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Han K, Yoo JE, Kim JE, Kwon O, Kim AR, Park HJ, Jung SY, Kim M, Yang C, Cho JH, Lee JH. Beneficial effect of Gyejibokryeong-hwan on climacteric syndrome with blood stasis pattern: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial. Integr Med Res 2023; 12:100951. [PMID: 37187679 PMCID: PMC10176163 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gyejibokryeong-hwan (GBH), a herbal mixture that is widely used for climacteric syndrome, is studied for its efficacy; however, no study evaluated the GBH indication, which is a blood-stasis pattern based on traditional Chinese medicine theory. Methods This is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical pilot trial. Fifty subjects with climacteric syndrome were recruited and randomly assigned to GBH group or placebo group. Subjects were administered GBH or placebo granules for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of observation period. For the primary outcome, the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was evaluated. For the secondary outcomes, quality of life, degrees of abdominal resistance and tenderness, blood-stasis pattern questionnaire and degree of upward movement of Qi were evaluated. Results After 4-week intervention, the mean change of total MRS score significantly decreased in the GBH group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.037). The quality of life related to physical health (p = 0.008) and blood-stasis pattern (p = 0.018) significantly improved in the GBH group but not in the placebo group. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence of the feasibility of recruiting subjects with GBH indications and show that GBH may have clinical efficacy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, especially urogenital symptoms, without any significant adverse events. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS identifier: KCT0002170).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsun Han
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Laon Integrative Medicine Research Center, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ojin Kwon
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ae-Ran Kim
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Ju Park
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So-Young Jung
- Clinical Research Coordinating Team, R&D Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Changsop Yang
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Korean Medicine Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Campus of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, South Korea
- Corresponding author at: Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, South Korea.
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Kobayashi K, Tang YT, Sasaki K. Paeoniflorin, a constituent of Kami-shoyo-san, suppresses blood glucose levels in postmenopausal diabetic mice by promoting the secretion of estradiol from adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101335. [PMID: 36510583 PMCID: PMC9734273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian functional deterioration in women with climacteric disorders increases the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, we revealed that paeoniflorin (PF), an ingredient of paeony root (PR), which is a constituent of Kami-shoyo-san (KS), promotes glucose uptake by increasing estradiol secretion from adipocytes. Adipocytes differentiated from 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in culture medium containing the extracts of KS, PR, KS excluding PR (KS-PR), or PF for 5 d at 37 °C and 5% CO2. The estradiol and glucose concentrations in the medium were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Next, PF (1 or 10 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into ovariectomized mice (12-week-old, ICR strain) once daily for 19 d to perform the glucose tolerance test and determine blood estradiol and adiponectin levels. The release of estradiol from 3T3-L1 adipocytes was significantly increased by KS, PR, KS-PR, and PF, and the increased estradiol level caused by KS was significantly decreased by excluding PF from KS (KS-PR). Glucose concentration in the medium was significantly decreased by KS and PF. In in vivo experiments, the 10 mg/kg PF-treated group showed significantly suppressed blood glucose levels at 0 and 30 min after d-glucose loading by intraperitoneal injection. These findings indicate that KS, which includes PR-containing PF as the main ingredient, may have the potential to prevent T2D caused by ovarian dysfunction in menopausal women by increasing estradiol secretion from adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Kobayashi
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-Chome, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan.
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Kubota S, Yamamoto Y, Kimura K. A Chinese Medicine, Tokishakuyakusan, Increases Bovine Oviductal Tonus <i>via</i> G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1133-1141. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kubota
- Department of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | - Koji Kimura
- Department of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
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Fang K, Murakami Y, Kanda S, Shimono T, Dang AT, Ono M, Nishiyama T. Unkeito Suppresses RANKL-Mediated Osteoclastogenesis via the Blimp1-Bcl6 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways and Enhancing Osteoclast Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147814. [PMID: 35887169 PMCID: PMC9323376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease, particularly in menopausal women. Herein, we screened four Kampo medicines (Unkeito (UKT), Kamishoyosan (KSS), Kamikihito (KKT), and Ninjinyoeito (NYT)), frequently used to treat menopausal syndromes, for their effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW 264 cells. Considering that UKT exhibited the most potent effect, we examined its effect on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, the induction of osteoclast apoptosis, and the mechanisms underlying its effects. UKT inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in the early stage and decreases osteoclast-related genes, including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (Trap), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (Dcstamp), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Mmp9), and cathepsin K (Ctsk). Specifically, UKT inhibits the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), which is essential for osteoclastogenesis. UKT increases Bcl6, which antagonizes NFATc1 and Dc-stamp, thereby blocking the progression of osteoclasts to maturation. UKT also decreased nuclear translocation by downregulating the activity of p65/NF-κB. In addition, UKT enhances mononuclear osteoclast apoptosis via activation of caspase-3. Herein, we demonstrate that UKT suppresses RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via the Blimp1–Bcl6 and NF-κB signaling pathways and enhances mononuclear osteoclast apoptosis. Furthermore, UKT prevents bone loss in OVX mice. Thus, UKT might be a potential therapeutic agent for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (T.N.)
- Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (T.N.)
- Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-804-2403
| | - Takaki Shimono
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (T.N.)
- Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Anh Tuan Dang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (A.T.D.); (M.O.)
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (A.T.D.); (M.O.)
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Implantology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan; (K.F.); (Y.M.); (T.S.); (T.N.)
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Tanaka K, Chiba K, Nara K. A Review on the Mechanism and Application of Keishibukuryogan. Front Nutr 2022; 8:760918. [PMID: 35004802 PMCID: PMC8740291 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "blood stasis" - called yū xiě in Chinese, Oketsu in Japanese - is one of the unique pathophysiology of traditional medicine that originated in China and inherited in Korea and Japan. This concept is related to the multiple aspects of hemodynamic disorders brought on by quantitative and qualitative changes. It theorizes that the quantitative changes of "blood stasis" are related to peripheral circulatory insufficiency. When chronic qualitative changes of "blood stasis" produce stagnant blood that turns into a pathological product, it could cause inflammation and lead to organic changes. Trauma induced hematomas, that are considered to be a quantitative change of blood, are also a form of blood stasis. The basic medicine research on Keishibukuryogan (KBG)-a Japanese name in Traditional Japanese Medicine (Kampo) for one of the most common anti- "blood stasis" prescriptions, also known as gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan (GFW) in Chinese in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)-indicated that the initiation of quantitative changes was closely related to loss of redox balances on endothelial function induced by oxidative stress. The following qualitative changes were related to coagulopathy, hyper viscosity; anti-platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism; a regulation of systemic leptin level and/or lipid metabolism, inflammatory factor; cyclooxygenase-1,2 (COX-1, 2), interleukin-6, 8 tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage infiltration, hyperplasia, tissue fibrosis and sclerosis caused by transforming growth factor-β1 and fibronectin, the dysfunction of regulated cell deaths, such as, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and ovarian hormone imbalance. Clinically, KBG was often used for diseases related to Obstetrics and Gynecology, Endocrine Metabolism, Rheumatology and Dermatology. In this review, we give an overview of the mechanism and its current clinical application of KBG through a summary of the basic and clinical research and discuss future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tanaka
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Chiba
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nara
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Egashira N, Goto Y, Iba H, Kawanaka R, Takahashi R, Taniguchi C, Watanabe T, Kubota K, Katsurabayashi S, Iwasaki K. Kamishoyosan potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep in socially isolated, ovariectomized mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114585. [PMID: 34464703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sleep disorders are among the most common symptoms in both peri- and post-menopausal women. Kamishoyosan (KSS) is a Kampo medicine prescribed for the treatment of sleep disorders in menopausal women in Japan. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we developed a new animal model of menopausal sleep disorders by inducing social isolation stress in ovariectomized mice. Using pentobarbital-induced sleeping time as an index, we aimed to investigate the effects of KSS and involvement of the benzodiazepine receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old, female ddY mice were ovariectomized or subjected to a sham operation (control) and housed in social isolation or groups for 9 weeks. The animals were divided into four groups, group-housed sham-operated, isolated sham-operated, group-housed ovariectomized, and socially isolated ovariectomized. Pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Sleeping time was considered the period between the loss of righting reflex and its return (up to 180 min). KSS was administered orally (p.o.) 60 min before the test. Diazepam and flumazenil were administered i.p. 30 and 45 min before the test, respectively. On the day after administration, the mice were euthanized, and their uteri were weighed. RESULTS Socially isolated, ovariectomized mice had shorter sleeping times than mice in all other groups. In mice with intact ovaries, diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) considerably prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, but KSS (30-1000 mg/kg, p.o.) did not. However, KSS (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in socially isolated ovariectomized mice. The prolongation of sleeping time mediated by KSS was reversed by flumazenil (3 mg/kg, i.p.). CONCLUSIONS KSS potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep in socially isolated, ovariectomized mice, and the benzodiazepine receptors are possibly involved in its pharmacological mechanism. These findings suggest that KSS is beneficial for the treatment of menopausal sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Egashira
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yu Goto
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hikari Iba
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Rikako Kawanaka
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Chise Taniguchi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kubota
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan; A.I.G. Collaborative Research Institute for Aging and Brain Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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Igarashi K, Kuchiiwa T, Kuchiiwa S, Iwai H, Tomita K, Sato T. Kamishoyosan (a Japanese traditional herbal formula), which effectively reduces the aggressive biting behavior of male and female mice, and potential regulation through increase of Tph1, Tph2, and Esr2 mRNA levels. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147580. [PMID: 34260963 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Kamishoyosan (KSS), a Japanese traditional herbal formula, is used to treat symptoms related to the autonomic nervous system in men and women; it is especially known for improving the symptoms of irritability (e.g., bad temper and persistent anger). Although clinical and ethological studies of KSS have been conducted, its efficacy in reducing irritability remains to be validated. In the present study, male and female ddY-strain mice were isolation-reared for 8 weeks (from the third postnatal week) to induce pathologically aggressive biting behavior (ABB), which was used as an indicator of irritability. The ABB of mice toward metal rods was measured using the Aggressive Response Meter. An intraperitoneal administration of KSS (100 mg/kg) effectively reduced ABB in male and female mice at 2 h after the administration; however, this effect was canceled by prior administration of WAY-100635 [a 5-hydroxytryptoamine (5-HT)-1A receptor antagonist; 0.5 mg/kg] and bicuculline (a type-A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist; 1.0 mg/kg). Additionally, tamoxifen, ICI-182780, and G-15 (all estrogen receptor antagonists) inhibited the action of KSS in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph) 1 and Tph2 were increased and 5-HT immunofluorescence was slightly increased in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of isolation-reared mice administered with KSS. Collectively, these results indicate that KSS effectively reduces ABB in isolation-reared male and female mice through stimulation of 5-HT production in the DRN. Our findings also suggest that gene expression of estrogen receptor (Esr) 2 increased in the DRN might be associated with the reduction of ABB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Igarashi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiko Kuchiiwa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Human Science, Kagoshima Immaculate Herat University, 2365 Amatatsu-Cho, Satsuma-Sendai 895-0011, Japan; Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuchiiwa
- Department of Morphological Science, Field of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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Li M, Hung A, Li H, Yang AWH. A Classic Herbal Formula Guizhi Fuling Wan for Menopausal Hot Flushes: From Experimental Findings to Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7030060. [PMID: 31426588 PMCID: PMC6783937 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic herbal formula Guizhi Fuling Wan (GFW) has been used for managing menopausal hot flushes (MHFs), but the evidence across different study types has not been systematically summarized. This project investigated the clinical effects, phytochemistry, pharmacodynamics, and potential mechanisms of actions of GFW on the causative target proteins potentially driving MHFs. Twenty English and Chinese databases were searched for relevant clinical and experimental studies. A total of 12,988 studies were identified, of which 46 were included. Seven clinical studies demonstrated GFW had no statistically significant changes in the frequency and severity of MHFs; however, it could improve peripheral blood flow in the fingertips, jaw, and toes. Thirty-five studies on phytochemistry identified 169 chemical compounds of GFW. Four experimental studies revealed GFW's therapeutic effects (e.g., normalize calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] level) and potential target protein/cytokine (estrogen receptor beta [ESR2] with genetic variation, CGRP receptor, and interleukin-8) on MHFs. Therapeutic effects across different study types were inconsistent, possibly due to the dose difference and genotype variety of ESR2 in the human population. Further clinical and experimental studies, as well as biochemical investigation on the mechanisms of actions of GFW, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdi Li
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Hong Li
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Angela Wei Hong Yang
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Herb Formula ZhenRongDan Balances Sex Hormones, Modulates Organ Atrophy, and Restores ER α and ER β Expressions in Ovariectomized Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5896398. [PMID: 30008786 PMCID: PMC6020479 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5896398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herb mixtures are widely used for treatment of the menopausal syndrome long before the hormonal therapy. However, there is insufficient data for herb remedies in treating menopausal syndromes. Here we aim to investigate the effect of ZhenRongDan (ZRD) in balancing female hormones, regulating expression of estrogen receptors (ERs), and preventing organ atrophy in menopausal rats. Rats that underwent bilateral ovariectomy were used in the experiments; the effects of ZRD on serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (E2) levels were observed. Histology of vagina and ERs expression in vagina, uterus, and adrenal gland were also examined. ELISAs were used to analyze the changes of FSH, LH, PRL, and E2 in serum, and the morphological changes of the cervical epithelium cells were observed by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were applied to detect estrogen receptors subtypes alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) expression in vagina, uterus, and adrenal gland. We found that ZRD could significantly reduce the weight of the adrenal gland and increase the weight of the uterus. It could decrease the release of FSH and LH as well as increasing E2 and PRL levels. Furthermore, ZRD could improve the number of cervical vaginal epithelial cells and increase the thickness of the vaginal wall. And the altered expressions of ERα and ERβ are also restored by ZRD. ZRD could obviously relieve the endocrine disorders, modulate organ atrophy, and restore ERα and ERβ expression in the ovariectomized rat model.
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