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Gomes AFR, Almeida MC, Sousa E, Resende DISP. Siderophores and metallophores: Metal complexation weapons to fight environmental pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173044. [PMID: 38723971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are small molecules of organic nature, released by bacteria to chelate iron from the surrounding environment and subsequently incorporate it into the cytoplasm. In addition to iron, these secondary metabolites can complex with a wide variety of metals, which is why they are commonly studied in the environment. Heavy metals can be very toxic when present in large amounts on the planet, affecting public health and all living organisms. The pollution caused by these toxic metals is increasing, and therefore it is urgent to find practical, sustainable, and economical solutions for remediation. One of the strategies is siderophore-assisted bioremediation, an innovative and advantageous alternative for various environmental applications. This research highlights the various uses of siderophores and metallophores in the environment, underscoring their significance to ecosystems. The study delves into the utilization of siderophores and metallophores in both marine and terrestrial settings (e.g. bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion), such as bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion, providing context for the different instances outlined in the existing literature and highlighting their relevance in each field. The study delves into the structures and types of siderophores focusing on their singular characteristics for each application and methodologies used. Focusing on recent developments over the last two decades, the opportunities and challenges associated with siderophores and metallophores applications in the environment were mapped to arm researchers in the fight against environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F R Gomes
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mariana C Almeida
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I S P Resende
- LQOF - Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Gomes AF, Sousa E, Resende DISP. A Practical Toolkit for the Detection, Isolation, Quantification, and Characterization of Siderophores and Metallophores in Microorganisms. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26863-26877. [PMID: 38947835 PMCID: PMC11209696 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are well-recognized low-molecular-weight compounds produced by numerous microorganisms to acquire iron from the surrounding environments. These secondary metabolites can form complexes with other metals besides iron, forming soluble metallophores; because of that, they are widely investigated in either the medicinal or environmental field. One of the bottlenecks of siderophore research is related to the identification of new siderophores from microbial sources. Herein we have compiled a comprehensive range of standard and updated methodologies that have been developed over the past few years to provide a comprehensive toolbox in this area to current researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F.
R. Gomes
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I. S. P. Resende
- LQOF
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica,
Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Passari AK, Ruiz-Villafán B, Cruz-Bautista R, Díaz-Domínguez V, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sanchez S. Opportunities and challenges of microbial siderophores in the medical field. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6751-6759. [PMID: 37755507 PMCID: PMC10589192 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites that function as iron chelators. Under iron-deficiency conditions, they are produced by a wide variety of microbes, allowing them to increase their iron uptake. The primary function of these compounds is the environmental iron scavenging and its transport into the cytosol. Iron is then reduced to its ferrous form to operate as an enzymatic cofactor for various functions, including respiration, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, methanogenesis, and amino acid synthesis. Depending on their functional group, siderophores are classified into hydroxamate, catecholate, phenolate, carboxylate, and mixed types. They have achieved great importance in recent years due to their medical applications as antimicrobial, antimalarial, or anticancer drugs, vaccines, and drug-delivery agents. This review integrates current advances in specific healthcare applications of microbial siderophores, delineating new opportunities and challenges as viable therapies to fight against diseases that represent crucial public health problems in the medical field.Key points• Siderophores are low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites functioning as iron chelators.• The siderophore's properties offer viable options to face diverse clinical problems.• Siderophores are alternatives for the enhancement of antibiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Passari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Ruiz-Villafán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Cruz-Bautista
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valerie Díaz-Domínguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Khan A, Singh P, Chaudhary A, Haque R, Singh P, Mishra AK, Sarkar A, Srivastava A. Induction of Iron Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines by Siderophore of Aspergillus nidulans Towards Promising Anticancer Effect. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:3594-3607. [PMID: 34705190 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and needs efficient and feasible approach of treatment. Present study focuses on exploring the anticancer activity of a secondary metabolite called siderophore of Aspergillus nidulans against hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. These small peptides are produced by microorganisms including fungi for scavenging iron from its surroundings. Fungi including Aspergillus spp. are known to produce siderophores under iron-limited conditions. Siderophores have high affinity towards iron and are classified into various types. In the present study, siderophore isolated and purified from fungal cultures was confirmed to be of hydroxamate type by chrome azurol sulfonate and Atkin's assay. HPLC analysis confirmed purity while LC-ESI-MS revealed that the siderophore is triacetyl fusigen. Cancerous cells, HepG2, grown under siderophore treatment showed inhibition in growth and proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Reduction in viability and metabolic activity was evident upon treatment as seen in trypan blue, MTT and WST assay. Fluorescent staining using PI and DAPI confirmed the same while DCFDA staining revealed increased reactive oxygen species production which might have led to cell death and deterioration. Such increase in ROS has been correlated with iron accumulation by assessing intracellular iron level through ICP-MS. To assess the effect of siderophore treatment on normal cells, WRL-68, same assays were carried out but the effect was mostly non-significant up to 48 h. Thus, present work suggests that an optimum dose of siderophore purified from A. nidulans culture might prove a useful anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmi Khan
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Pratika Singh
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Archana Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Microbial Genetics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Amrita Srivastava
- Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India.
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Pita-Grisanti V, Chasser K, Sobol T, Cruz-Monserrate Z. Understanding the Potential and Risk of Bacterial Siderophores in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:867271. [PMID: 35785195 PMCID: PMC9248441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.867271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelating molecules produced by nearly all organisms, most notably by bacteria, to efficiently sequester the limited iron that is available in the environment. Siderophores are an essential component of mammalian iron homeostasis and the ongoing interspecies competition for iron. Bacteria produce a broad repertoire of siderophores with a canonical role in iron chelation and the capacity to perform versatile functions such as interacting with other microbes and the host immune system. Siderophores are a vast area of untapped potential in the field of cancer research because cancer cells demand increased iron concentrations to sustain rapid proliferation. Studies investigating siderophores as therapeutics in cancer generally focused on the role of a few siderophores as iron chelators; however, these studies are limited and some show conflicting results. Moreover, siderophores are biologically conserved, structurally diverse molecules that perform additional functions related to iron chelation. Siderophores also have a role in inflammation due to their iron acquisition and chelation properties. These diverse functions may contribute to both risks and benefits as therapeutic agents in cancer. The potential of siderophore-mediated iron and bacterial modulation to be used in the treatment of cancer warrants further investigation. This review discusses the wide range of bacterial siderophore functions and their utilization in cancer treatment to further expand their functional relevance in cancer detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kaylin Chasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Trevor Sobol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center–Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate,
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6
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Soares EV. Perspective on the biotechnological production of bacterial siderophores and their use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022. [PMID: 35672469 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element in several fundamental cellular processes. Although present in high amounts in the Earth's crust, Fe can be a scarce element due to its low bioavailability. To mitigate Fe limitation, microorganism (bacteria and fungi) and grass plant biosynthesis and secret secondary metabolites, called siderophores, with capacity to chelate Fe(III) with high affinity and selectivity. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge concerning the production of siderophores by bacteria. The main siderophore types and corresponding siderophore-producing bacteria are summarized. A concise outline of siderophore biosynthesis, secretion and regulation is given. Important aspects to be taken into account in the selection of a siderophore-producing bacterium, such as biological safety, complexing properties of the siderophores and amount of siderophores produced are summarized and discussed. An overview containing recent scientific advances on culture medium formulation and cultural conditions that influence the production of siderophores by bacteria is critically presented. The recovery, purification and processing of siderophores are outlined. Potential applications of siderophores in different sectors including agriculture, environment, biosensors and the medical field are sketched. Finally, future trends regarding the production and use of siderophores are discussed. KEY POINTS : • An overview of siderophore production by bacteria is critically presented • Scientific advances on factors that influence siderophores production are discussed • Potential applications of siderophores, in different fields, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga-Guimaraes, Portugal.
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7
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Soares EV. Perspective on the biotechnological production of bacterial siderophores and their use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3985-4004. [PMID: 35672469 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential element in several fundamental cellular processes. Although present in high amounts in the Earth's crust, Fe can be a scarce element due to its low bioavailability. To mitigate Fe limitation, microorganism (bacteria and fungi) and grass plant biosynthesis and secret secondary metabolites, called siderophores, with capacity to chelate Fe(III) with high affinity and selectivity. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge concerning the production of siderophores by bacteria. The main siderophore types and corresponding siderophore-producing bacteria are summarized. A concise outline of siderophore biosynthesis, secretion and regulation is given. Important aspects to be taken into account in the selection of a siderophore-producing bacterium, such as biological safety, complexing properties of the siderophores and amount of siderophores produced are summarized and discussed. An overview containing recent scientific advances on culture medium formulation and cultural conditions that influence the production of siderophores by bacteria is critically presented. The recovery, purification and processing of siderophores are outlined. Potential applications of siderophores in different sectors including agriculture, environment, biosensors and the medical field are sketched. Finally, future trends regarding the production and use of siderophores are discussed. KEY POINTS : • An overview of siderophore production by bacteria is critically presented • Scientific advances on factors that influence siderophores production are discussed • Potential applications of siderophores, in different fields, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015, Porto, Portugal. .,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga-Guimaraes, Portugal.
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Khasheii B, Mahmoodi P, Mohammadzadeh A. Siderophores: Importance in bacterial pathogenesis and applications in medicine and industry. Microbiol Res 2021; 250:126790. [PMID: 34098495 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all microorganisms. Siderophores are low-weight, high-affinity iron chelating molecules produced in response to iron deficiency by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which also known as essential virulence factors of bacteria. Several studies have indicated that defective production and/or function of these molecules as well as iron acquisition systems in pathogens are associated with a reduction in pathogenicity of bacteria. Because of their potential role in various biological pathways, siderophores have been received special attention as secondary metabolites. Siderophores can detect iron levels in a variety of environments with a biosensor function. In medicine, siderophores are used to deliver antibiotics (Trojan horse strategy) to resistant bacteria and to treat diseases such as cancer and malaria. In this review, we discuss the iron acquisition pathways in Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, importance of siderophore production in pathogenesis of bacteria, classification of siderophores, and main applications of siderophores in medicine and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Khasheii
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Swayambhu G, Bruno M, Gulick AM, Pfeifer BA. Siderophore natural products as pharmaceutical agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:242-251. [PMID: 33640597 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Siderophore natural products are characterized by an ability to tightly chelate metals. The origins of such compounds are often pathogenic microbes utilizing siderophores as virulence factors during host infection. The mechanism for siderophore formation typically involves the activity of nonribosomal peptide synthetases producing compounds across functional group classifications that include catecholate, phenolate, hydroxamate, and mixed categories. Though siderophore production has been a hallmark of pathogenicity, the evolutionarily-optimized binding abilities of siderophores suggest the possibility of re-directing the compounds towards alternative beneficial applications. In this mini-review, we will first describe siderophore formation origins before discussing alternative applications as pharmaceutical products. In so doing, we will cover examples and applications that include reducing metal overload, targeted antibiotic delivery, cancer treatment, vaccine development, and diagnostics. Included in this analysis will be a discussion on the native production hosts of siderophores and prospects for improvement in compound access through the adoption of heterologous biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Swayambhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael Bruno
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Andrew M Gulick
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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Schneider Y, Jenssen M, Isaksson J, Hansen KØ, Andersen JH, Hansen EH. Bioactivity of Serratiochelin A, a Siderophore Isolated from a Co-Culture of Serratia sp. and Shewanella sp. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071042. [PMID: 32674317 PMCID: PMC7409175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are compounds with high affinity for ferric iron. Bacteria produce these compounds to acquire iron in iron-limiting conditions. Iron is one of the most abundant metals on earth, and its presence is necessary for many vital life processes. Bacteria from the genus Serratia contribute to the iron respiration in their environments, and previously several siderophores have been isolated from this genus. As part of our ongoing search for medicinally relevant compounds produced by marine microbes, a co-culture of a Shewanella sp. isolate and a Serratia sp. isolate, grown in iron-limited conditions, was investigated, and the rare siderophore serratiochelin A (1) was isolated with high yields. Compound 1 has previously been isolated exclusively from Serratia sp., and to our knowledge, there is no bioactivity data available for this siderophore to date. During the isolation process, we observed the degradation product serratiochelin C (2) after exposure to formic acid. Both 1 and 2 were verified by 1-D and 2-D NMR and high-resolution MS/MS. Here, we present the isolation of 1 from an iron-depleted co-culture of Shewanella sp. and Serratia sp., its proposed mechanism of degradation into 2, and the chemical and biological characterization of both compounds. The effects of 1 and 2 on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells were evaluated, as well as their effect on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis. While 2 did not show bioactivity in the given assays, 1 inhibited the growth of the eukaryotic cells and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Schneider
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (M.J.); Tel.: +47-7764-9267 (Y.S.); +47-7764-9275 (M.J.)
| | - Marte Jenssen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (M.J.); Tel.: +47-7764-9267 (Y.S.); +47-7764-9275 (M.J.)
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Kine Østnes Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Jeanette Hammer Andersen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Espen H. Hansen
- Marbio, Faculty for Fisheries, Biosciences and Economy, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; (K.Ø.H.); (J.H.A.); (E.H.H.)
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Dan VM, J S V, C J S, Sanawar R, Lekshmi A, Kumar RA, Santhosh Kumar TR, Marelli UK, Dastager SG, Pillai MR. Molecular Networking and Whole-Genome Analysis Aid Discovery of an Angucycline That Inactivates mTORC1/C2 and Induces Programmed Cell Death. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:780-788. [PMID: 32058690 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rediscovery of known compounds and time consumed in identification, especially high molecular weight compounds with complex structure, have let down interest in drug discovery. In this study, whole-genome analysis of microbe and Global Natural Products Social (GNPS) molecular networking helped in initial understanding of possible compounds produced by the microbe. Genome data revealed 10 biosythethic gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites with anticancer potential. NMR analysis of the pure compound revealed the presence of a four-ringed benz[a]anthracene, thus confirming angucycline; molecular networking further confirmed production of this class of compounds. The type II polyketide synthase gene identified in the microbial genome was matched with the urdamycin cluster by BLAST analysis. This information led to ease in identification of urdamycin E and a novel natural derivative, urdamycin V, purified from Streptomyces sp. OA293. Urdamycin E (Urd E) induced apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cell lines. Urd E exerted anticancer action through inactivation of the mTOR complex by preventing phosphorylation at Ser 2448 and Ser 2481 of mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. Significant reduction in phosphorylation of the major downstream regulators of both mTORC1 (p70s6k and 4e-bp1) and mTORC2 (Akt) were observed, thus further confirming complete inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Urd E presents itself as a novel mTOR inhibitor that employs a novel mechanism in mTOR pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vinodh J S
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- NCIM Resource Centre, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandesh C J
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Sanawar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Lekshmi
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R. Ajay Kumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - T. R. Santhosh Kumar
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Uday Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Syed G. Dastager
- NCIM Resource Centre, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. Radhakrishna Pillai
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Saha P, Yeoh BS, Xiao X, Golonka RM, Kumarasamy S, Vijay-Kumar M. Enterobactin, an iron chelating bacterial siderophore, arrests cancer cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:71-81. [PMID: 31228465 PMCID: PMC6733644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological functions, including being a cofactor for enzymes involved in cell proliferation. In line, it has been shown that cancer cells can perturb their iron metabolism towards retaining an abundant iron supply for growth and survival. Accordingly, it has been suggested that iron deprivation through the use of iron chelators could attenuate cancer progression. While they have exhibited anti-tumor properties in vitro, the current therapeutic iron chelators are inadequate due to their low efficacy. Therefore, we investigated whether the bacterial catecholate-type siderophore, enterobactin (Ent), could be used as a potent anti-cancer agent given its strong iron chelation property. We demonstrated that iron-free Ent can exert cytotoxic effects specifically towards monocyte-related tumor cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1), but not primary cells, i.e. bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), through two mechanisms. First, we observed that RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells preserve a bountiful intracellular labile iron pool (LIP), whose homeostasis can be disrupted by Ent. This may be due, in part, to the lower levels of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2; an Ent-binding protein) in these cell lines, whereas the higher levels of Lcn2 in BMDMs could prevent Ent from hindering their LIP. Secondly, we observed that Ent could dose-dependently impede reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the mitochondria. Such disruption in LIP balance and mitochondrial function may in turn promote cancer cell apoptosis. Collectively, our study highlights Ent as an anti-cancer siderophore, which can be exploited as an unique agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sivarajan Kumarasamy
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Gokarn K, Pal RB. Activity of siderophores against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:61-75. [PMID: 29386910 PMCID: PMC5765970 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s148602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by drug-resistant bacteria are life-threatening. As iron is a vital element for the growth of bacteria, iron-chelating agents (siderophores) can be used to arrest their multiplication. Exogenous siderophores - exochelin-MS and deferoxamine-B - were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and metallo-β-lactamase producers - Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii - by disc diffusion, micro-broth dilution, and turbidimetric growth assays. The drug-resistant isolates were inhibited by the synergistic activity of siderophores and antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration of exochelin-MS+ampicillin for different isolates was between 0.05 and 0.5 mg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration of deferoxamine-B+ampicillin was 1.0 mg/mL and greater. Iron-chelation therapy could provide a complementary approach to overcome drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Gokarn
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Medical Research Society
- Caius Research Laboratory, St Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramprasad B Pal
- Department of Microbiology, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Medical Research Society
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14
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Gokarn K, Pal RB. Preliminary evaluation of anti-tuberculosis potential of siderophores against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by mycobacteria growth indicator tube-drug sensitivity test. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:161. [PMID: 28327117 PMCID: PMC5361708 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Alternative treatment strategies have become essential in overcoming the problem of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In this preliminary in vitro study, the anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) activity of exogenous iron chelators (xenosiderophores) such as Exochelin-MS (Exo-MS) and Deferoxamine-B (DFO-B) was evaluated against ten multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and seven pyrazinamide-resistant (PZAR) Mtb isolates. Methods Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube-Drug Susceptibility Test was used to assess the anti-TB effect of Exo-MS or DFO-B individually and their combinations with isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF) and pyrazinamide (PZA). Results For the MDR-Mtb isolates, Exo-MS alone inhibited two out of the five isolates tested. Whereas, DFO-B alone inhibited nine out of the ten MDR isolates tested. For PZA-resistant Mtb isolates, both Exo-MS and DFO-B individually inhibited five out of the seven isolates. The MIC of Exo-MS in combination with INH, RIF and PZA remained the same. The MIC of DFO-B decreased when tested in combination with INH, RIF and PZA. Conclusions Exo-MS and DFO-B were shown to have activity against drug-resistant Mtb isolates. Therefore, these xenosiderophores may be useful adjuncts to antibiotics in overcoming the problem of drug-resistant Mtb in clinical setting.
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