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Lukama L, Aldous C, Kuhn W, Michelo C, Kalinda C. Ten years of ear, nose and throat (ENT) services in Southern Africa: a scoping review. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2370102. [PMID: 38932660 PMCID: PMC11212562 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2370102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases are a substantial threat to global health, comprehensive reviews of ENT services in Southern Africa remain scarce. OBJECTIVE This scoping review provides a decade-long overview of ENT services in Southern Africa and identifies gaps in healthcare provision. From the current literature, we hope to provide evidence-based recommendations to mitigate the challenges faced by the resource-limited ENT service. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. REVIEW METHODS On several databases, we conducted a comprehensive literature search on both quantitative and qualitative studies on ENT services in Southern Africa, published between 1 January 2014 and 27 February 2024. The extracted data from the analyzed studies was summarized into themes. RESULTS Four themes in the fourteen studies included in the final analysis described the existing ENT services in Southern Africa: 1. Workforce scarcity and knowledge inadequacies, 2. Deficiencies in ENT infrastructure, equipment, and medication, 3. Inadequate ENT disease screening, management, and rehabilitation and 4. A lack of telehealth technology. CONCLUSION The Southern African ENT health service faces many disease screening, treatment, and rehabilitation challenges, including critical shortages of workforce, equipment, and medication. These challenges, impeding patient access to ENT healthcare, could be effectively addressed by implementing deliberate policies to train a larger workforce, increase ENT funding for equipment and medication, promote telehealth, and reduce the patient cost of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufunda Lukama
- College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Warren Kuhn
- College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Charles Michelo
- Global Health Institute, Nkwazi Research University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chester Kalinda
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- Howard College Campus, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Gangil T, Rao D. Examining Diagnostic Errors in the Field of Otorhinolaryngology within the Challenging Landscape of Limited-Resource Healthcare. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:2714-2721. [PMID: 38883455 PMCID: PMC11169281 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-024-04490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic accuracy is vital in otorhinolaryngology for effective patient care, yet diagnostic mismatches between non-otorhinolaryngology clinicians and ENT specialists can occur. However, studies investigating such mismatches in low-resource healthcare environments are limited. This study aims to analyze diagnostic mismatches in otorhinolaryngology within a low-resource healthcare environment. A publicly available dataset assessing diagnostic outcomes from non-otorhinolaryngology clinicians and ENT specialists was analyzed. The dataset included demographic characteristics, referral diagnoses, and final ENT specialist diagnoses. Descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests were employed to assess the prevalence of diagnostic mismatches and associated factors. The analysis comprised 1544 cases. The prevalence of diagnostic mismatches between non-otorhinolaryngology clinicians and ENT specialists was 67.4%. Certain specific ENT diseases demonstrated higher frequencies of diagnostic mismatches. Factors such as mismatch in the diagnosis and compliance of patient were found to influence the occurrence of diagnostic mismatches. This study highlights the presence of diagnostic mismatches in otorhinolaryngology within a low-resource healthcare environment. The prevalence of these mismatches underscores the need for improved diagnostic practices in such settings. Factors contributing to diagnostic mismatches should be further explored to develop strategies for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and reducing diagnostic errors in otorhinolaryngology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangil
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Divya Rao
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Lukama L, Aldous C, Michelo C, Kalinda C. Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) disease diagnostic error in low-resource health care: Observations from a hospital-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281686. [PMID: 36758061 PMCID: PMC9910637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the global burden of ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases is high, data relating to ENT disease epidemiology and diagnostic error in resource-limited settings remain scarce. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional review of ENT patients' clinical records at a resource-limited tertiary hospital. We determined the diagnostic accuracy and appropriateness of patient referrals for ENT specialist care using descriptive statistics. Cohens kappa coefficient (κ) was calculated to determine the diagnostic agreement between non-ENT clinicians and the ENT specialist, and logistic regression applied to establish the likelihood of patient misdiagnosis by non-ENT clinicians. Of the 1543 patients studied [age 0-87 years, mean age 25(21) years (mean(SD)], non-ENT clinicians misdiagnosed 67.4% and inappropriately referred 50.4%. Compared to those aged 0-5 years, patients aged 51-87 years were 1.77 (95%CI: 1.03-3.04) fold more likely to have a referral misdiagnosis for specialist care. Patients with ear (aOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.14-2.33) and those with sinonasal diseases (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.14-2.45) had greater likelihood of referral misdiagnosis than those with head and neck diseases. Agreement in diagnosis between the ENT specialist and non-ENT clinicians was poor (κ = 0.0001). More effective, accelerated training of clinicians may improve diagnostic accuracy in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufunda Lukama
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ndola Teaching Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
- College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Charles Michelo
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Harvest University, Lusaka, Zambia
- Strategic Centre for Health Systems Metrics & Evaluations (SCHEME), School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chester Kalinda
- Bill and Joyce Cummings Institute of Global Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- Howard College Campus, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Ayodele SO, Aremu SK. The Cost of Setting Up an ENT Endoscopic Practice in Lower Middle-Income Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF THE WEST AFRICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS 2022; 12:104-108. [PMID: 36213808 PMCID: PMC9536405 DOI: 10.4103/jwas.jwas_57_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons in developing countries are constrained to practicing with lower technology, lower cost surgery, and reliance on outdated surgical techniques carried out with improvised instruments when compared with their counterparts in the developed world. In this review, we planned to lay open the bottle necks militating against setting up an ENT endoscopy practice in our setting with possible outcomes. The literature search was carried out to retrieve relevant published articles, books, and guidelines. Unpublished literatures were excluded. The search was limited to articles in English. ENT clinical practice in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) where there are limited or no ENT endoscopic setup due to high cost of procurement and maintenance, human resources, lack of subspecialty training, and inadequate funding by policy makers poses major challenges that can militate against the provision of adequate and effective surgical management. A continually improved management practices will positively affect the organisational structure, efficiency, and safety of a system. That is, an affordable and standard ENT endoscopic setup will go a long way to improve the access to training and practice for both ENT clinical and surgical purposes. The expansion of ENT endoscopic specialist training will improve both the diagnostic and therapeutic acumen in ENT practice in LMICs. The budget for health and the health-funding systems of our institutions must receive special and specific attentions tailored towards putting our health facilities in better shapes, subspecialty training, and procurement of state-of-the-art endoscopic equipment with proper plans on maintenance culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Oluyomi Ayodele
- ENT Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Shuaib Kayode Aremu
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
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Mumba JM, Kasonka L, Owiti OB, Andrew J, Lubeya MK, Lukama L, Kasempa C, Msadabwe SC, Kalinda C. Cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment delays in the developing world: Evidence from a hospital-based study in Zambia. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2021; 37:100784. [PMID: 34095422 PMCID: PMC8165546 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expedited diagnostic processes for all suspected cervical cancer cases remain essential in the effort to improve clinical outcomes of the disease. However, in some developing countries like Zambia, there is paucity of data that assesses factors influencing diagnostic and treatment turnaround time (TAT) and other metrics vital for quality cancer care. We conducted a retrospective hospital-based study at the Cancer Diseases Hospital (CDH) for cervical cancer cases presenting to the facility between January 2014 and December 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics while a generalized linear model of the negative binomial was used to assess determinants of overall TAT. Our study included 2121 patient case files. The median age was 49 years (IQR: ±17) and most patients (n = 634, 31%) were aged between 41 and 50 years. The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Cancer stage II (n = 941, 48%) was the most prevalent while stage IV (n = 103, 5.2%) was the least. The average diagnostic TAT in public laboratories was 1.48 (95%CI: 1.21-1.81) times longer than in private laboratories. Furthermore, referral delay was 55 days (IQR: 24-152) and the overall TAT (oTAT) was 110 days (IQR: 62-204). The age of the patient, HIV status, stage of cancer and histological subtype did not influence oTAT while marital status influenced oTAT. The observed longer oTAT may increase irreversible adverse health outcomes among cervical cancer patients. There is a need to improve cancer care in Zambia through improved health expenditure especially in public health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Mwamba Mumba
- The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nationalist Road, P/Box RWX1 50110, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
- Ndola Teaching Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Broadway Road, Postal Agency Ndola, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Lackson Kasonka
- The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nationalist Road, P/Box RWX1 50110, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
- Women and Newborn Hospital-University Teaching Hospitals, Nationalist Road, P/Bag RWX1 Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Okola Basil Owiti
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Science, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - John Andrew
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Science, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mwansa Ketty Lubeya
- The University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nationalist Road, P/Box RWX1 50110, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
- Women and Newborn Hospital-University Teaching Hospitals, Nationalist Road, P/Bag RWX1 Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lufunda Lukama
- Ndola Teaching Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Broadway Road, Postal Agency Ndola, Ndola, Zambia
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Health Sciences., Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Charlotte Kasempa
- Cancer Diseases Hospital, Nationalist Road, Nationalist Road, P/Box RWX1 50110 Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Susan C. Msadabwe
- Cancer Diseases Hospital, Nationalist Road, Nationalist Road, P/Box RWX1 50110 Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia
- Zambia College of Medicine and Surgery, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Great East Campus, Box 33991, Lusaka, Lusaka
| | - Chester Kalinda
- University of Namibia, Faculty of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, School of Science, Katima Mulilo Campus, Winele Road, Private Bag 1096, Ngweze, Katima Mulilo, Namibia
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Nursing, Desmond Clarence Building, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Availability of ENT Surgical Procedures and Medication in Low-Income Nation Hospitals: Cause for Concern in Zambia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1980123. [PMID: 32280679 PMCID: PMC7128045 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1980123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases are an oft overlooked global health concern. Despite their high prevalence and associated morbidity and mortality, ENT diseases have remained neglected in health care delivery. In Zambia and many other low-income countries, ENT services are characterized by poor funding, unavailable surgical procedures, and erratic supply of essential drugs. Objective To investigate ENT service provision in Zambia with regard to availability of surgical procedures and supply of essential drugs. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted using a piloted structured questionnaire between 17 January 2017 and 2 January 2018. Included in the study were the 109 hospitals registered with the Ministry of Health (MoH) across the 10 provinces of Zambia. Results Of the participating hospitals, only 5.9% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% (n = 1) and 40% ( Conclusion ENT service delivery in Zambia is limited with regard to performed surgical procedures and availability of essential drugs, necessitating urgent intervention. The findings from this study may be used to direct national policy on the improvement of provision of ENT services in Zambia.
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