treatments remarkably promoted MB's penetration depth into dentinal tubules. Maximum penetration was achieved when treated with a sonic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhuang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.
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İnce-Yusufoğlu S, Keskin NB, Uslu G, Helvacioglu-Yigit D. Effect of EDDY and manual dynamic activation techniques on postoperative pain in non-surgical retreatment: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:3. [PMID: 36597145 PMCID: PMC9809104 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During non-surgical retreatment process, the products such as dentin debris, root canal fillings, irrigation solutions, microorganisms and remaining pulp tissues can extrude to the apical area and can cause the postoperative pain and flare-up. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluatethe effect of EDDY and manual dynamic activation (MDA) techniques on postoperative pain (PP) associated with retreatment. METHODS Ninety patients scheduled for retreatment were treated at a single visit. Non-vital mandibular premolar teeth diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups (n = 45) on the basis of the need for additional irrigation activation procedures (EDDY and MDA). The patients' post-treatment pain levels were asked to rate the intensity of their pain on a 10-point numerical rating scale (NRS) at the 12th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd h and 7 days.The data were analyzed using the chi-square and Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for within-group comparisons and Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the groups by time period. RESULTS The difference in postoperative pain intensity between two groups was statistically significant at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference at 7 days. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of gender and analgesic medication intake (p > 0.05). Pain intensity after the treatment was lesser in the MDA groupthanin the EDDY group at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. CONCLUSION This study could lead us to conclude that the two activation systems can be used during endodontic retreatment with no difference at PP 7 days later. However, a comparison of the groups indicated that the EDDY resulted in significantly more PP at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04726670.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen İnce-Yusufoğlu
- grid.449874.20000 0004 0454 9762Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Büşra Keskin
- grid.449874.20000 0004 0454 9762Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Uslu
- Private practice, Idadent Oral and Dental Health Clinic, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Dilek Helvacioglu-Yigit
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Adl A, Razavian A, Eskandari F. The efficacy of EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation, and Ultra X in removing calcium hydroxide from root canals: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:564. [DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study aimed to compare the efficacy of EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation, and Ultra X in removing calcium hydroxide from the artificial grooves in root canal walls.
Methods
The root canals of 50 extracted human maxillary incisors were instrumented by using the ProTaper rotary system up to #F4 (size 40/0.06 ProTaper) and the teeth were split longitudinally. Lateral grooves were created in the apical and coronal parts of one half and the middle part of the other half. Calcium hydroxide paste was applied to the grooves and the root halves were reassembled. After seven days, the calcium hydroxide was removed from the canal by using one of the EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation, and Ultra X devices; one group went without irrigation (control group). The CH remnants in the grooves were scored at 20× magnification. The data were analyzed by using the Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn’s post hoc, and Friedman tests. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
No statistically significant difference existed among the experimental groups at the coronal and middle grooves (P > 0.05). However, Ultra X was significantly more effective than passive ultrasonic irrigation at the apical grooves (P = 0.023).
Conclusion
Within the limitations of this study, Ultra X can be reported to remove the calcium hydroxide from the apical third more efficiently than passive ultrasonic irrigation.
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Nunes IAM, Novais TMG, Garcia PP, Silva WS, Tavarez RRDJ, Rizzi CDC, Carvalho CN, Filho EMM. Antimicrobial action of ozonated water and photodynamic therapy with sonic activation in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. J Clin Exp Dent 2022; 14:e486-e491. [PMID: 35765359 PMCID: PMC9233916 DOI: 10.4317/jced.57909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New protocols are constantly being tested in the search for complete disinfection of root canals without the undesirable effects of sodium hypochlorite. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of ozonated water and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with sonic activation in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Material and Methods Seventy single-rooted canals of human teeth were prepared and contaminated with E. faecalis for 21 days. The teeth were divided into six experimental groups (n=10): ozonized water without (O + S-) and with sonic activation (O + S +); PDT without (PDT + S-) and with sonic activation (PDT + S +); PDT + ozonized water without (PDT + O + S-) and with sonic activation (PDT + O + S +); and two control groups, one positive (n = 5) and one negative (n = 5). Microbial collections were performed before and shortly after treatment, counted in the log of colony-forming units and tested for significant difference between these counts, if any (Student's t-test). The ANOVA two-way test was applied to evaluate whether the Treatment factor (Ozone, PDT and Ozone + PDT) and the Sonic factor (With and without sonic activation) had any effect on microbial reduction. Results In all protocols, there was a significant microbial reduction (p=0.025), whereas in the groups in which sonic activation was used, the microbial reduction was significantly greater (p=0.001). Conclusions The treatments significantly reduced the number of microorganisms in the root canals. Sonic activation helped to increase the microbial reduction in infected root canals. Key words:Endodontics, ozone, photodynamic therapy, enterococcus faecalis.
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Magni E, Jäggi M, Eggmann F, Weiger R, Connert T. Apical pressures generated by several canal irrigation methods: A laboratory study in a maxillary central incisor with an open apex. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1937-1947. [PMID: 34022070 PMCID: PMC8518727 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim A laboratory study to determine the apical pressure generated by seven canal irrigation methods in an anterior tooth with an open apex. Methodology Canal irrigation was performed on a 3D‐printed central maxillary incisor with an open apex (maximum diameter of 2.1 mm). Ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI), sonic activation (EDDY), negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac), the self‐adjusting file (SAF) and the XP‐endo Finisher were employed at tooth length (TL), TL—1 mm, TL—2 mm and TL—3 mm. UAI was tested at three intensity levels additionally. Hydrodynamic irrigation with RinsEndo was performed in the pulp chamber, at the canal orifice, the coronal third, the middle of the canal and at TL. Er:YAG laser activation, at four frequency settings, was performed in the pulp chamber and at the orifice of the canal. The pressure of the fluid towards the canal terminus generated by activation was directly transferred to a pressure sensor with a range of 0 to 120 mmHg and a response time of ≤0.5 ms. The critical threshold for apical extrusion of the irrigant was set at 5.73 mmHg (lower limit of the central venous pressure: 5.88 ± 0.15 mmHg). Each experiment was repeated ten times. The tests were followed by descriptive analyses (maximum, mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval). Results EndoVac, the SAF, the XP‐endo Finisher, and UAI never exceeded the critical threshold at any insertion depth or intensity level. Er:YAG laser activation exceeded the critical threshold exclusively at frequency settings that varied from the manufacturer's recommendation. EDDY at TL and RinsEndo at any insertion depth exceeded the critical threshold in 100% of the measurements. EDDY at TL—1,—2, and—3 mm crossed the critical threshold in 30%, 10%, and 20% of the measurements, respectively. Conclusions In a simulated maxillary central incisor with an open apex, irrigation with EndoVac, Er:YAG laser activation, UAI, the SAF, and the XP‐endo Finisher generated apical pressures below the critical threshold of 5.73 mmHg. By contrast, using EDDY and RinsEndo for irrigation produced higher apical pressures that exceeded the critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Magni
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Jäggi
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florin Eggmann
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Weiger
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Connert
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine UZB, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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