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Ziemah J, Ullrich MS, Kuhnert N. Antibacterial Activity Potential of Industrial Food Production Waste Extracts against Pathogenic Bacteria: Comparative Analysis and Characterization. Foods 2024; 13:1902. [PMID: 38928843 PMCID: PMC11203380 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Food and Agricultural Organization estimates a 17% loss in the food production chain, making it imperative to adopt scientific and technological approaches to address this issue for sustainability. Industrial food production waste and its value-added applications, particularly in relation to a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms and the health-related effects have not been thoroughly investigated. This study explores the potential of food production waste extracts-lemon peel (LP), hot trub (HT), and coffee silverskin (CSS) as sources of bioactive compounds. Extraction was conducted using hydro-methanolic extraction with yields in LP (482 mg/1 g) > HT (332 mg/1 g) > CSS (20 mg/1 g). The agar diffusion assay revealed the substantial antibacterial activity of all three extracts against Erwinia Amylovora, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus aquimaris. All extracts demonstrated activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, displaying minimum inhibitory concentrations effective against pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella enterica. Total phenolic content (TPC in mg GAE/1g) was 100, 20, and 100 for CSS, HT, and LP, respectively. Antioxidant activity by ABTS indicated IC50 of 3.09, 13.09, and 2.61 for LP, HT, and CSS, respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was further confirmed by DPPH assay with the best activity in CSS (9.84 GAEg-1) and LP (9.77 mg of GAEg-1) rather than in HT (1.45 GAEg-1). No adverse cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells were observed. Pancreatic amylase inhibition demonstrated antidiabetic potential, with LP showing the highest levels (92%). LC-MS characterization identified polyphenols as the main compounds in CSS, prenylated compounds in HT, and flavanols in LP. The findings imply the potential sustainable use of food production waste in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- School of Science, Constructor University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany; (J.Z.); (M.S.U.)
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Mahendrarajan V, Lazarus H, Easwaran N. Quorum quenching mediated biofilm impediment in Chromobacterium violaceum and Staphylococcus aureus by leaf extracts of Delonix elata. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31898. [PMID: 38882294 PMCID: PMC11177153 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that cause systemic infections, resistance development and delay in healing wounds. Biofilms can form in various parts of the human body, such as the teeth, lungs, urinary tract, and wounds. Biofilm complicates the effects of antibiotics in treating infections. In search of a cure, a plant-based phyto component was selected for this investigation as an anti-quorum-mediated biofilm restricting agent in Gram-negative Chromobacterium violaceum and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The bioactive components in Delonix elata (DE) ethyl acetate extract were identified using Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The extract was examined for toxicity using 3T3 cell lines and brine shrimp and ascertained to be non-toxic. Violacein was inhibited up to 68.81 % in C. violaceum at 0.6 mg/ml concentration. Hemolysin synthesis impediments in C. violaceum and S. aureus were 80 % and 51.35 %, respectively, at 0.6 mg/ml of DE extract. At 0.6 mg/ml, EPS was abated by up to 49 % in C. violaceum and 35.26 % in S. aureus. DE extract prevented biofilm formation in C. violaceum and S. aureus up to 76.45 % and 58.15 %, respectively, while associated eDNA was suppressed up to 67.50 % and 53.47 % at the respective sub-MIC concentrations. Expression of genes such as cviI, cviR, vioA, vioB, and vioE were dramatically reduced in C. violaceum, while genes such as agrA, sarA, fnbA, and fnbB were significantly reduced in S. aureus. Docking demonstrates that two or more DE molecules bind efficiently to the QS receptors of C. violaceum and S. aureus. Thus, DE extract can be investigated for therapeutic purposes against pathogenic microorganisms by rendering them less virulent through quorum quenching mediated action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan Mahendrarajan
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
| | - Huldah Lazarus
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
| | - Nalini Easwaran
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tiruvalam Road, Katpadi, India
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Boonpisuttinant K, Srisuttee R, Yen Khong H, Chutoprapat R, Ruksiriwanich W, Udompong S, Chompoo W, Boonbai R, Rakkaew R, Sangsee J, Sriprasert K, Malilas W. In vitro anti-ageing activities of ethanolic extracts from Pink rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) for skin applications. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:535-546. [PMID: 37063444 PMCID: PMC10102410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing is characterized by features such as wrinkles, loss of elasticity, laxity, rough-textured appearance, melasma and freckles. Several researches have focused for preventing, and treating skin ageing by many natural ingredients. This study aimed to assess the anti-ageing activities for anti-skin ageing of the ethanolic extracts of Pink rambutan (PR) (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) from leaves (L), branches (B), seeds (S), and peels from ripe (R) and young (Y) fruits. The extraction yields of all Pink Rambutan (PR) extracted by the Maceration (M) and the Soxhlet extraction (Sox) using 95% ethanol as a solvent, ranged from 10.62% to 30.63%. Flavonoids were found as the main phytochemicals in almost all the PR extracts. The PR-Y-M and PR-Y-Sox extracts gave the highest total phenolic contents by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay of 67.60 ± 4.38 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid contents by the modified aluminum chloride colorimetric assay of 678.72 ± 23.59 mgQE/g, respectively. The PR-L-M extracts showed the highest three anti-oxidative activities; the free radical scavenging (SC50 of 0.320 ± 0.070 mg/mL), the lipid peroxidation inhibition (LC50 of 0.274 ± 0.029 mg/mL), and the metal chelation activity (MC50 of 0.203 ± 0.021 mg/mL). All the PR extracts at 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on B16F10 cells, and human skin fibroblasts, respectively. Likewise, the PR-R-Sox extract exhibited the highest anti-melanogenesis on B16F10 cells (52.7 ± 0.9%) and, the mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 of 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/mL), which was significantly comparable to kojic acid (p < 0.05). The PR-Y-Sox extract showed the collagen biosynthesis by the Sirius Red method, and the stimulation of anti-ageing genes (Sirt1 and Foxo1) on human skin fibroblasts by the RT-PCR method, which were similar to standards ʟ-ascorbic acid and resveratrol, respectively. This study suggests that the PR-R-Sox and PR-Y-Sox extracts can be further developed as natural anti-ageing agents for whitening and anti-wrinkle in the cosmetics, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korawinwich Boonpisuttinant
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Ratakorn Srisuttee
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Heng Yen Khong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sarawak Branch, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Romchat Chutoprapat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Sarinporn Udompong
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Wirinda Chompoo
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Rattiya Boonbai
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Rattikarl Rakkaew
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Jinapa Sangsee
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Ketsani Sriprasert
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai Wisdom Research Unit, Faculty of Integrative Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12130, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Malilas
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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de Oliveira TE, Greatti VR, Sorrechia R, Pietro RCLR. Antimicrobial activity: potential of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) against bacterial and fungal species. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36099168 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Plants have been used as medicines for centuries to treat human diseases. Studies with plants are extremely important for the development of future drugs that can benefit the human population.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. With the emergence of pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents, there is an urgent need to direct research towards the discovery of new antimicrobials.Aim. In this study, Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae) was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.Methodology. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the MIC using the 96-well plate microdilution technique of ethanolic, hexanic and dicloromethanic extracts of dried S. purpurea leaves against bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) method. To evaluate the safety of extracts, a cytotoxicity study against HaCat, J774 and HepG2 cells was performed.Results. The extracts had no activity against the bacteria at the maximum concentration of 5.0 mg ml-1, but showed fungistatic action against Candida species and dermatophytes. The ethanolic extract showed 88 % antioxidant activity and showed no significant cytotoxicity against the previously mentioned cells.Conclusion. This study showed that the 100 % ethanolic (EtOH) extract was favourable for antifungal and antioxidant activities and did not present significant cytotoxicity against the three studied cell lines, indicating that S. purpurea leaves are promising for the development of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Emboaba de Oliveira
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, CEP 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Raquel Greatti
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, CEP 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sorrechia
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, CEP 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire C L R Pietro
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, CEP 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Chutoprapat R, Malilas W, Rakkaew R, Udompong S, Boonpisuttinant K. Collagen biosynthesis stimulation and anti-melanogenesis of bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranea) extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:1023-1031. [PMID: 32997567 PMCID: PMC7586725 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1822419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bambara groundnut (BG), originally from Africa, is widely distributed in Asian countries, especially in southern Thailand, and is used for food and functional foods. There is no report on the use of BG for ethnomedicine or cosmetics. OBJECTIVE To investigate collagen biosynthesis stimulation and anti-melanogenesis of the BG extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hulls (H) and seeds (S) of BG were collected from Trang province, Thailand and extracted by Soxhlet (S) and maceration (M) using ethanol, and boiled with distilled-water (B). Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were quantified. The three antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities were determined by DPPH, FIC and FTC; and the modified dopachrome methods, respectively. The collagen biosynthesis and the anti-melanogenesis activities were investigated by Sirius-Red and the melanin content assay. RESULTS The yields of BG extracts ranged from 1.72% to 9.06%. The BG-SS extract gave the highest TPC and TFC. The BG-HM extract showed the highest antioxidant activities (SC50 of 0.87 ± 0.02 mg/mL, MC50 of 1.83 ± 0.09 mg/mL and LC50 of 0.70 ± 0.06 mg/mL), tyrosinase inhibition activity (IC50 of 0.45 ± 0.23 mg/mL), and anti-melanogenesis activities (72.9 ± 0.08%), whereas the BG-SB extract exhibited the highest stimulation of collagen biosynthesis (18.04 ± 0.03%). All BG extracts at 0.1 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblasts. DISCUSSION The biological activities of BG extracts might be from their phytochemicals, especially phenolic and flavonoid contents. CONCLUSION The BG-HB and BG-HM extracts might be promising novel active sources for anti-aging and whitening cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romchat Chutoprapat
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Waraporn Malilas
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Rattikarl Rakkaew
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai wisdom (INPTW), Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sarinporn Udompong
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai wisdom (INPTW), Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Korawinwich Boonpisuttinant
- Innovative Natural Products from Thai wisdom (INPTW), Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Anonye BO, Nweke V, Furner-Pardoe J, Gabrilska R, Rafiq A, Ukachukwu F, Bruce J, Lee C, Unnikrishnan M, Rumbaugh KP, Snyder LAS, Harrison F. The safety profile of Bald's eyesalve for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17513. [PMID: 33060666 PMCID: PMC7562736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance has prompted the development of alternatives to combat bacterial infections. Bald's eyesalve, a remedy used in the Early Medieval period, has previously been shown to have efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus in in vitro and in vivo models of chronic wounds. However, the safety profile of Bald's eyesalve has not yet been demonstrated, and this is vital before testing in humans. Here, we determined the safety potential of Bald's eyesalve using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models representative of skin or eye infections. We also confirmed that Bald's eyesalve is active against an important eye pathogen, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Low levels of cytotoxicity were observed in eyesalve-treated cell lines representative of skin and immune cells. Results from a bovine corneal opacity and permeability test demonstrated slight irritation to the cornea that resolved within 10 min. The slug mucosal irritation assay revealed that a low level of mucus was secreted by slugs indicating moderate mucosal irritation. We obtained promising results from mouse wound closure experiments; no visible signs of irritation or inflammation were observed. Our results suggest that Bald's eyesalve could be tested further on human volunteers to assess safety for topical application against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing O Anonye
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Valentine Nweke
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Jessica Furner-Pardoe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca Gabrilska
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Afshan Rafiq
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Faith Ukachukwu
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Julie Bruce
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Christina Lee
- School of English and Centre for the Study of the Viking Age, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Meera Unnikrishnan
- Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kendra P Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA
| | - Lori A S Snyder
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy, and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Freya Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Omwenga EO, Hensel A, Shitandi A, Goycoolea FM. Chitosan nanoencapsulation of flavonoids enhances their quorum sensing and biofilm formation inhibitory activities against an E.coli Top 10 biosensor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:125-133. [PMID: 29413589 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals have been found to be promising alternatives to conventional antibiotic therapies for the control of bacterial infections, as they may entail less selective pressure and hence reduce the development of resistance. This study involved examining the inhibition of biofilm formation and of quorum sensing (QS), and the cytotoxicity on mammalian cells of two flavonoids, quercetin and baicalein, in free form and associated into chitosan-based nanocapsules. This was done by use of a transformed E. coli Top 10 biosensor strain, while the cytotoxicity was evaluated on MDCK-C7 cells. In free form, application both flavonoids exhibited slight inhibitory activity on the QS response and biofilm formation, a scenario that was improved positively upon encapsulation with chitosan (Mw ∼115,000 g/mol and DA ∼42%). The association efficiency of 99% (quercetin) and 87% (baicalein) was determined, and each formulation had an average diameter of 190 ± 4 and 187 ± 2 nm, and zeta (ζ) potential of +48.1 ± 2.03 and +48.4 ± 3.46 mV, respectively. Both types of systems were stable against aggregation in M9 and MEM media. The in vitro release kinetics data of both flavonoids seemed to be similar with only ∼20% released over the first 5 h, or ∼10% over the first 4 h, respectively, with subsequent sudden release increase up to ∼40% in both cases. The free phytochemicals seemed to be cytotoxic to MDCK-C7 cells at higher doses, however, upon nanoencapsulation, a cytoprotective effect was evidenced. We have gained proof-of-principle of the advantages of encapsulation of two bioactive flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Omwenga
- Kisii University, School of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 408-40200, Kisii, Kenya; University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Biology, Nanobiotechnology Group, Schlossgarten 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - A Hensel
- University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - A Shitandi
- Kisii University, Faculty of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 408, 40200, Kisii, Kenya
| | - F M Goycoolea
- University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Biology, Nanobiotechnology Group, Schlossgarten 3, 48149, Münster, Germany; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS16 7PA, United Kingdom.
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Leme DEM, Rodrigues AB, de Almeida-Apolonio AA, Dantas FGDS, Negri MFN, Svidzinski TIE, Mota JDS, Cardoso CAL, de Oliveira KMP. In Vitro Control of Uropathogenic Microorganisms with the Ethanolic Extract from the Leaves of Cochlospermum regium (Schrank) Pilger. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:4687154. [PMID: 29375642 PMCID: PMC5742460 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4687154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The roots of Cochlospermum regium, popularly known as "algodãozinho-do-cerrado," are used for the treatment of genitourinary infections. However, the removal of their subterranean structures results in the death of the plant, and the use of the leaves becomes a viable alternative. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of Cochlospermum regium leaf's ethanolic extract and its action on the biofilm formation of microorganisms associated with urinary infection were evaluated. The total phenolic compounds, flavoids, and tannins were quantified using the reagents Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and vanillin, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method and the effect of the extract in the biofilm treatment was measured by the drop plate method. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the method based on the reduction of MTS and the mutagenicity by the Ames test. The ethanolic extract of C. regium leaves presented 87.4 mg/EQ of flavonoids, 167.2 mg/EAG of total phenolic compounds, and 21.7 mg/ECA of condensed tannins. It presented reduction of the biofilm formation for E. coli and C. tropicalis and antimicrobial action of 1 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The extract showed no cytotoxicity and mutagenicity at the concentrations tested. This study demonstrated that C. regium leaves are a viable option for the treatment of genitourinary infections and for the species preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ellen Meireles Leme
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Allan Belarmino Rodrigues
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonas da Silva Mota
- Course of Chemistry, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Antiquorum sensing, antibiofilm formation and cytotoxicity activity of commonly used medicinal plants by inhabitants of Borabu sub-county, Nyamira County, Kenya. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185722. [PMID: 29091715 PMCID: PMC5665492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Productions of various bacterial traits like production of virulence factors (e.g. toxins, enzymes), biofilm formation, luminescence among others, have been known to be controlled by quorum sensing (QS), a process that is dependent on chemical signals or autoinducers (AIs). Bacteria known to rely on such AIs are known to be virulent and tend to be resistant against various antimicrobial agents. Therefore, strategies aimed at the inhibition of QS pathways, are regarded as potential novel therapies in managing bacterial virulence hence reducing their ability to induce infections in humans. In the present study, a portfolio of 25 medicinal plant extracts (ethanol 50% v/v) used in southwestern Kenya were assayed against a transformed E. coli Top 10 reporter QS strain. This biosensor responds to the exogenous addition of 3-oxo-N-hexanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC6HSL) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The large majority of the screened medicinal plants seemed to exhibit toxic effects and almost none of them induced antiquorum sensing (AQS) activity. This could be the consequence of the presence of mixed compounds in the extracts. Elaeodendron buchananii Loes and Acacia gerrardii Benth extracts that seemed to show AQS activity were further proved found to possess mild AQS but with defined antimicrobial activities, and no antibiofilm formation inhibition. As a control, an E. coli pBCA9145_jtk2828::sfGFP strain that produces constitutively GFP was used and confirmed that none of the two extracts quenched the fluorescence of sfGFP. Cytotoxicity assays with mammalian MDCK cells also did indicate that the selected extracts with putative AQS activity, also reduced the cell viability. Therefore, further studies will be needed to separate and re-test the individual compounds especially from the selected two promising plants.
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Hakeem Said I, Rezk A, Hussain I, Grimbs A, Shrestha A, Schepker H, Brix K, Ullrich MS, Kuhnert N. Metabolome Comparison of Bioactive and Inactive Rhododendron Extracts and Identification of an Antibacterial Cannabinoid(s) from Rhododendron collettianum. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2017; 28:454-464. [PMID: 28612345 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The science of metabolomics offers the possibility to measure full secondary plant metabolomes with limited experimental effort to allow identification of metabolome differences using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a bioinformatics driven hypothesis generator for identification of biologically active compounds in plant crude extracts, which is validated by activity guided fractionation. METHODOLOGY Crude extracts of Rhododendron leaves were tested for their antibacterial activity using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Extracts were profiled by LC-MS. PCA and PLS-DA were used for differentiation of bioactive and inactive extracts and their metabolites. Preparative-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used for separation and structure elucidation of pure compound(s) respectively. RESULTS An antibacterial Rhododendron collettianum was compared to a series of inactive extracts. Three metabolites were found to distinguish R. collettianum from other species indicating the ability of PCA and PLS-DA to suggest potential bioactive substances. An activity-guided fractionation of R. collettianum extracts was carried out and cannabiorcichromenic acid (CCA) was identified as antibacterial compound thereby validating the PCA and PLS-DA generated hypothesis. Four mammalian cell lines were used to estimate possible cytotoxicity of CCA. CONCLUSION It was shown that bioinformatics tools facilitate early stage identification of a biologically active compound(s) using LC-MS data, which reduce complexity and number of separation steps in bioactive screening. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inamullah Hakeem Said
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Rezk
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ishtiaq Hussain
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Grimbs
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Abhinandan Shrestha
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schepker
- Stiftung Bremer Rhododendronpark, Deliusweg 40, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias S Ullrich
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, 28759, Bremen, Germany
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Comparison of the polyphenolic profile and antibacterial activity of the leaves, fruits and flowers of Rhododendron ambiguum and Rhododendron cinnabarinum. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:297. [PMID: 28728600 PMCID: PMC5520227 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhododendron species have been traditionally used in countries like China, Nepal, Russia and North America for treating human diseases. These species are known to be a good source of polyphenolic plant secondary plant metabolites. They are known to have beneficial health properties for humans and have been used to treat diseases like asthma, skin diseases. In this contribution we investigate the phenolic profile and antibacterial activity of extracts from several plant organs including for the first time from leaves of different development stages. Methods In this study, the polyphenolic profile of fruits, flowers and leaves of different ages of Rhododendron ambiguum and Rhododendron cinnabarinum were studied by using HPLC–MS and compounds identified based on high resolution masses and identity of tandem mass spectra, UV/VIS spectra and retention times if compared to standards. Results Fifty-nine different polyphenols including isomers were identified in these species by their fragmentation pattern and high resolution data. Also, the antibacterial activity of these parts (leaves, fruits and flowers) against gram-positive bacteria was studied. Conclusion The leaves and fruits contained more polyphenols than the flowers. With the exception of flowers, the fruits and leaves of both species were also determined to have a significant antibacterial effect against four gram-positive bacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2601-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Grimbs A, Shrestha A, Rezk ASD, Grimbs S, Hakeem Said I, Schepker H, Hütt MT, Albach DC, Brix K, Kuhnert N, Ullrich MS. Bioactivity in Rhododendron: A Systemic Analysis of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities and Their Phylogenetic and Phytochemical Origins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:551. [PMID: 28450876 PMCID: PMC5390042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional diversity of the genus Rhododendron has a strong potential for identification, characterization, and production of bioactive lead compounds for health purposes. A particularly relevant field of application is the search for new antibiotics. Here, we present a comparative analysis of nearly 90 Rhododendron species targeted toward the search for such candidate substances. Through a combination of phytochemical profiles with antimicrobial susceptibility and cytotoxicity, complemented by phylogenetic analyses, we identify seven potentially antimicrobial active but non-cytotoxic compounds in terms of mass-to-charge ratios and retention times. Exemplary bioactivity-guided fractionation for a promising Rhododendron species experimentally supports in fact one of these candidate lead compounds. By combining categorical correlation analysis with Boolean operations, we have been able to investigate the origin of bioactive effects in further detail. Intriguingly, we discovered clear indications of systems effects (synergistic interactions and functional redundancies of compounds) in the manifestation of antimicrobial activities in this plant genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grimbs
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Abhinandan Shrestha
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Ahmed S. D. Rezk
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Sergio Grimbs
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc-Thorsten Hütt
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Dirk C. Albach
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
| | - Matthias S. Ullrich
- Department for Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University BremenBremen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias S. Ullrich
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