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Muangsawat S, Chaiyosang P, Sinkanarak P, Sukted J, Thanyasrisung P, Matangkasombut O. Effects of efflux pumps on antifungal activity of chitosan against Candida albicans. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2357976. [PMID: 38813525 PMCID: PMC11133954 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2357976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antifungal resistance is a major problem, commonly caused by drug-efflux pump overexpression. To evaluate if chitosan could be effective in drug-resistant Candida infections, we investigated the effects of efflux pumps on antifungal activity of chitosan. Materials and Methods The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of oligomer (7-9 kD) and polymer (900-1,000 kD) chitosan against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans were evaluated by broth and agar dilution methods. The MFCs of S. cerevisiae with single deletion of efflux pump genes, with deletion of seven efflux pumps (AD∆), and AD∆ overexpressing C. albicans efflux pump genes (CDR1, CDR2 and MDR1) were determined. C. albicans with homozygous deletions of CDR1 and of CDR2 were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 system and tested for chitosan susceptibility. Results While deleting any individual efflux pump genes had no effect on chitosan susceptibility, simultaneous deletion of multiple pumps (in AD∆) increased sensitivity to both types of chitosan. Interestingly, the overexpression of CDR1, CDR2 or MDR1 in AD∆ barely affected its sensitivity. Moreover, C. albicans with homozygous deletions of CDR1 and/or CDR2 showed similar sensitivity to wildtype. Conclusion Thus, C. albicans susceptibility to chitosan was not affected by drug-efflux pumps. Chitosan may be a promising antifungal agent against pump-overexpressing azole-resistant C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureeporn Muangsawat
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Program on Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Patrawee Sinkanarak
- DDS Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Sukted
- Graduate Program in Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panida Thanyasrisung
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shafiq NE, Mahdee AF, Mohammed Hasan ZY. Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Cultivated in Baghdad: Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential against Endodontic Pathogens. ScientificWorldJournal 2024; 2024:6658164. [PMID: 38450244 PMCID: PMC10917486 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6658164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plant preparations to clean and disinfect root canal infection is gaining popularity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive composition of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera plants cultivated in Iraq (specifically Baghdad) and their antimicrobial activity against selected root canal pathogens for potential application in endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. Moringa leaf extracts were prepared either through cold maceration or warm digestion techniques to perform an ethanolic or aqueous extraction, respectively. Phytochemical detection was performed before thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure flavonoids and phenolic compounds within both extracts. Then, their antimicrobial activities were investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and agar well diffusion assay in comparison to NaOCl and Ca(OH)2. Results. Phytochemical screening showed several active ingredients but with higher expression of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also, different types of these compounds were detected through TLC and quantified by HPLC. MIC values for ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were 60, 65, and 55, respectively, while for aqueous extract, MIC values were 70, 80, and 50, respectively. Aqueous extract showed a higher inhibition zone than ethanolic extract for both Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials except with NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 in Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed a higher inhibition zone against Candida albicans, with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials. Conclusion. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in Baghdad contain considerable quantities of phytochemicals, especially flavonoid and phenolic compounds, and demonstrated antimicrobial activities against selected endodontic pathogens. Therefore, Moringa leaf extracts could be suggested as an alternative antimicrobial material in endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada E. Shafiq
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anas F. Mahdee
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Teja KV, Janani K, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D, Natoli V, Di Blasio M, Cicciu M, Minervini G. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:849. [PMID: 37951871 PMCID: PMC10638705 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to compare the synergistic antibacterial efficacy of different combinations of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The current study included four hundred extracted human permanent mandibular premolar teeth. After complete chemo-mechanical preparation, the middle third of the root was sectioned using a rotary diamond disc and a total of 400 samples were obtained. The specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. After that, specimens were divided into five groups (n = 80) based on materials used for the disinfection of samples: Group I, calcium hydroxide alone; Group II, calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gel; Group III, calcium hydroxide + 2% chitosan gel; Group IV, calcium hydroxide + 0.02% silver nanoparticle gel; Group V, calcium hydroxide + Bioactive glass S53P4. Dentin shavings from the apical third were obtained from the inner third of dentin were obtained using gates glidden no.1 to the apical depth, followed by no.2, 3, 4 and 5 analyzed for E. faecalis using the culture method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis, followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple comparisons of means to check the difference in bacterial inhibition between the groups. RESULTS ANOVA results revealed a significant reduction of bacterial counts in all the groups compared (p < 0.001). Intergroup comparison showed maximum bacterial reduction (p < 0.001) with calcium hydroxide + bioactive glass S53P4 compared with other groups. CONCLUSION Synergistic effect of calcium hydroxide showed better bacterial reduction compared to calcium hydroxide alone. Among the combinations evaluated, calcium hydroxide with bioactive glass, found to be most effective compared to other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Krishnamchari Janani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kumar Chandan Srivastava
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, 72345, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deepti Shrivastava
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, 72345, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Valentino Natoli
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Center of Dentistry, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Macro Cicciu
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80121, Naples, Italy
- Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences Saveetha University, Saavetha Dental College, Chennai, India
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Wassel M, Radwan M, Elghazawy R. Direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine gel, double antibiotic paste and chitosan- chlorhexidine nanoparticles as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in primary molars: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:296. [PMID: 37542254 PMCID: PMC10401786 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thorough disinfection of root canals in primary molars may be complicated by the complex root canal morphology. This in-vitro study aimed to compare direct and residual antimicrobial effect of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, 500 mg/ml double antibiotic paste (DAP) and chitosan-chlorhexidine nanoparticles (CS-CHX NPs) as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) in primary molars. METHODS Mesial roots of 63 mandibular second primary molars were infected with E. faecalis and C. albicans. Teeth were divided into 9 groups: Ia: (CS-CHX NPs), IIa: (CHX), IIIa: (DAP), IVa: chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 3 days, groups Ib: (CS-CHX NPs), IIb: CHX, IIIb: (DAP), IVb: (CSNPs) in which medicaments were placed for 7 days, and Group V (control): teeth were infected, irrigated with saline, and sampled 3- and 7-days post-infection. Microbiological samples were obtained after infection, 3, and 7 days after medicament placement and 7 days after medicament removal for both time points. One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and paired t-test were used at p < 0.05. RESULTS CS-CHX NPs had the highest anticandidal effect which was comparable to CHX and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at both time points. CS-CHX NPs had the highest effect against E. faecalis which was comparable to DAP and significantly higher than other medicaments (p < 0.001) at 3 days. All medicaments showed similar effect against E. faecalis after 7 days. The 7-days placement significantly increased the antimicrobial effect against both micro-organisms in all groups, except CS-CHX NPs which showed an insignificant increase. CS-CHX NPs showed the highest residual effect against both micro-organisms that increased with 7-days placement. CONCLUSION CSNPs and CHX combination showed a synergistic effect against both micro-organisms. CS-CHX NPs displayed a higher effect at a shorter period compared to other medicaments, yet its residual effect was higher with 7-days placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Wassel
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Radwan
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Elghazawy
- Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University Cairo, Organization of African Unity St.-Abbasia-Cairo, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
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Thanyasrisung P, Satitviboon W, Howattanapanich S, Matangkasombut O. Antifungal drug resistance in oral Candida isolates from HIV-infected and healthy individuals and efficacy of chitosan as an alternative antifungal agent. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 147:105628. [PMID: 36680835 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate antifungal resistance in oral Candida isolates and the efficacy of chitosan, a natural polymer, against drug-resistant Candida. DESIGN Oral Candida isolates were collected from HIV-infected and healthy individuals in our previous study (n = 66 isolates/group). The minimum-inhibitory-concentration (MIC) of amphotericin-B and fluconazole was determined by Epsilometer test. Minimal-fungicidal-concentration (MFC) of 3 chitosan derivatives: high-molecular-weight chitosan (HMWC, 150-200 kDa), oligomer (7-9 kDa) and polymer (900-1000 kDa) chitosan, were investigated by agar dilution method. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. RESULTS Fluconazole-resistant C. albicans were significantly more prevalent in HIV-infected than in healthy individuals (P = 0.02), while amphotericin-B-resistant C. parapsilosis were more common in healthy individuals (P = 0.03). The majority of Candida isolates were killed by HMWC at ≤ 40 mg/ml, as well as by oligomer and polymer chitosan at ≤ 6 mg/ml. Remarkably, chitosan was effective against most antifungal drug-resistant isolates. CONCLUSIONS Antifungal drug resistance was prevalent among oral C. albicans isolates from HIV-infected individuals. Chitosan could serve as a complementary antifungal agent against drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Thanyasrisung
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
| | - Wuttika Satitviboon
- DDS program, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | | | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand; Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210 Thailand.
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Zhu T, Wu H, Leng D, Qin Z, Li Y, Wu D. Mesoporous Calcium-Silicate Nanoparticles Loaded with Prussian Blue Promotes Enterococcus Faecalis Ferroptosis-Like Death by Regulating Bacterial Redox Pathway ROS/GSH. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:5187-5205. [PMID: 36388876 PMCID: PMC9642366 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s382928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesoporous calcium-silicate nanoparticles (MCSNs) are advanced biomaterials that have been used to control drug delivery for many years. Ultrasmall Prussian blue nanoparticles (UPBNPs) showed high peroxidase and catalase-like activities. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties, mechanism and cytotoxicity of UPBNPs-MCSNs composites synthesized by both as precursors. Methods UPBNPs-MCSNs were prepared and characterized. The antibacterial effect of UPBNPs-MCSNs was evaluated by the MTT assay and CFU counting method, and their biosafety was tested by CCK8. Then explore the antibacterial mechanism, including TEM observation of bacterial morphology, and detection of bacterial ROS, LPO and GSH levels. The antibiofilm activity of UPBNPs-MCSNs was tested by E. faecalis biofilm model in human roots. The roots were pretreated with materials and cultured with E. faecalis, and the survival of E. faecalis on the root canal wall was observed by SEM and CLSM. Results The results showed that UPBNPs-MCSNs had potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. They can aggregate on the dentin surface and significantly inhibit E. faecalis adhesion and colonization. Their antibacterial activity is as effective as NaClO and calcium hydroxide (CH), can significantly prolong the time of bacterial colonization than CH, but have lower cytotoxicity to normal cells. We found that UPBNPs-MCSNs trigger a like classic ferroptosis pathway in bacteria. UPBNPs-MCSNs can induce bacteria to produce ROS and LPO, and reduce GSH level. Moreover, we observed that the metal ions chelator and the antioxidant could block their antibacterial activity. Conclusion These results reveal that UPBNPS-MCSNs have high antibacterial and antibiofilm, and can mediate the bacterial redox pathway ROS/GSH like the classical pathway of ferroptosis, providing a theoretical basis for them to develop into a safe and effective novel root canal disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huili Wu
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Diya Leng
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Qin
- Nanjing Medical University, the First Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daming Wu
- Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Daming Wu, Department of Endodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China, Tel +086 025-69593056, Fax +086 025-86516414, Email
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