In vitro surface and color changes of tooth-colored restorative materials after sport and energy drink cyclic immersions

Beverage-Induced Surface Changes in Biomimetic Dental Resin Composite: AFM and Bacterial Analysis

OBJECTIVE

 Continuous advancements in composite resin materials have revolutionized and expanded its clinical use, improving its physical and mechanical properties. Attaining and retaining surface texture and gloss are crucial for the long-term durability of the composite resin material. This study investigated the supra-nanospherical filler composite material compared with different composite resin materials immersed in different beverages. The study evaluated their surface roughness and subsequent adhesion of bacteria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 A total of 144 specimens were made, using Teflon mold from different composite materials. Eighty-four specimens were used for surface roughness testing, using four different resin composite materials, Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Multichrome (Harvard Dental, Germany), Filtek Z350 XT (3M ESPE, Minnesota, United States), and Palfique LX5 (Tokuyama Dental Corporation, Taitō-Ku, Tokyo, Japan; n = 21). They were further subdivided into three subgroups according to the immersion solution (n = 7) for Monster, Gatorade, and deionized water, which served as the control group. Surface roughness values were tested via atomic force microscopy (AFM). Then, for biofilm testing the bacterial count was performed on the remaining 60 composite specimens from the four tested composite materials (n = 15), that were subdivided randomly based on the immersion solutions into three subgroups (n = 5).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 Data were collected and statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test with Bonferroni's correction (p ≤ 0.05). The intergroup comparison showed a significant difference among different composite materials (p < 0.05), with the Multichrome showing the highest roughness values. Also, there was a significant difference between all composite materials with different beverages, with Palfique LX5 showing the lowest average roughness (Ra) values. All studied materials' average surface roughness, however, remained below the crucial Ra value of 0.2 μm. For the bacterial count, there was a significant difference between different materials in different beverages (p < 0.05), with Z350 XT and Palfique LX5 showing the lowest bacterial count.

CONCLUSION

 Supra-nanospherical composite (Palfique LX5) exhibited better resistance to different beverage challenges regarding surface roughness, while nanohybrid composite (Z350) showed the least bacterial adherence.

In Vitro Kinetic and Thermodynamic Staining Study of Three Energy Drinks on the Restorative Charisma Composite

Aim

The research utilized charisma composite resin, a dental restorative material known for its esthetic properties, with the chemical formula 2,2-bis[p(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy propoxyphenyl)] propane. The primary objective of the study was to examine the overall color change (ΔE*ab) of the charisma resin after it was subjected to three distinct energy drink solutions: Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise, Wild Tiger, and Red Bull. Further we examined the effects of temperature and time on the staining interaction and overall color difference ΔE*ab on the surface of charisma restorative resin generated by three energy drink.

Materials and Methods

A microfilled Charisma Classic composite resin was used in presented comparative study selected. The prepared 144 composite disk samples (subdivided n=48) with random allocation method were used for the three energy drinks to determine the effect of temperature and time over the course of 90 days. A metallic circulator mold was prepared. Every set of 48 specimens in the energy drink was heated in a water bath for 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days at four different temperatures This investigation spanned various time intervals, ranging from 1 to 90 days, and encompassed four temperature levels between 283 and 310 K. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the mean data for color change between the energy drinks, and Tukey's post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons, with a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

The study revealed that the rate of staining was most pronounced in the case of Wild Tiger, while it was comparatively lower for Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise. These findings were established through an examination of the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of surface color changes in micro-hybrid composites treated with the three energy drink solutions.

Conclusions

The observed patterns aligned with the pseudo second-order model. It was observed that the Red Bull drink displayed a negative activation energy, resulting in a slower color change rate with increase in temperature. In contrast, endothermic, spontaneous, and regular staining activity was demonstrated throughout time by Monster Energy Ultra-Sunrise and Wild Tiger.

Can energy drinks affect the surface quality of bioactive restorative materials?

BACKGROUNDS

This study aimed to compare the effects of different energy drinks on the surface roughness, weight loss, and color change of various bioactive restorative materials.

METHODS

Charisma Diamond One, Activa™ BioActive Restorative, Activa™ Presto™ and Equia Forte HT Fil samples were prepared using plastic molds (8 × 2 mm) (n = 10/groups). After polishing, the samples were weighed, their colors were recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIEDE2000 system, and their surface roughness was measured using a profilometer. The samples were immersed in Powerade, Burn, Monster and distilled water for 7 days. After immersion, all the measurements were repeated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann‒Whitney U test (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

All energy drinks roughened the surface of Equia Forte HT Fil (p < 0.05). Powerade and Monster increased the Ra of all materials after 7 days (p < 0.05). Burns affected all materials except the Activa Bioactive (p < 0.05). Significant weight loss was observed in the Equia Forte group after immersion in all the energy drinks, whereas no weight loss was observed in the other groups. According to the color measurements, ΔE00 values were greater in the Burn and Monster groups, except for the Equia Forte HT Fil group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Energy drinks affected bioactive materials to varying degrees. The glass hybrid material was the most affected, and the bioactive restorative materials based on the resin matrix were the least.

Effect of lactoferrin on enamel characteristics of primary and permanent teeth: an in-vitro study

BACKGROUND

Lactoferrin, a glycoprotein naturally found in breast milk, is known for its bactericidal and antiviral properties, as well as its capacity to modulate the immune system; therefore, pediatricians routinely recommend it as dietary support. The objective of this study was to determine how lactoferrin oral suspension could affect the enamel surface characteristics of primary and permanent teeth.

METHODS

This research was conducted on 40 unidentified extracted teeth, including primary and permanent teeth. Experimental teeth were free of cracks or enamel defects, as confirmed by careful examination using a dental operating microscope. The crowns were bisected into 80 specimens and assorted into two groups based on the type of dentition. Group DM included 40 specimens of second deciduous molars, while Group PM contained 40 samples of first premolars. Each of the DM and PM specimens was subsequently split based on the type of dispersion medium into two subgroups: a control subgroup (artificial saliva) and a test subgroup (lactoferrin suspension). The specimens were immersed in lactoferrin suspension for two minutes, then kept in artificial saliva for the rest of the 24 h for 30 successive days. This is a pioneering study about the effect of orally supplemented lactoferrin on teeth; therefore, we examined enamel hardness, ultra-morphology, and mineral contents.

RESULTS

Our findings indicated a highly significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the microhardness of the lactoferrin subgroup in Group DM (second deciduous molars) and a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the microhardness of the lactoferrin subgroup in Group PM (premolars). Calcium weight% was not statistically different (p > 0.05) compared with a significant decline (p < 0.05) in phosphorus weight% in lactoferrin subgroups in both DM and PM groups. The enamel surface of lactoferrin subgroups in both DM and PM groups was demineralized and porous, with the enamel of deciduous teeth being more affected by lactoferrin than permanent teeth.

CONCLUSION

Lactoferrin suspension decreased the microhardness of enamel and both calcium and phosphorus weight percentages. Both dentitions exhibited erosions in the enamel surface, with primary teeth being more affected than the permanent teeth.

Change in surface properties of two different dental resin composites after using various beverages and brushing

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to evaluate the influence of various beverages; with and without brushing; on the surface mechanical properties of two resin composites.

METHODS

A total of 160 disc-shaped specimens were prepared for each of the following dental composites; nanohybrid ormocer (Admira fusion, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) and nanohybrid resin composite (Grandio, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany). The baseline surface hardness and roughness measurements were carried out after 24 h. The composite samples were randomly distributed into one of the two groups; brushing and non-brushing, which were further divided into one of the four subgroups (n = 10); artificial saliva as control, coffee, red wine, and soft drink. In the non-brushing group, the specimens were immersed in the different beverages for five minutes three times daily for 30 days. The same procedure was done for the brushing group, in addition to brushing the specimens for five seconds. The surface hardness and roughness measurements were repeated after 30 days. One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The soft drink had the most deteriorating effect and artificial saliva had the least. The change in surface properties was higher in the brushing subgroups. Grandio exhibited a higher change in surface microhardness while Admira fusion exhibited a higher change in surface roughness.

CONCLUSIONS

The surface properties of both dental resin composites were negatively affected by using beverages and brushing.

Evaluation of the Effect of Electronic Cigarette Devices/Vape on the Color of Dental Ceramics: An In Vitro Investigation

The use of vaping or electronic cigarette devices (ECDs) has recently increased as an alternative to conventional tobacco smoking products. By recording the CIELAB coordinates (L*a*b*) and computing the total color difference (ΔE) values using a spectrophotometer, the effect of ECDs on contemporary aesthetic dental ceramics was investigated in this in-vitro study. A total of seventy-five (N = 75) specimens from five different (n = 15) dental ceramic materials (Pressable ceramics (PEmax); Pressed and layered ceramics (LEmax); Layered zirconia (LZr); Monolithic zirconia (MZr) and Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)) were prepared and exposed to aerosols produced by the ECDs. The color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer at six time intervals (0 = baseline; 250-puff exposures; 500-puff exposures; 750-puff exposures; 1000-puff exposures; 1250-puff exposures; and 1500-puff exposures). By recording L*a*b* and computing total color difference (ΔE) values, the data were processed. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey procedure for pairwise comparisons were used to assess color differences between tested ceramics (p < 0.05). All test materials demonstrated significant color differences (ΔE) after exposure to vaping (p < 0.05). The LZr group displayed noticeably high ΔE values at all the distinct puff exposure intervals, with the highest ΔE value of (13.67) after 1500 puffs. The lowest (ΔE) values were observed in the PFM group after 250 and 500 puffs (0.85 and 0.97, respectively). With the exception of the group PEmax (p = 0.999), all groups produced readings of "ΔE" that indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) at various degrees of puff exposures. ECDs can noticeably alter the color of the dental ceramics affecting the esthetics of the patients. All the materials tested demonstrated significant color changes (ΔE > 3.33) above the clinically acceptable threshold, except for the PFM and PEmax group (ΔE < 3.33) which showed color stability after exposure to the ECDs.