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Park JS, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kwon E, Lim HJ, Han KM, Choi YK, Jung CW, Kang BC. Nonclinical safety evaluation of food colorant lac dye via systematic toxicity profiling with assessment of in vivo antigenic potential. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1020379. [PMID: 36386152 PMCID: PMC9662299 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lac dye is a natural colorant derived mainly from the insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) and has been used in food and beverage as a red-coloring additive. Despite its increasing use for human consumption as an alternative for allergy-associated cochineal, its toxicity profile remained incomplete to sufficiently assess its safety for the intended use. In this study, we evaluated systemic and genetic toxicity by performing acute and subacute oral toxicity studies in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats using highly purified lac dye (LD) formulated in water and a battery of genotoxicity tests, respectively. To assess antigenic potentials, we carried out an in vivo passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. A single dose of LD did not cause mortality at 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW), setting oral LD50 of >5000 mg/kg BW in SD rats. In the 90-day study, transient salivation without accompanying histopathological lesions in the salivary glands in 200 and 500 mg/kg BW groups and red-purple pigmentation on the surface of femora and skulls in 500 mg/kg groups were observed as nonadverse effects associated with LD, and no adverse effect was detected in all of the parameters examined, establishing a 500 mg/kg BW as no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). Furthermore, LD was not mutagenic nor clastogenic in the genotoxicity tests. When tested for antigenicity, LD did not induce anaphylactic skin responses as opposed to the positive reaction by ovalbumin, suggesting a lack of antigenicity. Taken together, these findings provide extended toxicity information on LD with direct evidence supporting the lack of antigenicity, providing essential guidance for its safe use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Lim
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byeong-Cheol Kang,
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Hu Y, Chen X, Hu M, Zhang D, Yuan S, Li P, Feng L. Medicinal and edible plants in the treatment of dyslipidemia: advances and prospects. Chin Med 2022; 17:113. [PMID: 36175900 PMCID: PMC9522446 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which lead to the high mortality, disability, and medical expenses in the worldwide. Based on the previous researches, the improvement of dyslipidemia could efficiently prevent the occurrence and progress of cardiovascular diseases. Medicinal and edible plants (MEPs) are the characteristics of Chinese medicine, and could be employed for the disease treatment and health care mostly due to their homology of medicine and food. Compared to the lipid-lowering drugs with many adverse effects, such as rhabdomyolysis and impaired liver function, MEPs exhibit the great potential in the treatment of dyslipidemia with high efficiency, good tolerance and commercial value. In this review, we would like to introduce 20 kinds of MEPs with lipid-lowering effect in the following aspects, including the source, function, active component, target and underlying mechanism, which may provide inspiration for the development of new prescription, functional food and complementary therapy for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China.,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mu Hu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China.,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. .,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ling Feng
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Guang'anmen Hospital, Beijing, 100053, China. .,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Lasso JM, Resino S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Baseline and time-updated factors in preclinical development of anionic dendrimers as successful anti-HIV-1 vaginal microbicides. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1774. [PMID: 35018739 PMCID: PMC9285063 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of topical microbicides provide promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy, most of them failed to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) in human clinical trials. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models must be optimized, considering the knowledge acquired from unsuccessful and successful clinical trials to improve the current gaps and the preclinical development protocols. To date, dendrimers are the only nanotool that has advanced to human clinical trials as topical microbicides to prevent HIV‐1 transmission. This fact demonstrates the importance and the potential of these molecules as microbicides. Polyanionic dendrimers are highly branched nanocompounds with potent activity against HIV‐1 that disturb HIV‐1 entry. Herein, the most significant advancements in topical microbicide development, trying to mimic the real‐life conditions as closely as possible, are discussed. This review also provides the preclinical assays that anionic dendrimers have passed as microbicides because they can improve current antiviral treatments' efficacy. This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Salvador Resino
- Unidad de Infección Viral e Inmunidad, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Immunology, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain
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Park JS, Kwon E, Kim YS, Kim SM, Kim DS, Jang JJ, Yun JW, Kang BC. Safety Assessment of Acer tegmentosum Maxim. Water Extract: General Toxicity Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Beagle Dogs With Re-evaluation of Genotoxic Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687261. [PMID: 34531739 PMCID: PMC8438563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acer tegmentosum Maxim., commonly known as Manchurian stripe maple, is a deciduous tree belonging to the family of Aceraceae and has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its remedial effects in liver diseases and traumatic bleedings. With a growing body of experimental evidence for its pharmacological efficacies, such as neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, A. tegmentosum has gradually gained popularity as a health supplement and functional food. However, the large part of essential toxicity information still remained lacking despite the possibility of mutagenic potentials as previously suggested, posing safety concerns for human consumption. In this study, we evaluated 90-day repeated oral toxicity of A. tegmentosum Maxim. water extract (ATWE) in SD rats with acute toxicity assessment in beagle dogs, and reevaluated genotoxicity using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. During the oral study period, ATWE did not cause toxicity-related clinical signs and mortality in rodents without adverse effects observed in the analysis of hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology, establishing >5,000 mg/kg BW as the NOAEL. In addition, doses up to 5,000 mg/kg BW did not cause acute toxicity in beagle dogs. When assessed for genotoxicity using bacterial reverse mutation, chromosome aberration, and micronucleus formation, ATWE showed lack of mutagenicity and clastogenicity. These results demonstrated that AWTE was safe in the present preclinical study for systemic toxicity and genotoxicity at the tested doses, providing a guideline for safe use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | - Ja-June Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
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