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Yu X, Tao J, Xiao T, Duan X. P-hydroxybenzaldehyde protects Caenorhabditis elegans from oxidative stress and β-amyloid toxicity. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1414956. [PMID: 38841104 PMCID: PMC11150654 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1414956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrodia elata is the dried tuber of the orchid Gastrodia elata Bl. It is considered a food consisting of a source of precious medicinal herbs, whose chemical composition is relatively rich. Gastrodia elata and its extracted fractions have been shown to have neuroprotective effects. P-hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-HBA), as one of the main active components of Gastrodia elata, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, and cerebral protective effects, which has potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to verify the role of p-HBA in AD treatment and to investigate its mechanism of action in depth based using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Methods In this study, we used paralysis, lifespan, behavioral and antistress experiments to investigate the effects of p-HBA on AD and aging. Furthermore, we performed reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, thioflavin S staining, RNA-seq analysis, qPCR validation, PCR Array, and GFP reporter gene worm experiment to determine the anti-AD effects of p-HBA, as well as in-depth studies on its mechanisms. Results p-HBA was able to delay paralysis, improve mobility and resistance to stress, and delay aging in the AD nematode model. Further mechanistic studies showed that ROS and lipofuscin levels, Aβ aggregation, and toxicity were reduced after p-HBA treatment, suggesting that p-HBA ameliorated Aβ-induced toxicity by enhancing antioxidant and anti-aging activity and inhibiting Aβ aggregation. p-HBA had a therapeutic effect on AD by improving stress resistance, as indicated by the down-regulation of NLP-29 and UCR-11 expression and up-regulation of PQN-75 and LYS-3 expression. In addition, the gene microarray showed that p-HBA treatment played a positive role in genes related to AD, anti-aging, ribosomal protein pathway, and glucose metabolism, which were collectively involved in the anti-AD mechanism of p-HBA. Finally, we also found that p-HBA promoted nuclear localization of DAF-16 and increased the expression of SKN-1, SOD-3, and GST-4, which contributed significantly to inhibition of Aβ toxicity and enhancement of antioxidative stress. Conclusion Our work suggests that p-HBA has some antioxidant and anti-aging activities. It may be a viable candidate for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Caroli C, Baron G, Cappellucci G, Brighenti V, Della Vedova L, Fraulini F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Alessandrini A, Zambon A, Lusvardi G, Aldini G, Biagi M, Corsi L, Pellati F. Extraction, purification and in vitro assessment of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of policosanols from non-psychoactive Cannabis sativa L. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30291. [PMID: 38737258 PMCID: PMC11088244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Policosanols (PCs) are bioactive compounds extracted from different natural waxes. In this work, the purification, characterization and assessment of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was carried out on PCs from an innovative source, i.e. a waxy material from supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) of non-psychoactive Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) inflorescences. Starting from this material, PCs were obtained by microwave-assisted trans-esterification and hydrolysis, followed by preparative liquid chromatography under normal phase conditions. The purified product was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). In vitro cell-free and cell-based antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays were then performed to assess their bioactivity. HPLC-ELSED analysis of the purified mixture from hemp wax revealed C26OH and C28OH as the main compounds. In vitro assays indicated an inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, a reduction of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and of the activity of the neutrophil elastase. Immunoblotting assays allowed us to hypothesize the mechanism of action of the compounds of interest, given the higher levels of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression in the PC pretreated HaCaT cells. In conclusion, even if more research is needed to unveil other molecular mechanisms involved in hemp PC activity, the results of this work suggest that these compounds may have potential for use in oxinflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Caroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103-287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Baron
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cappellucci
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103-287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Larissa Della Vedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fraulini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Alessandrini
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures e Biosystems (INBB), 00136, Roma, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Gigliola Lusvardi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Corsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103-287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures e Biosystems (INBB), 00136, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103-287, 41125, Modena, Italy
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3
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Navarro-Hortal M, Romero-Márquez JM, López-Bascón MA, Sánchez-González C, Xiao J, Sumalla-Cano S, Battino M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Quiles JL. In Vitro and In Vivo Insights into a Broccoli Byproduct as a Healthy Ingredient for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease and Aging through Redox Biology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5197-5211. [PMID: 38477041 PMCID: PMC10941188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Broccoli has gained popularity as a highly consumed vegetable due to its nutritional and health properties. This study aimed to evaluate the composition profile and the antioxidant capacity of a hydrophilic extract derived from broccoli byproducts, as well as its influence on redox biology, Alzheimer's disease markers, and aging in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. The presence of glucosinolate was observed and antioxidant capacity was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity was quantified, and the treatment ameliorated the amyloid-β- and tau-induced proteotoxicity in transgenic strains via SOD-3 and SKN-1, respectively, and HSP-16.2 for both parameters. Furthermore, a preliminary study on aging indicated that the extract effectively reduced reactive oxygen species levels in aged worms and extended their lifespan. Utilizing broccoli byproducts for nutraceutical or functional foods could manage vegetable processing waste, enhancing productivity and sustainability while providing significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
D. Navarro-Hortal
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Jose M. Romero-Márquez
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - M. Asunción López-Bascón
- Research
and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Sport
and Health Research Centre, University of
Granada, C/Menéndez
Pelayo 32, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science
and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Sandra Sumalla-Cano
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department
of Health, Nutrition and Sport, Iberoamerican
International University, Campeche 24560, Mexico
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department
of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University
of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International
Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products
Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernández
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - José L. Quiles
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and
Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical
Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Armilla, Spain
- Research
and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Research
Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
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Cho KH, Kim JE, Nam HS, Baek SH, Bahuguna A. Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel ®) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:66. [PMID: 38256899 PMCID: PMC10818973 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study compared three policosanols from Cuba (sugarcane, Raydel®, policosanol (1), China (rice bran, Shaanxi, policosanol (2), and the USA (sugarcane, Lesstanol®, policosanol (3) in the treatment of dyslipidemia and protection of the liver, ovary, and testis in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. After twelve weeks of supplementation of each policosanol (PCO, final 0.1% in diet, w/w) with a high cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, w/w), the Raydel policosanol (PCO1) group showed the highest survivability, approximately 89%. In contrast, Shaanxi policosanol (PCO2) and Lesstanol policosanol (PCO3) produced 73% and 87% survivability, respectively, while the HCD alone group showed 75% survivability. In the 12th week, the PCO1 group demonstrated the most modest increase in body weight along with significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in comparison to the HCD control group. Additionally, the PCO1 group exhibited the highest proportion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol within TC. Notably, the PCO1 group displayed the lowest level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced interleukin (IL)-6 production in the liver, a notable decline in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitigated fatty liver changes. HCD supplementation induced impairment of kidney morphology with the greatest extent of ROS production and apoptosis. On the other hand, the PCO 1 group showed a remarkably improved morphology with the least ROS generation and apoptosis. Within the ovarian context, the PCO1 group exhibited the most substantial presence of mature vitellogenic oocytes, accompanied by minimal levels of ROS and apoptosis. Similarly, in the testicular domain, the PCO1 group showcased optimal morphology for spermatogenesis, characterized by the least interstitial area and diminished production of ROS in testicular cells. At week 8, the PCO1 group showed the highest egg-laying ability, with around 244 eggs produced per mating. In contrast, the HCD alone, PCO2, and PCO3 groups showed significantly lower egg-laying ability (49, 59, and 86 eggs, respectively). The embryos from the PCO1 group exhibited the highest survivability with the fastest swimming ability and developmental speed. These results suggest that PCO1 consumption significantly enhanced the reproduction system, egg-laying ability, and embryo survivability. In conclusion, among the three policosanols, Cuban (Raydel®) policosanol had the strongest effect on survivability, improving dyslipidemia, liver protection, kidney, ovary, and testis with a restoration of the cell morphology, and the least ROS production and apoptosis-induced by HCD supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (S.-H.B.); (A.B.)
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5
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Cho KH, Kim JE, Nam HS, Kang DJ, Baek SH. Comparison of Policosanols via Incorporation into Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: Cuban Policosanol (Raydel ®) Exerts the Highest Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:6715. [PMID: 37764492 PMCID: PMC10535602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing each policosanol from Cuba (Raydel®), China (Shaanxi Pioneer), and the United States (Lesstanol®) were synthesized to compare the physiological properties of policosanol depending on sources and origin countries. After synthesis with apolipoproteinA-I (apoA-I) into rHDL, all policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form discoidal rHDL. An rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest rHDL particle size of around 83 ± 3 nm, while rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) or American policosanol (rHDL-3) showed smaller particles around 63 ± 3 nm and 60 ± 2 nm in diameter, respectively. The rHDL-1 showed the strongest anti-glycation activity to protect the apoA-I degradation of HDL from fructose-mediated glycation: approximately 2.7-times higher ability to suppress glycation and 1.4-times higher protection ability of apoA-I than that of rHDL-2 and rHDL-3. The rHDL-1 showed the highest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation in electromobility and the quantification of oxidized species. A microinjection of each rHDL into a zebrafish embryo in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) showed that rHDL-1 displayed the strongest anti-oxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability, whereas rHDL-2 and rHDL-3 showed much weaker protection ability, similar to rHDL alone (rHDL-0). An intraperitoneal injection of CML (250 μg) into adult zebrafish caused acute death and hyperinflammation with an elevation of infiltration of neutrophils and IL-6 production in the liver. On the other hand, a co-injection of rHDL-1 resulted in the highest survivability and the strongest anti-inflammatory ability to suppress IL-6 production with an improvement of the blood lipid profile, such as elevation of HDL-C and lowering of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol exhibited the most desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with the stabilization of apoA-I, the largest particle size, anti-glycation against fructation, and antioxidant activities to prevent LDL oxidation. Cuban policosanol in rHDL also exhibited the strongest in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with the highest survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults via the prevention of hyperinflammation in the presence of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (D.-J.K.); (S.-H.B.)
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (D.-J.K.); (S.-H.B.)
| | - Hyo-Seon Nam
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (D.-J.K.); (S.-H.B.)
| | - Dae-Jin Kang
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (D.-J.K.); (S.-H.B.)
| | - Seung-Hee Baek
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea; (J.-E.K.); (H.-S.N.); (D.-J.K.); (S.-H.B.)
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Ma C, Feng Y, Li X, Sun L, He Z, Gan J, He M, Zhang X, Chen X. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Policosanol from Insect Wax on Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:127-144. [PMID: 36637699 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-022-10057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The standard treatments for PD focus on symptom relief rather than attempting to address the underlying degenerative processes completely. This study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of policosanol derived from insect wax (PIW) by investigating improvements in disease symptoms represented in Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD. For our assessments, we used the following three models: NL5901, which is a transgenic model for α-synuclein aggregation; wild-type N2 induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA); and 6-OHDA-induced BZ555 as a model for loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs). Specifically, we examined the effects of PIW treatment on α-synuclein aggregation, the loss of DNs, lipid abundance, and the lifespan of treated organisms. Further, we examined treatment-related changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the mRNA production profiles of relevant genes. A 10 µg/mL dose of PIW reduced the aggregation of α-synuclein in NL5901 and suppressed the loss of DNs in 6-OHDA-induced BZ555. Overall, PIW treatment decreased ROS and MDA levels, restored lipid abundance, and prolonged the lifespans of worms in all the three models, which may be associated with changes in the expression profiles of genes related to cell survival and oxidative stress response pathways. Our findings show that PIW alleviated the symptoms of PD in these models, possibly by regulating the stress responses initiated by injuries such as α-synuclein aggregation or 6-OHDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xian Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Minjie He
- Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Panlong District, Kunming, 650224, Yunnan Province, China
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Safari S, Mirazi N, Ahmadi N, Asadbegi M, Nourian A, Ghaderi S, Rashno M, Komaki A. The Protective Effects of Policosanol on Learning and Memory Impairments in a Male Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2507-2519. [PMID: 36680733 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive performance and memory formation. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of policosanol (PCO) on cognitive function, oxidative-antioxidative status, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, sham (5 μL, ICV injection of phosphate-buffered saline), AD model (5 μL, ICV injection of Aβ), acacia gum (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), PCO (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), AD + acacia gum (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage), and AD + PCO (50 mg/kg, 8 weeks, gavage). During the ninth and tenth weeks of the study, the cognitive function of the rats was assessed by commonly used behavioral paradigms. Subsequently, oxidative-antioxidative status was examined in the serum. Moreover, compact Aβ plaques were detected by Congo red staining. The results showed that injection of Aβ impaired recognition memory in the novel object recognition test, reduced the spatial cognitive ability in the Morris water maze, and alleviated retention and recall capability in the passive avoidance task. Additionally, injection of Aβ resulted in increased total oxidant status, decreased total antioxidant capacity, and enhanced Aβ plaque formation in the rats. Intriguingly, PCO treatment improved all the above-mentioned neuropathological changes in the Aβ-induced AD rats. The results suggest that PCO improves Aβ-induced cognitive decline, possibly through modulation of oxidative-antioxidative status and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Naser Mirazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Nesa Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shahab Ghaderi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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8
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Safari S, Mirazi N, Ahmadi N, Asadbegi M, Nourian A, Rashno M, Komaki A. Policosanol protects against Alzheimer's disease-associated spatial cognitive decline in male rats: possible involved mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:755-767. [PMID: 36723631 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and synaptic failure. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to explore the possible protective effects of policosanol (PCO) on spatial cognitive capacity, long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, oxidant/antioxidant status, and Aβ plaques formation in an AD rat model induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40. METHODS Healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, sham (ICV injection of 5 µl phosphate-buffered saline), AG (50 mg/kg; P.O., as PCO vehicle), PCO (50 mg/kg; P.O.), AD model (ICV injection of 5 µl Aβ), AD + AG (50 mg/kg; P.O.), and AD + PCO (50 mg/kg; P.O.). Treatments were performed for eight consecutive weeks. At the end of the treatment course, spatial learning and memory functions, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) induction, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total thiol group (TTG) levels, as well as the formation of Aβ plaques, were examined. RESULTS The results showed that injection of Aβ reduced spatial learning and memory abilities in the Barnes maze test, which was accompanied by decreases in field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope, population spike (PS) amplitude, and TTG level and increases in Aβ plaque accumulation and MDA content. In contrast, PCO treatment improved all the above-mentioned changes in the Aβ-infused rats. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that amelioration of hippocampal synaptic plasticity impairment, modulation of oxidant/antioxidant status, and inhibition of Aβ plaque formation by PCO may be the mechanisms behind its protective effect against AD-associated spatial cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Safari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Naser Mirazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Nesa Ahmadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Masoumeh Asadbegi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Masome Rashno
- Student Research Committee, Asadabad School of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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9
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Zhang E, Ji X, Ouyang F, Lei Y, Deng S, Rong H, Deng X, Shen H. A minireview of the medicinal and edible insects from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125600. [PMID: 37007003 PMCID: PMC10060509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomoceuticals define a subset of pharmaceuticals derived from insects. The therapeutic effect of insect-derived drugs has been empirically validated by the direct use of various folk medicines originating from three sources in particular: the glandular secretions of insects (e.g., silk, honey, venom), the body parts of the insect or the whole used live or by various processing (e.g., cooked, toasted, ground), and active ingredients extracted from insects or insect-microbe symbiosis. Insects have been widely exploited in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) relative to other ethnomedicines, especially in the prospect of insect species for medicinal uses. It is noticeable that most of these entomoceuticals are also exploited as health food for improving immune function. In addition, some edible insects are rich in animal protein and have high nutritional value, which are used in the food field, such as insect wine, health supplements and so on. In this review, we focused on 12 insect species that have been widely used in traditional Chinese herbal formulae but have remained less investigated for their biological properties in previous studies. We also combined the entomoceutical knowledge with recent advances in insect omics. This review specifies the underexplored medicinal insects from ethnomedicine and shows their specific medicinal and nutritional roles in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enming Zhang
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ji
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ouyang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lei
- College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Deng, ; Haibo Rong,
| | - Haibo Rong
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Deng, ; Haibo Rong,
| | - Xuangen Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Shen
- Sichuan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China
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10
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Beneficial Effect of Cuban Policosanol on Blood Pressure and Serum Lipoproteins Accompanied with Lowered Glycated Hemoglobin and Enhanced High-Density Lipoprotein Functionalities in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, and Double-Blinded Trial with Healthy Japanese. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065185. [PMID: 36982259 PMCID: PMC10048825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of 20 mg of Cuban policosanol in blood pressure (BP) and lipid/lipoprotein parameters of healthy Japanese subjects via a placebo-controlled, randomized, and double-blinded human trial. After 12 weeks of consumption, the policosanol group showed significantly lower BP, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The policosanol group also showed lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GTP) levels at week 12 than those at week 0: A decrease of up to 9% (p < 0.05), 17% (p < 0.05), and 15% (p < 0.05) was observed, respectively. The policosanol group showed significantly higher HDL-C level and HDL-C/TC (%), approximately 9.5% (p < 0.001) and 7.2% (p = 0.003), respectively, than the placebo group and a difference in the point of time and group interaction (p < 0.001). In lipoprotein analysis, the policosanol group showed a decrease in oxidation and glycation extent in VLDL and LDL with an improvement of particle shape and morphology after 12 weeks. HDL from the policosanol group showed in vitro stronger antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory abilities. In conclusion, 12 weeks of Cuban policosanolconsumption in Japanese subjects showed significant improvement in blood pressure, lipid profiles, hepatic functions, and HbA1c with enhancement of HDL functionalities.
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11
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Cho KH, Baek SH, Nam HS, Kim JE, Kang DJ, Na H, Zee S. Cuban Sugar Cane Wax Alcohol Exhibited Enhanced Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (rHDL) with Improved Structural and Functional Correlations: Comparison of Various Policosanols. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043186. [PMID: 36834595 PMCID: PMC9965296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Policosanols from various sources, such as sugar cane, rice bran, and insects, have been marketed to prevent dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension by increasing the blood high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. On the other hand, there has been no study on how each policosanol influences the quality of HDL particles and their functionality. Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDLs) with apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and each policosanol were synthesized using the sodium cholate dialysis method to compare the policosanols in lipoprotein metabolism. Each rHDL was compared regarding the particle size and shape, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in zebrafish embryos. This study compared four policosanols including one policosanol from Cuba (Raydel® policosanol) and three policosanols from China (Xi'an Natural sugar cane, Xi'an Realin sugar cane, and Shaanxi rice bran). The synthesis of rHDLs with various policosanols (PCO) from Cuba or China using a molar ratio of 95:5:1:1 with palmitoyloleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC): free cholesterol (FC): apoA-I:PCO (wt:wt) showed that rHDL containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the largest particle size and the most distinct particle shape. The rHDL-1 showed a 23% larger particle diameter and increased apoA-I molecular weight with a 1.9 nm blue shift of the maximum wavelength fluorescence than rHDL alone (rHDL-0). Other rHDLs containing Chinese policosanols (rHDL-2, rHDL-3, and rHDL-4) showed similar particle sizes with an rHDL-0 and 1.1-1.3 nm blue shift of wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF). Among all rHDLs, the rHDL-1 showed the strongest antioxidant ability to inhibit cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation. The rHDL-1-treated LDL showed the most distinct band intensity and particle morphology compared with the other rHDLs. The rHDL-1 also exerted the highest anti-glycation activity to inhibit the fructose-mediated glycation of human HDL2 with the protection of apoA-I from proteolytic degradation. At the same time, other rHDLs showed a loss of anti-glycation activity with severe degradation. A microinjection of each rHDL alone showed that rHDL-1 had the highest survivability of approximately 85 ± 3%, with the fastest developmental speed and morphology. In contrast, rHDL-3 showed the lowest survivability, around 71 ± 5%, with the slowest developmental speed. A microinjection of carboxymethyllysine (CML), a pro-inflammatory advanced glycated end product, into zebrafish embryos resulted in severe embryo death of approximately 30 ± 3% and developmental defects with the slowest developmental speed. On the other hand, the phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-injected embryo showed 83 ± 3% survivability. A co-injection of CML and each rHDL into adult zebrafish showed that rHDL-1 (Cuban policosanol) induced the highest survivability, around 85 ± 3%, while rHDL-0 showed 67 ± 7% survivability. In addition, rHDL-2, rHDL-3, and rHDL-4 showed 67 ± 5%, 62 ± 37, and 71 ± 6% survivability, respectively, with a slower developmental speed and morphology. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol showed the strongest ability to form rHDLs with the most distinct morphology and the largest size. The rHDL-containing Cuban policosanol (rHDL-1) showed the strongest antioxidant ability against LDL oxidation, anti-glycation activity to protect apoA-I from degradation, and the highest anti-inflammatory activity to protect embryo death under the presence of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-53-964-1990; Fax: +82-53-965-1992
| | - Seung Hee Baek
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Nam
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Kang
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejee Na
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggeun Zee
- Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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12
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Li Q, Xiao M, Li N, Cai W, Zhao C, Liu B, Zeng F. Application of
Caenorhabditis elegans
in the evaluation of food nutrition: A review. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quancen Li
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Meifang Xiao
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- College of Marine Sciences Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
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13
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Elnagar GM, Elseweidy MM, Elkomy NM, Keshawy MM, Fathy OM, Sobh MS, Mahmoud YK. Policosanol ameliorates renal inflammation and pyroptosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits via modulation of HMGB1/PI3K/mTOR/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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14
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Sun L, Li X, Ma C, He Z, Zhang X, Wang C, Zhao M, Gan J, Feng Y. Improving Effect of the Policosanol from Ericerus pela Wax on Learning and Memory Impairment Caused by Scopolamine in Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142095. [PMID: 35885338 PMCID: PMC9317322 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Policosanol (PC) is a mixture of long-chain fatty alcohols that exhibits multiple biological activities, such as reducing blood lipid and cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, and extenuating liver inflammation. To assess PC’s impact on cognitive behavior and function, PC was prepared from Ericerus pela wax using a reduction method and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). A total of 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups of 10 animals each: control (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), model (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), donepezil (3 mg/kg, i.g.), PC low- (2 g/kg, i.g.), medium (4 g/kg, i.g.), and high- (6 g/kg, i.g.) dose groups. All the groups were administered daily for 28 consecutive days. There were four parameters—escape latency, crossings of platform, swimming distance, and time spent in the target quadrant—that were recorded to evaluate the cognitive performance of mice in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). After MWM testing, the levels of acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) that were present in brain tissue were determined using assay kits. The GC data showed that PC consisted of four major components: tetracosanol (14.40%), hexacosanol (48.97%), octacosanol (25.40%), and triacontanol (4.80%). In the MWM test, PC significantly decreased the escape latency (p < 0.05) and increased the crossings of the platform (p < 0.05) and swimming distance (p < 0.05) and time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05) in rodents compared to that in the model group. Moreover, PC increased the levels of ACh, SOD, and GSH; inhibited AChE; and reduced MDA in the brain tissue of the tested animals. This is the first report to evaluate the efficacy of PC for cognitive behavior and function in animals. Our findings demonstrate that PC from E. pela wax is likely to exert an enhancing effect on learning and memory by promoting the cholinergic system and attenuating oxidative stress, which will provide a new insight into the efficacy of PC and expand its application in the food, nutraceutical, and beverage industries.
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15
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Navarro-Hortal MD, Romero-Márquez JM, Muñoz-Ollero P, Jiménez-Trigo V, Esteban-Muñoz A, Tutusaus K, Giampieri F, Battino M, Sánchez-González C, Rivas-García L, Llopis J, Forbes-Hernández TY, Quiles JL. Amyloid β-but not Tau-induced neurotoxicity is suppressed by Manuka honey via HSP-16.2 and SKN-1/Nrf2 pathways in an in vivo model of Alzheimer's disease. Food Funct 2022; 13:11185-11199. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system considered the leading cause of dementia in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D. Navarro-Hortal
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Jose M. Romero-Márquez
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Pedro Muñoz-Ollero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - Victoria Jiménez-Trigo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | | | - Kilian Tutusaus
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, 24560 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cristina Sánchez-González
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/.Menéndez Pelayo 32, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Rivas-García
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/.Menéndez Pelayo 32, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Llopis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, C/.Menéndez Pelayo 32, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
| | - José L. Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Armilla, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., 18100 Armilla, Spain
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Isabel Torres, 21, 39011 Santander, Spain
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