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Abouleish AE, Pomerantz P, Peterson MD, Cannesson M, Akeju O, Miller TR, Rathmell JP, Cole DJ. Closing the Chasm: Understanding and Addressing the Anesthesia Workforce Supply and Demand Imbalance. Anesthesiology 2024; 141:238-249. [PMID: 38884582 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000005052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The imbalance in anesthesia workforce supply and demand has been exacerbated post-COVID due to a surge in demand for anesthesia care, especially in non-operating room anesthetizing sites, at a faster rate than the increase in anesthesia clinicians. The consequences of this imbalance or labor shortage compromise healthcare facilities, adversely affect the cost of care, worsen anesthesia workforce burnout, disrupt procedural and surgical schedules, and threaten academic missions and the ability to educate future anesthesiologists. In developing possible solutions, one must examine emerging trends that are affecting the anesthesia workforce, new technologies that will transform anesthesia care and the workforce, and financial considerations, including governmental payment policies. Possible practice solutions to this imbalance will require both short- and long-term multifactorial approaches that include increasing training positions and retention policies, improving capacity through innovations, leveraging technology, and addressing financial constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr E Abouleish
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Paul Pomerantz
- American Society of Anesthesiologists, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Maxime Cannesson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Oluwaseun Akeju
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas R Miller
- Center for Anesthesia Workforce Studies, American Society of Anesthesiologists, Schaumburg, Illinois
| | - James P Rathmell
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Rother JF, Seer M, Stegt S, Raupach T. Explicit motives and personality characteristics in first year medical students: a multicentre quantitative study using McClellands motive disposition theory. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:755. [PMID: 38997694 PMCID: PMC11241869 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the challenging curriculum, medicine is a popular study program. We propose McClelland's Motive Disposition Theory (MDT) as a possible theory for explaining medical students motivation. The theory describes how individuals differ in their behaviour due to their varying manifestations of certain motives. The three motives can thus influence the students behaviour and academic success. Using these motives, complimented with an altruism- and a freedom motive, this study was aimed at investigating young adults' explicit motives to study medicine. In addition, we also wanted to find out whether there are gender differences in motives and other variables such as empathy, emotional intelligence and academic self-concept. METHODS Over 20 universities across Germany were contacted and asked to share the online study with their first semester medical students in the winter term 2022/23, which resulted in a final N = 535. We used validated and reliable measurements, including a self-created and piloted questionnaire covering medicine-specific explicit motives. RESULTS Comparing the mean scores between motives, we found that the altruism motive was the strongest motive (M = 5.19), followed by freedom (M = 4.88), affiliation (M = 4.72) and achievement (M = 4.59). The power motive achieved the lowest score (M = 3.92). Male students scored significantly higher for power (M = 4.24) than females did (M = 3.80, p < .001), while female students found affiliation more important (M = 4.81) than male students did (M = 4.59, p = .016). Female participants scored significantly higher for emotional intelligence (p = .010) and several personality aspects, including empathy (p < .001), but showed a significantly lower academic self-concept (p = .033), compared to their male colleagues. Nonetheless, the effect sizes were mostly small to medium. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that first-year medical students are primarily motivated by humanitarian factors to study medicine, compared to motives related to money or power. This is mostly in line with earlier studies using qualitative approaches, showing that MDT can be applied to explain explicit motives in medical students. TRIAL REGISTRATION The longitudinal project, which this study was part of, was registered via OSF ( https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-mfhek-v1 ) on the 28th of September 2022 under the title "Transformation of emotion and motivation factors in medical students during the study progress: A multicenter longitudinal study".
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Flora Rother
- Institute of Medical Education, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg- Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Michelle Seer
- Institute of Medical Education, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg- Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Stegt
- Institute for Test Development and Talent Research, ITB Consulting GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Raupach
- Institute of Medical Education, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg- Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Laurent EMN, Ducrocq C, Cren PY, Boutaa K, Crie D, Penel N. Why do second-cycle medical students choose oncology? A literature overview. Bull Cancer 2024; 111:505-512. [PMID: 38553287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the current global cancer epidemic across the world, the need for healthcare professionals in this field is crucial. Little is known about the factors that drive medical students toward oncology. METHOD We conducted a systematic review of the literature (from 1980 to the present), using several search equations and selecting original articles written in English based on qualitative or quantitative surveys, to understand what motivates medical students to choose oncology. RESULTS We identified only seven articles that reported quantitative surveys; no qualitative surveys were found. These seven surveys are composed of closed-ended questions and are pragmatic questionnaires based on field knowledge, but without an underlying theory. These studies most often interrogate students already oriented towards oncology. The following five concepts associated with the choice of oncology had the highest recurrence among these seven surveys, which had been conducted in different countries and at various times: interest in cancer management, initiation of the specialty during the 2nd cycle, job opportunities, low working hours, and quality of life. DISCUSSION The literature on this topic is particularly scarce. No qualitative studies have been published in the English language. The limited data in the literature do not allow us to fully comprehend the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle M N Laurent
- Lille University, University School of Management (IAE), ULR 4999, Lille University Management Lab., Lille, France
| | - Christophe Ducrocq
- CIREL - Education and Training Sciences, Interuniversity Center for Research in Education of Lille, Faculty of Psychology, Lille University, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Cren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar-Lambret, Lille, France; ULR 2694 - Metrics: Evaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Khaled Boutaa
- Lille University, University School of Management (IAE), ULR 4999, Lille University Management Lab., Lille, France
| | - Dominique Crie
- Lille University, University School of Management (IAE), ULR 4999, Lille University Management Lab., Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Penel
- Lille University, University School of Management (IAE), ULR 4999, Lille University Management Lab., Lille, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar-Lambret, Lille, France; ULR 2694 - Metrics: Evaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, CHU of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France.
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Schlosser S, Garbe J, Hamesch K, Dimitriadis S, Staudacher JJ. How we achieve satisfaction in training - A German-wide survey on preferred training conditions among trainers and trainees for board certification in gastroenterology. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:388-398. [PMID: 37586393 PMCID: PMC10914566 DOI: 10.1055/a-2119-3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND a majority of resident physicians in Germany are not satisfied with their training conditions. However, training satisfaction is important for physician retention and patient care. Although federal and state laws define the general training regulations and conditions, considerable variability still exists concerning their implementation in the healthcare units. Little is known about the expectations concerning training for gastroenterology board certification by trainers and trainees in Germany. This lack of data hinders discussion on and improvement of training in gastroenterology in Germany. AIM assessment of preferred training conditions among trainers and trainees for board certification in gastroenterology in Germany. METHODS an anonymous, voluntary survey consisting of single- and multiple-choice questions utilizing the Likert scale and fill-in responses was circulated to all members of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs und Stoffwechselerkrankungen), as well as through the student council mailing lists of all German medical schools. The survey aimed to assess the consent regarding the ideal implementation of training regulations for gastroenterology board certification. Department heads, senior physicians, board-certified physicians, and outpatient-care physicians were classified as trainers and residents and students as trainees. Subgroups defined by place of work, age, gender, professional position, employment status, and parental status were investigated. RESULTS 958 responses were included in the final analysis. We found a broad consensus among trainers and trainees on most aspects of our survey. Considerable differences were seen in items on part-time work, overtime, protected time for research, and advanced endoscopy training. CONCLUSION the broad consensus seen in this survey is indicative of a shared vision for training conditions among trainers and trainees. However, the areas of dissent identified in this survey may assist trainers to better understand the expectations of trainees. Furthermore, this survey creates a sound basis upon which training conditions for board certification in gastroenterology in Germany can be discussed and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schlosser
- University Hospital Regensburg Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Garbe
- Clinic for Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Karim Hamesch
- University Hospital Aachen Department of Gastroenterology Metabolic Disorders and Intensive Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stavros Dimitriadis
- Elisabeth Hospital Essen Clinic of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Jaromir Staudacher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Schroeder H, Shacham A, Amar S, Weissman C, Schroeder JE. Comparison of medical students' considerations in choosing a specialty: 2020 vs. 2009/10. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2024; 22:5. [PMID: 38191435 PMCID: PMC10773044 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workforce shortage in healthcare and particularly in physicians poses a threat to healthcare delivery and its quality. In comparison to other OECD countries, Israel currently has a small number of medical graduates relative to its number of physicians, naturally emphasizing the importance of ensuring that this population chooses to remain in medicine. Understanding what is most important to medical students can help improve working conditions in residency. Such information is particularly needed to facilitate policy planning that will encourage the next generation of physicians to specialize in medical fields that are experiencing shortages. We hypothesized that between 2009/2010 and 2020, there were significant changes in medical students' preferences regarding their considerations for choosing a medical specialty. METHODS We compared cross-sectional data from questionnaire-based surveys of 5th year medical students performed in 2009-2010 and 2020 at two Israeli universities. RESULTS Of the 335 medical students who responded (237 and 98 in 2009/2010 and 2020, respectively) those in 2020 were 2.26 less likely vs. those in 2009/2010, to choose a residency for its high-paying potential (P < 0.05), and had significantly more interest in residencies with greater teaching opportunity (98.8% vs 82.9%, P < 0.05), increased responsibility and chances to make clinical decisions on their own (67.9% vs 51.6%, P < 0.05). Criteria important to both the 2009/2010 and 2020 students were choosing a bedside specialty (70.2%vs 67.9%, NS), and an interesting and challenging specialty (95.2%v s 91.3%, NS). CONCLUSIONS These results partially supported our hypothesis that medical students' preferences have changed over the years, though there are fundamental factors that apparently reflect medical students' nature that do not change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schroeder
- Policy Planning Division at the Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Henrietta Szold School of Nursing, Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Alon Shacham
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimon Amar
- Joyce and Irving Goldman School of Medicine and Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Charles Weissman
- Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Josh E Schroeder
- Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ko HS. Future-Ready Radiology Needs the Values and Skillset of Generation Z … and the Other Generations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2023; 221:397. [PMID: 37406206 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.23.29314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Ko
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,
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Druică E, Gibea T, Ianole-Călin R, Socaciu E. Do Moral Judgments in Moral Dilemmas Make One More Inclined to Choose a Medical Degree? Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:474. [PMID: 37366726 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of moral intuitions and moral judgments has become increasingly prominent in educational and academic choices. The present research aims to examine if the moral judgments elicited in sacrificial trolley dilemmas have a distinct pattern for the decisions made by junior medical students, in comparison to those of senior high school students. We work with this sample because it represents the population out of which medical students are recruited in the case of Bucharest, Romania. Our findings show that moral judgments are indeed a significant predictor for a respondent's status as medical students. This result, albeit with limitations, bears multiple practical implications, from developing empirically informed medical ethics courses in medical schools to evidence-based policy designs which consider factors such as morality alongside financial outcomes and incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Druică
- Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Toni Gibea
- Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Ianole-Călin
- Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emanuel Socaciu
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, 060024 Bucharest, Romania
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Antoniadou M, Masoura E, Devetziadou M, Rahiotis C. Ethical Dilemmas for Dental Students in Greece. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050118. [PMID: 37232769 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional dental ethics for students are based on promoting oral health for dental patients and reinforcing an anthropocentric approach to communication and dental services. A total of 133 dental students (males 33.8% N1 = 46, females 66.2% N2 = 87) completed the study questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were applied, and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were used (p < 0.05). Students refuse services to patients that misbehave (37.6%), have irrational demands (18%), and when clinical cases exceed their capabilities (36.8%). Of the participants, 50.4% want to waive confidentiality when abuse is declared. Ethical role models are educators (33.8%), other qualified dentists (25.6%), and their parents (21.8%). Female gender positively affects integrity (p = 0.046), altruism (p = 0.032), and difficulty in conversations among colleagues (p = 0.036). Students outside the capital are less interested in esthetic issues (p = 0.007), in giving more than one treatment plan (p = 0.006), and in being confronted with inadequate treatments from other colleagues (p = 0.005). Family income positively affects clinical skills (p = 0.003), trust issues (p = 0.008), and moral insight and intuition (p = 0.02). Presentation with clinical scenarios is the preferred educational method (49.6%). Dental students show compassion for poor patients, respect patients' autonomy, and guide patients to choose the best treatment plan before receiving dental ethics seminars. There is a positive relationship between the ethical footprints of students and gender, origin, family income, postgraduate studies, and future professional plans. Factors and ways to incorporate ethics in the dental curriculum could be considered when planning relevant courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antoniadou
- Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon 2, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Masoura
- Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon 2, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Devetziadou
- Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon 2, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Rahiotis
- Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon 2, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Prade A, Keis O, Sebastian T, Öchsner W. Understanding of professionalism among medical students in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic - a qualitative monocentric study. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 40:Doc23. [PMID: 37361245 PMCID: PMC10285364 DOI: 10.3205/zma001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective The existing literature indicates that medical students' understanding of professionalism is influenced by internal and external factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the early phase of the pandemic affected the understanding of professionalism among medical students at the University of Ulm. Methods In May and June 2020, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 21 students (in the 8th and 9th semester) at the Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by a qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Results The results showed shifts in students' perception of the importance of certain aspects of medical professionalism. Not only competency in the disciplines hygiene, virology, and microbiology came to the fore, but also personal qualities such as "radiating a sense of calm", empathy, and altruism; communicative competency; and the capacity for reflection. The students also perceived changes in the expectations placed on them. More emphasis was placed on their roles as scientific or medical advisors and as helpers in the health care system, a change that was sometimes emotionally stressful. With respect to the study objective, both limiting and supporting factors were named. For example, the clarification of the relevance of the medical professional was motivating. Conclusion The study showed that students' understanding of professionalism depends on context, as was suggested by earlier studies in experts. The perception of changed role expectations may thereby also play a role. One consequence of the findings may be to address such dynamics in suitable curricular events and discuss them with students to prevent them proceeding in an uncontrolled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Prade
- University of Ulm, Medical Faculty, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Keis
- University of Ulm, Medical Faculty, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Öchsner
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Ulm, Germany
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Mehdizadeh-Somarin Z, Salimi B, Tavakkoli-Mogahddam R, Hamid M, Zahertar A. Performance assessment and improvement of a care unit for COVID-19 patients with resilience engineering and motivational factors: An artificial neural network method. Comput Biol Med 2022; 149:106025. [PMID: 36070658 PMCID: PMC9428112 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The global conflict with the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to frequent visits to hospitals and medical centers. This significant increase in visits can be severely detrimental to the body of the healthcare system and society if the physical space and hospital staff are not prepared. Given the significance of this issue, this study investigated the performance of a hospital COVID-19 care unit (COCU) in terms of the resilience and motivation of healthcare providers. This paper used a combination of artificial neural networks and statistical methods, in which resilience engineering (RE) and work motivational factors (WMF) were the input and output data of the network, respectively. To collect the required data, we asked the COCU staff to complete a standard questionnaire, after which the best neural network configuration was determined. According to each indicator, sensitivity analysis and statistical tests were performed to evaluate the center's performance. The results indicated that the COCU had the best and worst performance with respect to self-organization and teamwork indicators, respectively. A data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was also used to validate the algorithm, and the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) matrix was eventually presented to recommend appropriate strategies and improve the performance of the studied COCU.
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Khrystenko OM, Vykhrushch AV, Fedoniuk LY, Oliinyk NY. PERSONAL VALUES OF FUTURE DOCTORS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2020-2025. [PMID: 36129089 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202208214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To analyse the value priorities of first-year medical students and outline areas of educational work to develop a system of professional values of future doctors who are able to work in circumstances of challenges of the time, as well as military conflicts. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The method of questionnaires involving the students of Ternopil National Medical University from Ukraine and India was used, as well as the method of content analysis of students' creative work. At the final stage of the study, essays written by Ukrainian first-year students on the day of the beginning of the war in Ukraine on February 24, 2022 were analysed. RESULTS Results: The desire to help people was the motive to enter a medical university for the majority of both Ukrainian and international students. Besides, Ukrainians identified civic values that are important in wartime: unity, national consciousness, struggle. In their opinion, the first day of the war determined the splash of anti-values: panic, fear, confusion. However, a similar study conducted ten days after the start of the war showed increase of confidence in victory, the levelling of negative emotions among Ukrainians. Therefore, the issue of the dynamics of values in wartime should be studied more. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Institutions of higher medical education should maintain a high intrinsic motivation of students in their altruistic striving to serve people, and improve the adaptation of first-year students, especially international ones. In wartime, it is necessary to intensify the educational work regarding ethical and spiritual development for strengthening the psychological well-being of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Khrystenko
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | | | | | - Nadiia Ya Oliinyk
- I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
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