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Li N, Ma H, Wang G, Ma X, Deng J, Yuan S. Efficient extraction and formation mechanism of fulvic acid from lignite: Experimental and DFT studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121650. [PMID: 38968881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the coal-based fulvic acid (FA) yield through the effect of oxidation methods was of great importance. However, the realization of an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the preparation of FA, along with understanding of its formation mechanism, remains imperative. Herein, coal-based FA was prepared by oxidizing lignite with H2O2 and NaOH/KOH. The experimental data showed that ML lignite was pickled with HCl, metal ions such as iron, aluminum, and calcium can be removed, and this lignite is used as raw material, the reaction time was 150 min, the reaction temperature was 50 °C, and the volume ratio of H2O2 (30%) to KOH (3 mol/L) was 1:1, the effect of H2O2 and KOH on FA extraction was the best. The coal-based FA yield could reach 60.49%. The addition of silicone defoaming agent during the experiment resulted in a significant diminished the presence of bubbles and prevent the production of CO2. A decrease in N2 content was detected by GC. The FTIR, XPS, Py-GC/MS and other characterization results showed that FA has more polar functional groups (-COOH, -OH), and it contains more O-CO structure. Consequently, a greater quantity of FA molecules is generated during the reaction process. Moreover, the partial Gibbs free energies during the formation process of coal-based FA were calculated by density-functional theory (DFT). The highest energy required for free radicals was found to be between 1.3 and 1.7 eV. This study would provide theoretical support for exploring the FA formation process and the promotion of lignite humification by adding H2O2 or alkali to lignite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource-Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hang Ma
- R&D Center. Yunnan Yuntianhua CO., LTD, NO.1417 Dian Lake Road, 650228, Kunming, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- R&D Center. Yunnan Yuntianhua CO., LTD, NO.1417 Dian Lake Road, 650228, Kunming, China.
| | - Xunmeng Ma
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource-Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jin Deng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource-Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Shenfu Yuan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource-Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Xin P, Wang S, Xu X, Liu Q, Zhang C. Natural fulvic acids inhibit non-small-cell lung cancer through the COX-2/PGE2/EP4 axis: In silico and in vivo assessments. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17080. [PMID: 37484418 PMCID: PMC10361232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major public health concern with a high incidence worldwide. Coal-derived fulvic acids (FAs) contain functional groups in their chemical structures. Overexpression of cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the PGE2 receptor EP4 subtype (EP4) can have a potential link with the increased tumor incidence and promoted tumor growth and metastasis in NSCLC. This study aimed to assess the biological roles of coal-derived FAs in the growth and development of NSCLC and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods A web-based tool for predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetics (pkCSM) was used to analyze the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of FAs. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were performed to analyze the binding affinities of COX-2 and EP4 to FA. An acute toxicity test and an antitumor study were used to analyze the toxicity and anti-NSCLC effects of FAs. Thirty NSCLC-bearing nude mice were randomly divided into five groups (six mice per group): vehicle control, positive control with 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) 5-fluorouracil, and three treatments with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW FAs. The BW and tumor volume were recorded, and the COX-2, PGE2, and EP4 protein expression were measured and analyzed. Results Using the predictive pkCSM algorithm, we found that FA did not cause developmental toxicity. Molecular simulations revealed that COX-2 and EP4 expression was inhibited by FA. An acute toxicity test conformed that the maximum tolerated FAs dose was >3.0 g/kg BW. The animal study demonstrated that FA treatment significantly downregulated the expression of COX-2, PGE2, and EP4 in NSCLC-bearing mice compared to that in vehicle control mice (p < 0.01). Conclusions Natural FAs may exert anti-NSCLC effects through the COX-2/PGE2/EP4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xin
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shirui Wang
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Caifeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Humic Acid Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shanxi Province, Jinzhong, 030619, China
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Wu C, Lyu A, Shan S. Fulvic Acid Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by Downregulating CCL17/22. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083507. [PMID: 37110740 PMCID: PMC10146253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic factor in atopic dermatitis (AD) is Th2 inflammation, and levels of serum CCL17 and CCL22 are related to severity in AD patients. Fulvic acid (FA) is a kind of natural humic acid with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects. Our experiments demonstrated the therapeutic effect of FA on AD mice and revealed some potential mechanisms. FA was shown to reduce TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 expression in HaCaT cells stimulated by TNF-α and IFN-γ. The inhibitors showed that FA inhibits CCL17 and CCL22 production by deactivating the p38 MAPK and JNK pathways. After 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induction in mice with atopic dermatitis, FA effectively reduced the symptoms and serum levels of CCL17 and CCL22. In conclusion, topical FA attenuated AD via downregulation of CCL17 and CCL22, via inhibition of P38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, and FA is a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Anqi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Shijun Shan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China
- Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Chen Hongduo Academician Workstation, Shaoxing Central Hospital, Shaoxing 312030, China
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Rahmani Barouji S, Saber A, Torbati M, Fazljou SMB, Yari Khosroushahi A. Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine. Galen Med J 2021; 9:e1743. [PMID: 34466583 PMCID: PMC8343599 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine (TM) that developed over the years within various societies consists of medical experimental knowledge and practices, which apply natural methods and compounds for general wellness and healing. Moomiaii as a pale-brown to blackish-brown natural exudate is one of the natural compounds in traditional medicine that has been used over 3000 years in many countries of the world especially in India, China, Russia, Iran, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan. We reviewed all English-language studies about Moomiaii that we accessed them. In traditional medicine, many beneficial activities have been attributed to Moomiaii and to its main constituents, Humic acid and Fulvic acid, which are widely used to prevent and treatment of different diseases. Some modern scientific investigations showed that Moomiaii as a safe dietary supplement can be beneficial in various health complications. Even though the beneficial effects of Moomiaii have been confirmed in traditional and modern medicine, it seems that additional in-vitro/in-vivo studies and comprehensive clinical trials are necessary to explain the whole mechanisms of action and to determine the effective doses in various diseases. We discuss and clarify the claimed health beneficial effects of Moomiaii in some wide-spread diseases regarding its anti-ulcerogenic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antioxidative and anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Rahmani Barouji
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Saber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Torbati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Correspondence to: Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran Telephone Number: +98 41 33363234 Email Address:
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Liang C, Wang QS, Yang X, Zhu D, Sun Y, Niu N, Yao J, Dong BH, Jiang S, Tang LL, Lou J, Yu CJ, Shao Q, Wu MM, Zhang ZR. Homocysteine Causes Endothelial Dysfunction via Inflammatory Factor-Mediated Activation of Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672335. [PMID: 34222246 PMCID: PMC8247579 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes cardiovascular diseases via regulating inflammatory responses. We investigated whether and how the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a recently identified ion channel in endothelial cells, plays a role in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods Cell-attached patch-clamp recording in acute split-open aortic endothelial cells, western blot, confocal imaging, and wire myograph combined with pharmacological approaches were used to determine whether HHcy-mediated inflammatory signaling leads to endothelial dysfunction via stimulating ENaC. Results The data showed that 4 weeks after L-methionine diet the levels of plasma Hcy were significantly increased and the ENaC was dramatically activated in mouse aortic endothelial cells. Administration of benzamil, a specific ENaC blocker, ameliorated L-methionine diet-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) and reversed Hcy-induced increase in ENaC activity. Pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/thromboxane B2 (TXB2), or serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) effectively attenuated both the Hcy-induced activation of endothelial ENaC and impairment of EDR. Our in vitro data showed that both NADPH oxidase inhibitor and an ROS scavenger reversed Hcy-induced increase in COX-2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, Hcy-induced increase in expression levels of SGK-1, phosphorylated-SGK-1, and phosphorylated neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 4-2 (p-Nedd4-2) in HUVECs were significantly blunted by a COX-2 inhibitor. Conclusion We show that Hcy activates endothelial ENaC and subsequently impairs EDR of mouse aorta, via ROS/COX-2-dependent activation of SGK-1/Nedd4-2 signaling. Our study provides a rational that blockade of the endothelial ENaC could be potential method to prevent and/or to treat Hcy-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Na Niu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Bi-Han Dong
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Liang-Liang Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Lou
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University and Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
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A Comprehensive Toxicological Assessment of Fulvic Acid. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8899244. [PMID: 33381216 PMCID: PMC7758121 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8899244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fulvic acid (FA), a humic substance, has several nutraceutical properties, including anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, and immune regulation abilities. However, systematic safety assessment remains insufficient. In the present study, a battery of toxicological studies was conducted per internationally accepted standards to investigate the genotoxicity and repeated-dose oral toxicity of FA. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or ICR mice were used. Compared to the control group, there were no significant changes (all p > 0.05) in all FA treatment groups in the bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test, in vivo sperm shape abnormality assay, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. The acute toxicity test showed that no mortality or toxic effect was observed following oral administration of the maximum dose of 5,000 mg/kg BW/day to mice or rats. A 60-day subchronic study was conducted at 0 (control), 200, 1,000, and 5,000 mg/kg/day. Compared to the control group, there were no significant changes (all p > 0.05) in the body weights, feed consumption, clinical signs, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, or histopathology examinations. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of FA supplementation from the 60-day study was determined to be 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested. Our findings suggest that the oral administration of FA may have higher safety.
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Gnananath K, Nataraj KS, Rao BG, Kumar KP, Mahnashi MH, Anwer MK, Umar A, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA. Exploration of fulvic acid as a functional excipient in line with the regulatory requirement. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109642. [PMID: 32445947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fulvic acid, a humic substance often considered as a geopolymer, extracted from different natural resources like Shilajit, Peat, dissolved organic matters, etc. There are several reports of its pharmacological properties and its potential as pharmaceutical excipients. So, we have devised a project to strengthen its claim as a functional excipient. For the given project, lyophilized sample of a dietary supplement product (an aqueous solution of peat derived Fulvic acid) was used. The selected studies were typical for an excipient development like physicochemical properties, flow properties, compatibility with other excipient and stability studies, non-clinical safety studies (acute toxicity in mice whereas sub-acute toxicity in rats) and some functionality tests. We also suggest its ability to form co-crystal with natural phytochemicals. Our group has already reported its ability to enhance solubility and or bioavailability of different BCS class II drugs. Henceforth, we can propose that Fulvic acid appears a good candidate to be further explored as a functional excipient and should be evaluated as per the remaining recommendations of IPEC, USFDA, and USP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattamanchi Gnananath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 534202, India
| | - Kalakonda Sri Nataraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 534202, India
| | - Battu Ganga Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,AUCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Kolli Prabhanjan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,AUCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Mater H Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Dept of Pharmaceutics, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronics Devcies (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Dept of Pharmaceutics, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Mohd Aamir Mirza
- Dept of Pharmaceutics, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Fadare OO, Wan B, Liu K, Yang Y, Zhao L, Guo LH. Eco-Corona vs Protein Corona: Effects of Humic Substances on Corona Formation and Nanoplastic Particle Toxicity in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8001-8009. [PMID: 32464058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies on the toxicity of nanoplastic particles (NPPs) to aquatic invertebrates, the effects of ecological constituents such as humic substances (HSs) are often neglected. In our study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effects of three HSs, natural organic matter (NOM), fulvic acid (FA), and humic acid (HA), on NPP toxicity and corona formation. Acute toxicities of NPPs were reduced by all HSs at environmentally relevant concentrations. NPPs elicited the upregulation of all genes related to detoxification, oxidative stress, and endocrine activity after 7 days of exposure. The presence of NOM or HA resulted in the mitigation of gene expression, whereas significantly higher upregulation of all of the genes was observed with FA. The presence of FA led to increased protein adsorption on NPPs in D. magna culture medium (eco-corona, EC) and homogenates (protein corona, PC), while there was less adsorption in the presence of HA. The highly abundant proteins identified in EC are involved in immune defense, cell maintenance, and antipredator response, while those in PC are responsible for lipid transport, antioxidant effects, and estrogen mediation. Our findings revealed the key influence of HSs on the toxicity of NPPs and provide an analytical and conceptual foundation for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluniyi O Fadare
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, 168 Xueyuan Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China
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A novel organic mineral complex prevented high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, endotoxemia, liver injury and endothelial dysfunction in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221392. [PMID: 31449541 PMCID: PMC6709910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) has risen 35% since 2012 and over two-thirds of Americans exhibit features characterizing this condition (obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and/or endothelial dysfunction). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel dietary supplemental organic mineral complex (OMC) on these risk factors in a rodent model of MetSyn. Six-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either standard chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) composed of 60% kcal from fat for 10 weeks. Rats were also treated with OMC in their drinking water at either 0 mg/mL (control), 0.6 mg/mL, or 3.0 mg/mL. The HFD-treated rats exhibited significantly increased body mass (p<0.05), epididymal fat pad mass (p<0.001), waist circumference (p = 0.010), in addition to elevations in plasma endotoxins (p<0.001), ALT activity (p<0.001), fasting serum glucose (p = 0.025) and insulin concentrations (p = 0.009). OMC did not affect body weight or adiposity induced by the HFD. At the higher dose OMC significantly blunted HFD-induced hyperglycemia (p = 0.021), whereas both low and high doses of OMC prevented HFD-induced endotoxemia (p = 0.002 and <0.001, respectively) and hepatocyte injury (ALT activity, p<0.01). Despite evidence of oxidative stress (elevated urinary H2O2p = 0.032) in HFD-fed rats, OMC exhibited no demonstrable antioxidative effect. Consistent with prior studies, mesenteric arteries from HFD rats had more uncoupled eNOS (p = 0.006) and iNOS protein expression (p = 0.027) in addition to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation that was abrogated by the high dose of OMC (p<0.05). This effect of OMC may be attributed to the high nitrate content of the supplement. These findings suggest that the OMC supplement, particularly at the higher dose, ameliorated several risk factors associated with MetSyn via a non-antioxidant-dependent mechanism.
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Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:214-277. [PMID: 30071357 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of the frailty index to measure an accumulation of deficits has been proven a valuable method for identifying elderly people at risk for increased vulnerability, disease, injury, and mortality. However, complementary molecular frailty biomarkers or ideally biomarker panels have not yet been identified. We conducted a systematic search to identify biomarker candidates for a frailty biomarker panel. METHODS Gene expression databases were searched (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes including GenAge, AnAge, LongevityMap, CellAge, DrugAge, Digital Aging Atlas) to identify genes regulated in aging, longevity, and age-related diseases with a focus on secreted factors or molecules detectable in body fluids as potential frailty biomarkers. Factors broadly expressed, related to several "hallmark of aging" pathways as well as used or predicted as biomarkers in other disease settings, particularly age-related pathologies, were identified. This set of biomarkers was further expanded according to the expertise and experience of the authors. In the next step, biomarkers were assigned to six "hallmark of aging" pathways, namely (1) inflammation, (2) mitochondria and apoptosis, (3) calcium homeostasis, (4) fibrosis, (5) NMJ (neuromuscular junction) and neurons, (6) cytoskeleton and hormones, or (7) other principles and an extensive literature search was performed for each candidate to explore their potential and priority as frailty biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 44 markers were evaluated in the seven categories listed above, and 19 were awarded a high priority score, 22 identified as medium priority and three were low priority. In each category high and medium priority markers were identified. CONCLUSION Biomarker panels for frailty would be of high value and better than single markers. Based on our search we would propose a core panel of frailty biomarkers consisting of (1) CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10), IL-6 (interleukin 6), CX3CL1 (C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1), (2) GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15), FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), vimentin (VIM), (3) regucalcin (RGN/SMP30), calreticulin, (4) PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase), AGT (angiotensinogen), (5) BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), progranulin (PGRN), (6) α-klotho (KL), FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23), FGF21, leptin (LEP), (7) miRNA (micro Ribonucleic acid) panel (to be further defined), AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase) and KRT18 (keratin 18). An expanded panel would also include (1) pentraxin (PTX3), sVCAM/ICAM (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/Intercellular adhesion molecule 1), defensin α, (2) APP (amyloid beta precursor protein), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), (3) S100B (S100 calcium binding protein B), (4) TGFβ (transforming growth factor beta), PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1), TGM2 (transglutaminase 2), (5) sRAGE (soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end products), HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1), C3/C1Q (complement factor 3/1Q), ST2 (Interleukin 1 receptor like 1), agrin (AGRN), (6) IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), resistin (RETN), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), ghrelin (GHRL), growth hormone (GH), (7) microparticle panel (to be further defined), GpnmB (glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B) and lactoferrin (LTF). We believe that these predicted panels need to be experimentally explored in animal models and frail cohorts in order to ascertain their diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential.
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In vivo investigation of antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects of peat formulations. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2018; 68:373-380. [PMID: 31259694 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects of two formulations containing peat water extracts using a model of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia, combined with a test with a mechanical stimulus, and a hot plate test. Rats were divided into seven groups (n = 6) and received local treatment with two peat formulations and two diclofenac formulations dissolved in carbopol gel and Wolff® basis creme, respectively. Carbopol gel, Wolff® basis creme and 0.9 % NaCl without tested substances were used as controls. Both peat formulations exerted an unambiguous antihyperalgesic effect 60 minutes after the treatment. In the hot plate test, the rats treated with the Wolff® basis creme peat formulation showed a tendency to prolonged latency on the first hour. The results could be explained by partial activation of peripheral α2-adrenoceptors and the possible COX-2 suppressive activity.
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Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:5391014. [PMID: 30276216 PMCID: PMC6151376 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5391014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases like diabetes are on a rise in the Western world. Based on the tsunami of new cases every year, new therapeutic measures must be considered. A promising avenue might involve the attenuation of underlying inflammation through natural health products (NHPs). This is because most NHPs have a rich history in traditional medicine and might be considered safer under appropriate doses and conditions. However, the biggest impediment in NHP research is that rarely do these products come with verified health benefits or dosing schedules established through modern scientific research. Fulvic acid (FvA), one such NHP, comes from humic substances produced by microorganisms in soil. Traditional medicine and modern research claim FvA can modulate the immune system, influence the oxidative state of cells, and improve gastrointestinal function; all of which are hallmarks of diabetes. This minireview outlines the available peer-reviewed research on FvA and examines its anecdotal health claims. We show that although available research has been minimal, there is substantial evidence to pursue FvA research in preventing chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Winkler
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IKBSAS, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Canada
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Tung HC, Hsu SJ, Tsai MH, Lin TY, Hsin IF, Huo TI, Lee FY, Huang HC, Ho HL, Lin HC, Lee SD. Homocysteine deteriorates intrahepatic derangement and portal-systemic collaterals in cirrhotic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:69-86. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
In liver cirrhosis, the altered levels of vasoactive substances, especially endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) lead to elevated intrahepatic resistance, increased portal-systemic collaterals and abnormal intra- and extra-hepatic vascular responsiveness. These derangements aggravate portal hypertension-related complications such as gastro-oesophageal variceal bleeding. Homocysteine, a substance implicated in cardiovascular diseases, has been found with influences on vasoresponsiveness and angiogenesis. However, their relevant effects in liver cirrhosis have not been investigated. In the present study, liver cirrhosis was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in Sprague–Dawley rats. In acute study, the results showed that homocysteine enhanced hepatic vasoconstriction to ET-1 but decreased portal-systemic collateral vasocontractility to arginine vasopressin (AVP). Homocysteine down-regulated hepatic phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (p-eNOS) and p-Akt protein expressions. Inducible NOS (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expressions were up-regulated by homocysteine in splenorenal shunt (SRS), the most prominent intra-abdominal collateral vessel. In chronic study, BDL or thioacetamide (TAA) rats received homocysteine or vehicle for 14 days. The results revealed that homocysteine increased hepatic collagen fibre deposition and fibrotic factors expressions in both BDL- and TAA-induced liver fibrotic rats. Portal-systemic shunting and expressions of mesenteric angiogenetic factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) and p-eNOS] were also increased in BDL rats. In conclusion, homocysteine is harmful to vascular derangements and liver fibrosis in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chun Tung
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hung Tsai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Te-Yueh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Hsin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Ho
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jayasooriya RGPT, Dilshara MG, Kang CH, Lee S, Choi YH, Jeong YK, Kim GY. Fulvic acid promotes extracellular anti-cancer mediators from RAW 264.7 cells, causing to cancer cell death in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:241-248. [PMID: 27177083 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fulvic acid (FA) is known to promote electrochemical balance as a donor or a receptor possessing many biomedical functions. Nevertheless, the effect of FA on the anti-cancer activity has not been elucidated. In the current study, we first isolated FA from humus and investigated whether FA regulates immune-stimulating functions, such as production of nitric oxide (NO), in RAW 264.7 cells. Our data showed that FA slightly enhances cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and secretion of NO from RAW 264.7 cells. It upregulated the protein and mRNA expression of inducible NO synthesis (iNOS). In addition, FA enhanced the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in RAW 264.7 cells; the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) effectively attenuated the expression of FA-stimulated iNOS, suggesting that FA stimulates NF-κB to promote iNOS and NO production. Finally, FA-stimulated culture media (FA-CM) from RAW 264.7 cells were collected and MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cells were cultured in this media. The FA-CM augmented MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis; however, an NO inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (NMMA) slightly inhibited the FA-CM-mediated MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis, which was accompanied by low levels of NO. In the present study, we found that FA induces the generation of NO and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells by inducing NF-κB activation; however, NO did not significantly stimulate MCA-102 fibrosarcoma cell apoptosis in the current study. In addition, FA-CM enhanced cell death in various human cancer cells such as Hep3B, LNCaP, and HL60. Taken together, FA most likely stimulates immune-modulating molecules such as NO and induces cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea; Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resource, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kee Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Lin D, Ma J, Xue Y, Wang Z. Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Preconditioning Provides Cardioprotection in a Rat Model of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138051. [PMID: 26632817 PMCID: PMC4668996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impacts and related mechanisms of penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC) on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. A rat model of myocardial I/R injury was established by the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 3 h perfusion. Before I/R, the rats were pretreated with or without PHC. Cardiac function was measured by echocardiography. The activities/levels of myocardial enzymes, oxidants and antioxidant enzymes were detected. Evans blue/TTC double staining was performed to assess infarct size. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators was detected by ELISA. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression of COX-2, IκB, p-IκB and NF-κB. Meanwhile, the rats were given a single injection of H-PHC before I/R. The effects of PHC on myocardial infarct and cardiac function were investigated after 7 days post-reperfusion. We found that PHC remarkably improved cardiac function, alleviated myocardial injury by decreasing myocardial enzyme levels and attenuated oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, PHC preconditioning significantly reduced infarct size and the apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes. Administration of PHC significantly decreased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2 levels and myocardium COX-2 level. Meanwhile, the expression levels of p-IκB and NF-κB were downregulated, while IκB expression was upregulated. H-PHC also exerted long-term cardioprotection in a rat model of I/R injury by decreasing infarct size and improving cardiac function. These results suggest that PHC can efficiently protect the rats against I/R-induced myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duomao Lin
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanyan Xue
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Wang
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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