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Lee K, Akinola A, Abraham S. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: exploring the role of psychiatrists in managing patients' physical health - challenges, current options and direction for future care. BJPsych Bull 2024; 48:24-29. [PMID: 37165776 PMCID: PMC10801410 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2023.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotics and severe mental illness (SMI) are associated with weight gain, and obesity increases the risks of cardiometabolic disease and premature death. These present management and liability issues for psychiatrists. Physical healthcare for people with SMI is poor, and this may partly be owing to training limitations and lack of proactiveness by psychiatrists. Ethically and legally, psychiatrists have a duty to avoid unnecessary harm and to maintain an acceptable standard of care. This would apply particularly to patients receiving compulsory treatment for their SMI owing to their vulnerability. Discrepancy between psychiatric and non-psychiatric approaches to pharmacological treatment creates ambiguity, and weight gain could demotivate antipsychotic adherence. This article explores how the Mental Health Act could be used to address these issues, and the ethical considerations, and proposes how long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists could be introduced into existing psychiatric practice as a treatment option for antipsychotic-induced weight gain and obesity in SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenn Lee
- Pennine Care NHS Foundation Trust
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Hugunin J, Khan S, McPhillips E, Davis M, Larkin C, Skehan B, Lapane KL. Pediatrician and Child Adolescent Psychiatrist Perspectives of Coordinated Care for Emerging Adults. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:770-778. [PMID: 36604207 PMCID: PMC10121759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore pediatrician and child/adolescent psychiatrists' perspectives of the role of coordinated care for emerging adults with serious mental health conditions, particularly as they transition to adult care. METHODS Semi-structured individual interviews of a purposive sample of 10 pediatricians and 11 child/adolescent psychiatrists in Massachusetts were used to explore coordinated care for emerging adults. Following verbatim transcription and double coding, we conducted a thematic analysis to identify key themes. Care coordination concepts explored included a case discussion, teamwork, communication methods, medication management, transition to adult care, the healthcare home, and youth and family role. Organizational and societal barriers were also discussed. RESULTS Providers described key barriers to continuous, coordinated care for youth with serious mental health conditions, including poor communication systems between providers, no organized process for the transition from pediatric to adult care, state licensing laws (particularly impacting college-age youth), inadequate connection to community supports, and poor reimbursement rates for psychiatric care. Termination of primary care in young adults and inadequate medication side effect monitoring were described as key gaps in care. DISCUSSION The current system of coordinated care for emerging adults with serious mental health conditions is a perfect storm of challenges that creates a vicious cycle of interconnected barriers which lead to fragmented, discontinuous, and sub-par care for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hugunin
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Emily McPhillips
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Maryann Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Celine Larkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Skehan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kate L Lapane
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Lerbaek B, Jørgensen R, Buus N, Lauritsen MB, Aagaard J, Nordgaard J, McCloughen A. "Modifying" or "Retreating"- Self-management of physical health among a group of people with schizophrenia. An ethnographic study from Denmark. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2021; 30:1575-1587. [PMID: 34263516 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this ethnographic study was to explore how a group of nine Danish people with schizophrenia managed physical health issues as they naturally occurred in everyday life. Qualitative methods were used to generate of data. Thematic analysis led to the description of two typical strategies used by participants to manage debilitating physical health issues in everyday life. Modifying everyday life to manage discomfort was a strategy employed to manage potential or actual discomfort associated with ongoing poor physical health, while retreating from everyday life to recover was a strategy used by participants who experienced recurring discrete episodes of poor physical health characterized by fast deterioration. Both management strategies were inexpedient as they failed to produce any positive progress in terms of the participants regaining health. The social context of participants' everyday life was characterized by a lack of interactions with others about their prevailing and ongoing physical health issues. Repeated use of these inexpedient strategies to manage physical health caused potential worsening rather than improvements to physical health. There is a need for future research that explores aspects of beneficial management of physical health issues among people with severe mental illness. Relevant foci of such research include enhancing self-management of physical health, active help-seeking behaviours, and opportunities to engage in interactions with others about physical health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte Lerbaek
- Clinic for Internal and Emergency Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Nursing Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinic Psychiatry South, Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Jørgensen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Buus
- Relationships Australia NSW, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Syddanmark, Denmark.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marlene Briciet Lauritsen
- Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Nordgaard
- Mental Health Center Amager, Copenhagen, Denmark.,University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea McCloughen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Kanagasundaram P, Lee J, Prasad F, Costa-Dookhan KA, Hamel L, Gordon M, Remington G, Hahn MK, Agarwal SM. Pharmacological Interventions to Treat Antipsychotic-Induced Dyslipidemia in Schizophrenia Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:642403. [PMID: 33815174 PMCID: PMC8010007 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia represents a common adverse effect faced by patients with schizophrenia that increases risk for developing further metabolic complications and cardiovascular disease. Despite its burden, antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia is often left untreated, and the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for mitigating dyslipidemia has not been well-addressed. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions in alleviating dyslipidemia in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Medline, PsychInfo, and EMBASE were searched for all relevant English articles from 1950 to November 2020. Randomized placebo-controlled trials were included. Differences in changes in triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol levels between treatment and placebo groups were meta-analyzed as primary outcomes. Results: Our review identified 48 randomized controlled trials that comprised a total of 3,128 patients and investigated 29 pharmacological interventions. Overall, pharmacological interventions were effective in lowering LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels while increasing the levels of HDL cholesterol. Within the intervention subgroups, approved lipid-lowering agents did not reduce lipid parameters other than total cholesterol level, while antipsychotic switching and antipsychotic add-on interventions improved multiple lipid parameters, including triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Off label lipid lowering agents improved triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, with statistically significant changes seen with metformin. Conclusion: Currently available lipid lowering agents may not work as well in patients with schizophrenia who are being treated with antipsychotics. Additionally, antipsychotic switching, antipsychotic add-ons, and certain off label interventions might be more effective in improving some but not all associated lipid parameters. Future studies should explore novel interventions for effectively managing antipsychotic-induced dyslipidemia. Registration: PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020219982; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020219982.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruntha Kanagasundaram
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Femin Prasad
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenya A Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Hamel
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madeleine Gordon
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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