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Kosobuski L, O’Donnell C, Koh-Knox Sharp CP, Chen N, Palombi L. The Role of the Pharmacist in Combating the Opioid Crisis: An Update. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2022; 13:127-138. [PMID: 36597518 PMCID: PMC9805704 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s351096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The opioid overdose crisis has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in the United States in the last decade, with overdose numbers continuing to climb. At the same time, the role of the pharmacist in combating the opioid crisis continues to evolve. Methods A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE that incorporated both MeSH terms and keywords to describe two concepts: the opioid epidemic and pharmacists/pharmacies. The search was limited to articles published after 2010 through the end of 2021 and returned 196 articles that were analyzed thematically. Results Thematic analysis revealed the following themes: prevention, interventions, public health role of the pharmacist, pharmacists in multiple roles, barriers, pharmacist and healthcare provider attitudes, educational initiatives for pharmacists and student pharmacists, and future research. Discussion While a great deal of progress has been made in the role of the pharmacist in supporting individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the last two decades, pharmacists must seek to invest time and resources into practices with a strong evidence base to better mitigate the growing, devastating impact of the opioid crisis. Pharmacists must be willing to embrace new and non-traditional roles in patient care, service and research, and seek to advance evidence-based knowledge and practice. Conclusion Pharmacy practice has expanded greatly in the past decade with pharmacists taking on new and creative approaches to addressing the opioid crisis. Collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches to addressing the root causes of opioid misuse and opioid overdose are still desperately needed. These include attention to the critical roles of social determinants of health, stigma elimination, legislative advocacy for patients with OUD, and focused education for providers, pharmacists, and the community. Recognition and support of the value of collaboration to both improve public health and individual patient care, continued investments in pharmacy practice advancement in OUD treatment and harm reduction, and the creation of workflows and prescribing algorithms to assist in dosing medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms and achieve improved pain control are desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Kosobuski
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota - College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Carolyn O’Donnell
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota - College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Chen
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota - College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Laura Palombi
- Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota - College of Pharmacy, Duluth, MN, USA,Correspondence: Laura Palombi, Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota – College of Pharmacy, 1110 Kirby Drive, 232 Life Science, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA, Tel +1 218-726-6000, Fax +1 218-726-6500, Email
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Weitzman ER, Kossowsky J, Blakemore LM, Cox R, Dowling DJ, Levy O, Needles EW, Levy S. Acceptability of a Fentanyl Vaccine to Prevent Opioid Overdose and Need for Personalized Decision-Making. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S98-S109. [PMID: 35579508 PMCID: PMC9376272 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic worsened during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl) comprise the most common drugs involved in overdose (OD) death. A vaccine that blocks fentanyl from reaching the brain to prevent OD is under development, and insight is needed into its acceptability. METHODS Using a semi-structured interview guide, persons with opioid use disorder (OUD), family, professionals, and the public were interviewed about attitudes and concerns regarding a fentanyl vaccine. Reactions to fictional clinical vignettes of persons at risk of OUD because of pain and/or substance use histories were collected, analyzed, and quantified for favorability. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically. RESULTS Among N = 64 participants, (70.3% female, average age 32.4 years), attitudes were favorable toward a fentanyl vaccine, with preference for lifelong durability (76% of n = 55 asked). Perceived benefits centered on the potential for a life-saving intervention, suffering averted, healthcare dollars saved, and the utility of a passive harm reduction strategy. Concerns centered on uncertainty regarding vaccine safety, questions about efficacy, worry about implications for future pain management, stigma, and need for supportive counseling and guidance to personalize decision making. Reactions to vignettes revealed complex attitudes toward fentanyl vaccination when considering recipient age, health history, and future risks for addiction and pain. CONCLUSIONS Positive responses to a fentanyl vaccine were found along with appreciation for the complexity of a vaccine strategy to prevent OD in the setting of pain and uncertain durability. Further research is needed to elucidate operational, ethical, and communications strategies to advance the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa R Weitzman
- Correspondence: E. R. Weitzman, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, MA 02215 ()
| | - Joe Kossowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura M Blakemore
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachele Cox
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma W Needles
- Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sharon Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Adolescent Substance Use and Addiction Program, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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