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Lim YH, Saberi SA, Kamal K, Jalian HR, Avram M. Retrospective Analysis of US Litigations Involving Dermatologists From 2011 to 2022. Dermatol Surg 2024; 50:518-522. [PMID: 38416806 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physician malpractice lawsuits are climbing, and the reasons underlying litigation against dermatologists are unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the reasons patients pursue litigation against dermatologists or dermatology practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of all state and federal cases between 2011 and 2022 was performed after a query using "Dermatology" and "dermatologist" as search terms on 2 national legal data repositories. RESULTS The authors identified a total of 48 (37 state and 11 federal) lawsuits in which a practicing dermatologist or dermatology group practice was the defendant. The most common reason for litigation was unexpected harm (26 cases, 54.2%), followed by diagnostic error (e.g. incorrect or delayed diagnoses) (16 cases, 33.3%). Six cases resulted from the dermatologist failing to communicate important information, such as medication side effects or obtaining informed consent. Male dermatologists were sued at a rate 3.1 times higher than female dermatologists. CONCLUSION Although lawsuits from patients against dermatologists largely involve injury from elective procedures, clinicians should practice caution regarding missed diagnoses and ensure critical information is shared with patients to safeguard against easily avoidable litigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Mathew Avram
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dermatology Laser and Cosmetic Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Schultz TJ, Zhou M, Gray J, Roseleur J, Clark R, Mordaunt DA, Hibbert PD, Haysom G, Wright M. Patient characteristics of, and remedial interventions for, complaints and medico-legal claims against doctors: a rapid review of the literature. Syst Rev 2024; 13:104. [PMID: 38594759 PMCID: PMC11003134 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is uncertain if patient's characteristics are associated with complaints and claims against doctors. Additionally, evidence for the effectiveness of remedial interventions on rates of complaints and claims against doctors has not been synthesised. METHODS We conducted a rapid review of recent literature to answer: Question 1 "What are the common characteristics and circumstances of patients who are most likely to complain or bring a claim about the care they have received from a doctor?" and Question 2 "What initiatives or interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing complaints and claims about the care patients have received from a doctor?". We used a systematic search (most recently in July 2023) of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and grey literature. Studies were screened against inclusion criteria and critically appraised in duplicate using standard tools. Results were summarised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS From 8079 search results, we reviewed the full text of 250 studies. We included 25 studies: seven for Question 1 (6 comparative studies with controls and one systematic review) and 18 studies for Question 2 (14 uncontrolled pre-post studies, 2 comparative studies with controls and 2 systematic reviews). Most studies were set in hospitals across a mix of medical specialties. Other than for patients with mental health conditions (two studies), no other patient characteristics demonstrated either a strong or consistent effect on the rate of complaints or claims against their treating doctors. Risk management programs (6 studies), and communication and resolution programs (5 studies) were the most studied of 6 intervention types. Evidence for reducing complaints and medico-legal claims, costs or premiums and more timely management was apparent for both types of programs. Only 1 to 3 studies were included for peer programs, medical remediation, shared decision-making, simulation training and continuing professional development, with few generalisable results. CONCLUSION Few patient characteristics can be reliably related to the likelihood of medico-legal complaints or claims. There is some evidence that interventions can reduce the number and costs of claims, the number of complaints, and the timeliness of claims. However, across both questions, the strength of the evidence is very weak and is based on only a few studies or study designs that are highly prone to bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Schultz
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michael Zhou
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jodi Gray
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jackie Roseleur
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard Clark
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- HealthFX, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dylan A Mordaunt
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter D Hibbert
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Michael Wright
- Avant Mutual, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Wu J, Wang J, Li Q, Gong Y, Luo J, Yin X. Prevalence of occupational injury and its associated factors among emergency department physicians in China: A large sample, cross-sectional study. Prev Med 2024; 180:107878. [PMID: 38272268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical personnel, particularly emergency department (ED) physicians, face a variety of occupational hazards. However, the current state of occupational injuries among ED physicians remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the occupational injury of Chinese ED physicians and to identify its associated factors. METHODS From July to August 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in Chinese emergency departments. A structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, individual health behaviours, and work-related characteristics was completed by 10,457 ED physicians. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the factors associated with occupational injuries. RESULTS In this study, 81.13% of ED physicians reported occupational injuries in the previous 12 months. All participants who had experienced occupational injuries had suffered verbal violence. Among physicians who experienced at least one injury, 76.57% and 71.30% reported injuries sustained while moving patients and from falls, slips, and sprains during office visits, respectively. Occupational injuries were significantly associated with gender, education level, drinking behaviour, sleep quality, the frequency of night shifts per month, self-perceived physician shortage, and work-family conflict. Physicians who experienced effort-reward imbalance were at a higher risk of occupational injury. CONCLUSION In China, occupational injuries are common among ED physicians. Individual factors as well as work-related factors are independently linked to occupational injuries. To reduce the rate of occupational injuries among ED physicians, health policymakers and healthcare facility managers should consider multi-injury interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Wu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Qinnan Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yanhong Gong
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Chronic non-communicable Disease and Injury Prevention and Control Institute, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China.
| | - Xiaoxv Yin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China.
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da Rosa MI, Ceretta LB, Martins MA, Colonetti L, Colonetti T, Grande AJ, Tempski P. The effects of academic unprofessional behaviour on disciplinary action by medical boards: Systematic review and meta-analysis. CLINICAL TEACHER 2024. [PMID: 38323699 DOI: 10.1111/tct.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of disciplinary actions by regulatory councils and unprofessional behaviour during medical graduation. METHODS A search strategy was developed using the terms: 'physicians', 'disciplinary action', 'education', 'medical', 'undergraduate' and their synonyms, subsequently applied to the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, LILACs and grey literature, with searches up to November 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan software. RESULTS A total of 400 studies were found in the databases, and 15 studies were selected for full-texting reading. Four studies met the inclusion criteria and were included, bringing together a total of 3341 evaluated physicians. Three studies were included in the meta-analysis, showing a greater chance of disciplinary actions among physicians who exhibited unprofessional behaviour during medical graduation (OR: 2.54; 95%CI: 1.87-3.44; I2 : 0%; P < 0.0001; 3077 participants; physicians with disciplinary action: 107/323; control physicians: 222/2754). CONCLUSIONS There is a statistically significant association between unprofessional behaviour during medical undergraduate study and subsequent disciplinary actions by Medical Councils. The tools for periodic assessments of student behaviour during undergraduate studies can be a perspective for future studies aimed at reducing disciplinary actions among physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês da Rosa
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciuma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luciane Bisognin Ceretta
- Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Colonetti
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciuma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Tamy Colonetti
- Laboratory of Translational Biomedicine, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciuma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Antonio Jose Grande
- Laboratory of Evidence-Based Practice, University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia Tempski
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang Y, Ram S(S, Scahill S. Risk identification and prediction of complaints and misconduct against health practitioners: a scoping review. Int J Qual Health Care 2024; 36:mzad114. [PMID: 38155372 PMCID: PMC10791111 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the risk and predicting complaints and misconduct against health practitioners are essential for healthcare regulators to implement early interventions and develop long-term prevention strategies to improve professional practice and enhance patient safety. This scoping review aims to map out existing literature on the risk identification and prediction of complaints and misconduct against health practitioners. This scoping review followed Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases and finished on the same day (6 September 2021). Articles meeting the eligibility criteria were charted and descriptively analysed through a narrative analysis method. The initial search generated 5473 articles. After the identification, screening, and inclusion process, 81 eligible studies were included for data charting. Three key themes were reported: methods used for identifying risk factors and predictors of the complaints and misconduct, synthesis of identified risk factors and predictors in eligible studies, and predictive tools developed for complaints and misconduct against health practitioners. The findings reveal that risk identification and prediction of complaints and misconduct are complex issues influenced by multiple factors, exhibiting non-linear patterns and being context specific. Further efforts are needed to understand the characteristics and interactions of risk factors, develop systematic risk prediction tools, and facilitate the application in the regulatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Level 3, Building 503, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sanyogita (Sanya) Ram
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Level 3, Building 503, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Shane Scahill
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Level 3, Building 503, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Yi M, Cao Y, Wang L, Gu Y, Zheng X, Wang J, Chen W, Wei L, Zhou Y, Shi C, Cao Y. Prediction of Medical Disputes Between Health Care Workers and Patients in Terms of Hospital Legal Construction Using Machine Learning Techniques: Externally Validated Cross-Sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e46854. [PMID: 37590041 PMCID: PMC10472173 DOI: 10.2196/46854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical disputes are a global public health issue that is receiving increasing attention. However, studies investigating the relationship between hospital legal construction and medical disputes are scarce. The development of a multicenter model incorporating machine learning (ML) techniques for the individualized prediction of medical disputes would be beneficial for medical workers. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify predictors related to medical disputes from the perspective of hospital legal construction and the use of ML techniques to build models for predicting the risk of medical disputes. METHODS This study enrolled 38,053 medical workers from 130 tertiary hospitals in Hunan province, China. The participants were randomly divided into a training cohort (34,286/38,053, 90.1%) and an internal validation cohort (3767/38,053, 9.9%). Medical workers from 87 tertiary hospitals in Beijing were included in an external validation cohort (26,285/26,285, 100%). This study used logistic regression and 5 ML techniques: decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and deep neural network. In total, 12 metrics, including discrimination and calibration, were used for performance evaluation. A scoring system was developed to select the optimal model. Shapley additive explanations was used to generate the importance coefficients for characteristics. To promote the clinical practice of our proposed optimal model, reclassification of patients was performed, and a web-based app for medical dispute prediction was created, which can be easily accessed by the public. RESULTS Medical disputes occurred among 46.06% (17,527/38,053) of the medical workers in Hunan province, China. Among the 26 clinical characteristics, multivariate analysis demonstrated that 18 characteristics were significantly associated with medical disputes, and these characteristics were used for ML model development. Among the ML techniques, GBDT was identified as the optimal model, demonstrating the lowest Brier score (0.205), highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.738, 95% CI 0.722-0.754), and the largest discrimination slope (0.172) and Youden index (1.355). In addition, it achieved the highest metrics score (63 points), followed by deep neural network (46 points) and random forest (45 points), in the internal validation set. In the external validation set, GBDT still performed comparably, achieving the second highest metrics score (52 points). The high-risk group had more than twice the odds of experiencing medical disputes compared with the low-risk group. CONCLUSIONS We established a prediction model to stratify medical workers into different risk groups for encountering medical disputes. Among the 5 ML models, GBDT demonstrated the optimal comprehensive performance and was used to construct the web-based app. Our proposed model can serve as a useful tool for identifying medical workers at high risk of medical disputes. We believe that preventive strategies should be implemented for the high-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yi
- Institute of Medical Information and Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuebin Cao
- Health Commission of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Municipal Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yaowen Gu
- Institute of Medical Information and Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqian Zheng
- Chinese Hospital Association Medical Legality Specialized Committee, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yujin Zhou
- Institute of Medical Information and Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyi Shi
- Institute of Medical Information and Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Cao
- Institute of Medical Information and Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Sheth BP, Schnabel SD, Comber BA, Martin B, McGowan M, Bartley GB. Relationship Between the American Board of Ophthalmology Maintenance of Certification Program and Actions Against the Medical License. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 247:1-8. [PMID: 36370838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the likelihood of disciplinary actions against medical licenses of ophthalmologists who maintained board certification through successful completion of the American Board of Ophthalmology Maintenance of Certification program compared with ophthalmologists who did not maintain certification. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of ophthalmologists certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology from 1992 to 2012 with time-limited certificates. Rates and severity of disciplinary actions against medical licenses were analyzed among ophthalmologists who did and did not maintain certification. RESULTS Of 9111 ophthalmologists who earned initial board certification between 1992 and 2012, 8073 (88.6%) maintained their certification and 1038 (11.4%) did not maintain their certification. A total of 234 license actions were identified in the study group. Among ophthalmologists who did not maintain board certification, the risk of a license action was more than 2 times that of those who maintained board certification (hazard ratio = 2.34, 95% CI=1.73-3.18). License actions were significantly higher in men than in women (hazard ratio = 2.02, 95% CI=1.43-2.86). Ophthalmologists who had a lapse in their certification had a higher severity of disciplinary actions (χ2 = 9.21, p <.01) than ophthalmologists who maintained their certification. CONCLUSIONS This study supports prior literature in other specialties demonstrating a higher risk of disciplinary licensure actions in physicians who did not maintain board certification as compared with those who did. Physicians who did not maintain certification were also more likely to have actions against their license reflecting a higher severity violation. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna P Sheth
- From the Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences (B.P.S), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Sarah D Schnabel
- American Board of Ophthalmology (S.D.S., B.A.C., B.M., M.M., G.B.B .); Department of Ophthalmology (G.B.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beth Ann Comber
- American Board of Ophthalmology (S.D.S., B.A.C., B.M., M.M., G.B.B .); Department of Ophthalmology (G.B.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian Martin
- American Board of Ophthalmology (S.D.S., B.A.C., B.M., M.M., G.B.B .); Department of Ophthalmology (G.B.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Meghan McGowan
- American Board of Ophthalmology (S.D.S., B.A.C., B.M., M.M., G.B.B .); Department of Ophthalmology (G.B.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - George B Bartley
- American Board of Ophthalmology (S.D.S., B.A.C., B.M., M.M., G.B.B .); Department of Ophthalmology (G.B.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Foong-Reichert AL, Grindrod KA, Edwards DJ, Austin Z, Houle SKD. Pharmacist Disciplinary Action: What Do Pharmacists Get in Trouble for? Healthc Policy 2023; 18:60-71. [PMID: 36917454 PMCID: PMC10019516 DOI: 10.12927/hcpol.2023.27034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the reasons for disciplinary action and resultant consequences for Canadian pharmacists and any associations with demographic factors. Methods Regulatory body disciplinary action cases from 10 Canadian provinces were coded. Demographic information was coded. Results There were 665 pharmacist cases from nine provinces between January 2010 and December 2020. The rate of disciplinary action was low (1.37 cases/1,000 practitioners/year). Professional misconduct was the most common category of violation. Male pharmacists were overrepresented in disciplinary action cases. Most cases involved community pharmacists. Conclusion This study is the first, to our knowledge, in Canada to analyze the demographic factors of pharmacists subjected to disciplinary action. It updates a previous review of pharmacist disciplinary action (Foong et al. 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly A Grindrod
- Associate Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Professor in Pharmacy Innovation, Ontario College of Pharmacists, Toronto, ON
| | - David J Edwards
- Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON
| | - Zubin Austin
- Professor, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Sherilyn K D Houle
- Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON
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Foong-Reichert AL, Houle SKD, Austin Z, Edwards DJ, Grindrod KA. Dentist Disciplinary Action: What Do Dentists Get in Trouble for? Healthc Policy 2023; 18:72-83. [PMID: 36917455 PMCID: PMC10019511 DOI: 10.12927/hcpol.2023.27033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to determine the reasons for disciplinary action, the consequences and any associations with demographic factors for Canadian dentists. Methods Publicly available regulatory body disciplinary action cases from 10 Canadian provinces were coded. Demographic factors were also coded. Results There were 344 dentist cases from five provinces between January 2010 and December 2020. The rate of disciplinary action was low (1.38 cases/1,000 practitioners/year). Clinical incompetence was the most common category of disciplinary action, followed by professional misconduct and dishonest business practices. Male dentists were overrepresented in the disciplinary action cases compared to the rest of the workforce. Conclusion This study is the first, to our knowledge, to describe the outcomes of regulatory body disciplinary action for Canadian dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherilyn K D Houle
- Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON
| | - Zubin Austin
- Professor, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - David J Edwards
- Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON
| | - Kelly A Grindrod
- Associate Professor, School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Professor in Pharmacy Innovation, Ontario College of Pharmacists, Toronto, ON
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Tsai HS, Lee TL, Hsuan CF, Liang HW. Impact of the medical care act amendment on the medical malpractice litigation in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31564. [PMID: 36401388 PMCID: PMC9678596 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical malpractice leads to medical criminal liability and claims. The national data of medical criminal liabilities across various specializations, before and after the Medical Care Act amendment, was lacking in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to clarify the impact of the law amendment. A comprehensive retrospective analysis of medical crimes was conducted from January 2001 to December 2020 in Taiwan. The number of medical criminal litigation, defendants, people who plead guilty, conviction rate, and punishment sentences were analyzed. Additionally, the number of practicing physicians in the year was used as the baseline to determine the rate of the accused and guilty rate per 10,000 physician-years, respectively. From 2001 to 2020, there were 249 criminal litigations of medical professionals, which gave rise to 335 defendants. The proportion of defendants by specialization was 19.1% in internal medicine, 26.3% in surgery and orthopedics, 11.9% in obstetrics and gynecology, 3.3% in pediatrics, 25.7% in physicians (who were not related to the aforementioned 4 specializations), and 13.7% in non-physician staff. After the amendment to the Medical Care Act in 2017, the accused rates per 10,000 physician-years decreased significantly in aggregate and by specialization between 2016 and 2020; the guilty rate per 10,000 physician-years during 2016 to 2020 was the minimum, compared to the past. The amendment to the Medical Care Act in 2017 reduced the number of vexatious criminal proceedings. The amendment also reduced criminal liabilities by reducing the guilty rate during 2016 to 2020, compared to the previous period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Shan Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Thung-Lip Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Feng Hsuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Wen Liang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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McGurgan PM, Calvert KL, Nathan EA, Narula K, Celenza A, Jorm C. Why Is Patient Safety a Challenge? Insights From the Professionalism Opinions of Medical Students' Research. J Patient Saf 2022; 18:e1124-e1134. [PMID: 35617637 DOI: 10.1097/pts.0000000000001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite increased emphasis on education and training for patient safety in medical schools, there is little known about factors influencing decision making regarding patient safety behaviors. This study examined the nature and magnitude of factors that may influence opinions around patient safety-related behaviors as a means of providing insights into how Australian doctors and medical students view these issues relative to members of the public. METHODS A national, multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted using responses to hypothetical patient safety scenarios involving the following: fabricating results, personal protective equipment, presenteeism, and reporting concerns.Australian enrolled medical students, medical doctors, and members of the public were surveyed.Participant responses were compared for the different contextual variables within the scenarios and the participants' demographic characteristics. RESULTS In total, 2602 medical student, 809 doctors, and 503 members of the Australian public participated. The 3 demographic groups had significantly differing opinions on many of the patient safety dilemmas. Doctors were more tolerant of medical students not reporting concerning behaviors and attending placements despite recent illness. Medical students' opinions frequently demonstrated a "transition effect," bridging between the doctors and publics' attitudes, consistent with professional identity formation. CONCLUSIONS Opinions on the acceptability of medical students' patient safety-related behaviors were influenced by the demographics of the cohort and the contextual complexity of the scenario. Although the survey used hypothetical scenarios, doctors and medical students' opinions seem to be influenced by cognitive dissonances, biases, and heuristics, which may negatively affect patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M McGurgan
- From the Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Celenza
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Christine Jorm
- Health and Medical Research Office, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australia
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Yi M, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Zheng X, Wang J, Chen W, Wei L, Zhang K. Association between hospital legal constructions and medical disputes: A multi-center analysis of 130 tertiary hospitals in Hunan Province, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:993946. [PMID: 36159280 PMCID: PMC9490230 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.993946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medical disputes are common in hospitals and a major challenge for the operations of medical institutions. However, few studies have looked into the association between medical disputes and hospital legal constructions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between hospital legal constructions and medical disputes, and it also aimed to develop a nomogram to estimate the likelihood of medical disputes. Methods Between July and September 2021, 2,716 administrators from 130 hospitals were enrolled for analysis. The study collected seventeen variables for examination. To establish a nomogram, administrators were randomly split into a training group (n = 1,358) and a validation group (n = 1,358) with a 50:50 ratio. The nomogram was developed using data from participants in the training group, and it was validated in the validation group. The nomogram contained significant variables that were linked to medical disputes and were identified by multivariate analysis. The nomogram's predictive performance was assessed utilizing discriminative and calibrating ability. A web calculator was developed to be conducive to model utility. Results Medical disputes were observed in 41.53% (1,128/2,716) of participants. Five characteristics, including male gender, higher professional ranks, longer length of service, worse understanding of the hospital charters, and worse construction status of hospital rule of law, were significantly associated with more medical disputes based on the multivariate analysis. As a result, these variables were included in the nomogram development. The AUROC was 0.67 [95% confident interval (CI): 0.64-0.70] in the training group and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.66-0.71) in the validation group. The corresponding calibration slopes were 1.00 and 1.05, respectively, and intercepts were 0.00 and -0.06, respectively. Three risk groups were created among the participants: Those in the high-risk group experienced medical disputes 2.83 times more frequently than those in the low-risk group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Medical dispute is prevailing among hospital administrators, and it can be reduced by the effective constructions of hospital rule of law. This study proposes a novel nomogram to estimate the likelihood of medical disputes specifically among administrators in tertiary hospitals, and a web calculator can be available at https://ymgarden.shinyapps.io/Predictionofmedicaldisputes/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yi
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Cao
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yanlin Cao
| | - Yujin Zhou
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuebin Cao
- Health Commission of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xueqian Zheng
- Chinese Hospital Association Medical Legality Specialized Committee, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ke Zhang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Bradfield OM, Bismark M, Scott A, Spittal M. Vocational and psychosocial predictors of medical negligence claims among Australian doctors: a prospective cohort analysis of the MABEL survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055432. [PMID: 35649606 PMCID: PMC9171255 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the association between medical negligence claims and doctors' sex, age, specialty, working hours, work location, personality, social supports, family circumstances, self-rated health, self-rated life satisfaction and presence of recent injury or illness. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective cohort study of Australian doctors. PARTICIPANTS 12 134 doctors who completed the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey between 2013 and 2019. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Doctors named as a defendant in a medical negligence claim in the preceding 12 months. RESULTS 649 (5.35%) doctors reported being named in a medical negligence claim during the study period. In addition to previously identified demographic factors (sex, age and specialty), we identified the following vocational and psychosocial risk factors for claims: working full time (OR=1.48, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.94) or overtime hours (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.23), working in a regional centre (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.08), increasing job demands (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.30), low self-rated life satisfaction (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.91) and recent serious personal injury or illness (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.72). Having an agreeable personality was mildly protective (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.00). When stratified according to sex, we found that working in a regional area, low self-rated life satisfaction and not achieving work-life balance predicted medical negligence claims in male, but not female, doctors. However, working more than part-time hours and having a recent personal injury or illness predicted medical negligence claims in female, but not male, doctors. Increasing age predicted claims more strongly in male doctors. Personality type predicted claims in both male and female doctors. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable risk factors contribute to an increased risk of medical negligence claims among doctors in Australia. Creating more supportive work environments and targeting interventions that improve doctors' health and well-being could reduce the risk of medical negligence claims and contribute to improved patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Bradfield
- Law and Public Health Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie Bismark
- Law and Public Health Unit, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Scott
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Spittal
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Socio-Demographic, Professional and Institutional Characteristics That Make Romanian Doctors More Prone to Malpractice Complaints. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020287. [PMID: 35208607 PMCID: PMC8878102 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Medical malpractice is a phenomenon that shadows current medical practice, the number of complaints following an upward trend worldwide. The background for complaints is related both to the doctor and medical practice in general, as well as to the patient. The aim of this study was to identify a profile of the Romanian doctors who are more prone to receiving complaints, by analyzing the socio-demographic, professional and institutional characteristics. Materials and Methods: We conducted a quantitative, prospective research, the data being collected using a newly developed questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 24). We used counts, percentages, means and standard deviation, and comparative and correlational analyses. A logistic regression model was applied to select a statistically best-fit model to identify independent predictors for receiving complaints; a Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to check the performance of the prediction model. Results: The study group consisted of 1684 doctors, of which 16.1% had been involved in a malpractice complaint. Results showed that men, senior doctors from surgical specialties who perform a greater number of on-call shifts, those who work in regional or county hospitals, those who have greater fear of receiving complaints and those whose life partner is a doctor with the same specialty are more prone to receiving complaints. Conclusions: The profile identified by the present research underlines the main characteristics that could be targeted with specific measures in order to prevent the ongoing increase of malpractice complaints in Romania.
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Aso Escario J. Litigabilidad y defendibilidad en neurología y neurocirugía. Un modelo «terapéutico» para el manejo de reclamaciones por mala praxis asistencial. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Aso Escario J. Litigability and defensibility in neurology and neurosurgery. A "therapeutic" model for handling claims for malpractice care. NEUROCIRUGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 33:22-30. [PMID: 34920981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucie.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite its indisputable importance, there are not many official data on claims for malpractice at the national level in Spain, mainly due to transfers from Health to the Autonomous Communities. This lack of unified information, together with other variables related to modern Healthcare Medicine (type of healthcare system, ethical aspects, consent, patients' rights, new technologies, etc.), complicates the healthcare professional's response to claims, and could not guarantee adequate protection of this against possible liability. This article analyzes the current situation in Spain and emphasizes aspects such as defensibility and liability in malpractice claims, taking as a model the Neurosurgery Specialty, one of the most prone to this type of situation. Prevention and action guidelines are offered, through a model aimed at reinforcing defensibility and reducing liability. This approach, which we call a "therapeutic model", considers the problem analogously to a disease, providing the basis for its prevention and management. We believe that this approach can be useful both to the Neurosurgeon and to any healthcare provider at a time, such as today, when there is some confusion on these issues and some reluctance of insurance companies to provide coverage in some cases.
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Bratland SZ, Baste V, Steen K, Diaz E, Bondevik GT. Physician factors associated with medical errors in Norwegian primary care emergency services. Scand J Prim Health Care 2021; 39:429-437. [PMID: 34615440 PMCID: PMC8725954 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2021.1973240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the associations between characteristics of physicians working in primary care emergency units (PCEUs) and the outcome of assessments of the medical records. DESIGN Data from a previous case-control study was used to evaluate factors related to medical errors. SETTING Ten Norwegian PCEUs were included. SUBJECTS Physicians that had evoked a patient complaint, and a random sample of three physicians from the same PCEU and time period as the physician who had evoked a complaint. Recorded physician characteristics were: gender, seniority, citizenship at, and years after authorization as a physician, specialty in general practice, and workload at the PCEU. Main outcome measures: Assessments of the medical records: errors that may have led to harm, no medical error, or inconclusive. RESULTS In the complaint group 77 physicians were included, and in the random sample group 217. In the first group, 53.2% of the medical records were assessed as revealing medical errors. In the random sample group, this percentage was 3.2. In the complaint group the percentages for no-error and inconclusive for the female physicians were 30.8 and 15.4; and for the male physicians 9.8 and 27.3, p = 0.027. CONCLUSION In the group of complaints there was a higher percentage with no assessed medical error, and a lower percentage with inconclusive assessments of medical errors, among female physicians compared to their male colleagues. We found no other physician factors that were associated with assessed medical errors. Future research should focus on the underlying elements of these findings.Key pointsMedical errors are among the leading causes of death and they are essentially avoidable. Primary care emergency units are a vulnerable arena for committing medical errors.By assessing the medical records of a group of physicians who had evoked a complaint, no differences related to physician factors were revealed in the incidence of medical errors.In the group of female physicians, the proportion of no-errors, was higher, and the percentage of inconclusive medical records was lower than for their male colleagues.The Norwegian regulations on independent participation in PCEUs may have modulated these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Zander Bratland
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
- CONTACT Svein Zander Bratland National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Valborg Baste
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Steen
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Esperanza Diaz
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norway & Unit for Migration and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Tschudi Bondevik
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen & National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
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Gerritse FL, Duvivier RJ. Disciplinary complaints concerning transgressive behaviour by healthcare professionals: an analysis of 5 years jurisprudence in the Netherlands. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053401. [PMID: 34642199 PMCID: PMC8513272 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the frequency of observed cases of disciplinary law complaints concerning transgressive behaviour in Dutch healthcare by analysing disciplinary cases handled in Dutch disciplinary law. DESIGN Retrospective review of complaints in the Dutch disciplinary law tribunals from the period 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2020. SETTING Dutch healthcare. METHOD Descriptive retrospective study. All judgements at regional disciplinary tribunals in the first instance from the period 1 January 2015 to 1 January 2020 concerning transgressive behaviour were investigated. The following was studied: year of judgement, number and nature of complaints, type of complainants, profession of defendant. RESULTS Over the study period, 139 complaints about transgressive behaviour were handled, 90 of which involved sexual behaviour. 66/139 complaints were submitted by patients themselves (47.5%). Most complaints were directed against physicians (44.6%; n=62), followed by nurses (30.2%; n=42), psychologists (11.5%; n=16) and physiotherapists (7.9%; n=11). 80.6% of the complaints were directed against a male healthcare professional (OR 4.25; 95% CI 1.7590 to 10.2685; p=0.0013). 104/139 of the complaints originated from an outpatient work setting and about half of the complaints originated from mental healthcare. Of the 90 disciplinary cases in which the complaint was related to sexually transgressive behaviour, 83.3% (n=75) were ruled to be substantiated (5 of which partially) with a measure imposed in all cases: 6 formal warnings (8%), 11 reprimands (14.7%), 10 denials (partial suspension) (13.3%), 26 temporary suspensions (34.7%) and 22 cancellations of the licence to practice (29.3%). CONCLUSION This study describes jurisprudence of disciplinary cases about transgressive behaviour of healthcare professionals in the Netherlands. The results of this study can be used to monitor trends in observed cases of transgressive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robbert J Duvivier
- Centre for Education Development and Research in Health Professions (CEDAR), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Parnassia Academy, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Olson S, McAlpine H, Cain SA, Mitchell R, Olsson G, Drummond KJ. Editorial. International women leaders in neurosurgery: past, present, and what the future must look like. Neurosurg Focus 2021; 50:E2. [PMID: 33789238 DOI: 10.3171/2020.12.focus20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Olson
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Heidi McAlpine
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Sarah A Cain
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Ruth Mitchell
- 3Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria.,4Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria; and
| | - Gemma Olsson
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katharine J Drummond
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria.,3Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
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Bratland SZ, Baste V, Steen K, Diaz E, Gjelstad S, Bondevik GT. Physician factors associated with increased risk for complaints in primary care emergency services: a case - control study. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2020; 21:201. [PMID: 32977768 PMCID: PMC7519491 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-020-01272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient safety incidents defined as any unintended or unexpected incident that could have or were judged to have led to patient harm, are reported as relatively common. In this study patient complaints have been used as an indicator to uncover the occurrence of patient safety incidents in primary care emergency units (PCEUs) in Norway. METHODS Ten PCEUs in major cities and rural parts of Norway participated. These units cover one third of the Norwegian population. A case-control design was applied. The case was the physician that evoked a complaint. The controls were three randomly chosen physicians from the same PCEU as the physician having evoked the complaint. The following variables regarding the physicians were chosen: gender, citizenship at, and years after authorization as physician, and specialty in general practice. The magnitude of patient contact was defined as the workload at the PCEU. The physicians' characteristics and workload were extracted from the medical records from the fourteen-day period prior to the consultation that elicited the complaint. The rest of the variables were then obtained from the Norwegian physician position register. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio for complaints both unadjusted and adjusted for the independent variables. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Version25) and STATA. RESULTS A total of 78 cases and 217 controls were included during 18 months (September 1st 2015 till March 1st 2017). The risk of evoking a complaint was significantly higher for physicians without specialty in general practice, and lower for those with medium low and medium high workload compared to physicians with no duty during the fourteen-day period prior to the index consultation. The limited strength of the study did not make it possible to assess any correlation between workload and the other variables (physician's gender, seniority and citizenship at time of authorization). CONCLUSIONS Continuous medical training and achieving the specialty in general practice were decisively associated with a reduced risk for complaints in primary care emergency services. Future research should focus on elements promoting quality of care such as continuing education, duty rosters and other structural and organizational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Zander Bratland
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Valborg Baste
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Steen
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway
| | - Esperanza Diaz
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.,Unit for Migration and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Gjelstad
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Fredrik Holsts hus, N-0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Tschudi Bondevik
- National Centre for Emergency Primary Health Care, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, N-5018, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Martinez KA, Keenan K, Rastogi R, Roufael J, Fletcher A, Rood MN, Rothberg MB. The Association Between Physician Race/Ethnicity and Patient Satisfaction: an Exploration in Direct to Consumer Telemedicine. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:2600-2606. [PMID: 32632788 PMCID: PMC7459065 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient satisfaction measures have important implications for physicians. Patient bias against non-White physicians may impact physician satisfaction ratings, but this has not been widely studied. OBJECTIVE To assess differences in patient satisfaction by physician race/ethnicity. DESIGN A cross-sectional observational study. PARTICIPANTS Patients seeking care on a large nationwide direct to consumer telemedicine platform between July 2016 and July 2018 and their physicians. MAIN MEASURES Patient satisfaction was ascertained immediately following the encounter on scales of 1 to 5 stars and scored two ways: (1) top-box satisfaction (5 stars versus fewer) and (2) dissatisfaction (2 or fewer stars versus 3 or more). To approximate the information patients would use to make assumptions about physician race/ethnicity, four reviewers classified physicians into categories based on physician name and photo. These included White American, Black American, South Asian, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, and East Asian. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to assess differences in patient top-box satisfaction and patient dissatisfaction by physician race/ethnicity, controlling for patient characteristics, prescription receipt, physician specialty, and whether the physician trained in the USA versus internationally. KEY RESULTS The sample included 119,016 encounters with 390 physicians. Sixty percent were White American, 14% South Asian, 7% Black American, 7% Hispanic, 6% Middle Eastern, and 6% East Asian. Encounters with South Asian physicians (aOR 0.70; 95% CI 0.54-0.91) and East Asian physicians (aOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.99) were significantly less likely than those with White American physicians to result in top-box satisfaction. Compared to encounters with White American physicians, those with Black American physicians (aOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.12-2.64), South Asian physicians (aOR 1.77; 95% CI 1.23-2.56), and East Asian physicians (aOR 2.10; 95% CI 1.38-3.20) were more likely to result in patient dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS In our study, patients reported lower satisfaction with some groups of non-White American physicians, which may have implications for their compensation, professional reputation, and job satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Martinez
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, G10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Kaitlin Keenan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika Rastogi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joud Roufael
- Kent State University College of Public Health, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Adrianne Fletcher
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark N Rood
- Department of Family Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael B Rothberg
- Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, G10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Bradfield OM, Bismark MM, Studdert DM, Spittal MJ. Characteristics and predictors of regulatory immediate action imposed on registered health practitioners in Australia: a retrospective cohort study. AUST HEALTH REV 2020; 44:784-790. [PMID: 32854820 DOI: 10.1071/ah19293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Immediate action is an emergency power available to Australian health practitioner regulatory boards to protect the public. The aim of this study was to better understand the frequency, determinants and characteristics of immediate action use in Australia. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 11200 health practitioners named in notifications to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) between January 2011 and December 2013. All cases were followed until December 2016 to determine their final outcome. Results Of 13939 finalised notifications, 3.7% involved immediate action and 9.7% resulted in restrictive final action. Among notifications where restrictive final action was taken, 79% did not involve prior immediate action. Among notifications where immediate action was taken, 48% did not result in restrictive final action. Compared with notifications from the public, the odds of immediate action were higher for notifications lodged by employers (mandatory notifications OR=21.3, 95% CI 13.7-33.2; non-mandatory notifications OR=10.9, 95% CI 6.7-17.8) and by other health practitioners (mandatory notifications OR=11.6, 95% CI 7.6-17.8). Odds of immediate action were also higher if the notification was regulator-initiated (OR=11.6, 95% CI 7.6-17.8), lodged by an external agency such as the police (OR=11.8, 95% CI 7.7-18.1) or was a self-notification by the health practitioner themselves (OR=9.4, 95% CI 5.5-16.0). The odds of immediate action were higher for notifications about substance abuse (OR=9.9, 95% CI 6.9-14.2) and sexual misconduct (OR=5.3, 95% CI 3.5-8.3) than for notifications about communication and clinical care. Conclusions Health practitioner regulatory boards in Australia rarely used immediate action as a regulatory tool, but were more likely to do so in response to mandatory notifications or notifications pertaining to substance abuse or sexual misconduct. What is known about this topic Health practitioner regulatory boards protect the public from harm and maintain quality and standards of health care. Where the perceived risk to public safety is high, boards may suspend or restrict the practice of health practitioners before an investigation has concluded. What does this paper add? This paper is the first study in Australia, and the largest internationally, to examine the frequency, characteristics and predictors of the use of immediate action by health regulatory boards. Although immediate action is rarely used, it is most commonly employed in response to mandatory notifications or notifications pertaining to substance abuse or sexual misconduct. What are the implications for practitioners? Immediate action is a vital regulatory tool. Failing to immediately sanction a health practitioner may expose the public to preventable harm, whereas imposing immediate action where allegations are unfounded can irreparably damage a health practitioner's career. We hope that this study will assist boards to balance the interests of the public with those of health practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Bradfield
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia. ; ; and Corresponding author.
| | - Marie M Bismark
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia. ;
| | - David M Studdert
- Stanford Law School and Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia. ;
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Roberts WL, Gross GA, Gimpel JR, Smith LL, Arnhart K, Pei X, Young A. An Investigation of the Relationship Between COMLEX-USA Licensure Examination Performance and State Licensing Board Disciplinary Actions. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:925-930. [PMID: 31626002 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Passing the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States (COMLEX-USA) serves as a licensing requirement, yet there is limited understanding between this high-stakes exam and performance outcomes. This study examined the relationship between COMLEX-USA scores and disciplinary actions received by osteopathic physicians. METHOD Data for osteopathic physicians (N = 26,383) who graduated from medical school between 2004 and 2013 were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to assess the relationship between COMLEX-USA scores and placement into one of 3 disciplinary action categories relative to no action received, controlling for years in practice and gender. RESULTS Less than 1% of physicians in this study (n = 187) had a disciplinary action(s). Controlling for all COMLEX-USA levels, years in practice, and gender, higher Level 3 scores were associated with significant decreased odds for all action categories: revoked licensed (odds ratio [OR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36, 0.72; P < .001), imposed limitations to practice (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.41, 0.84; P < .01), and other action imposed (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.33, 0.69; P < .001), relative to not receiving an action. In these same models, higher Level 2 Performance Evaluation Biomedical/Biomechanical Domain scores decreased the odds for an action that revoked a license (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.58, 0.98; P < .05) and imposed limitations to practice (OR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.49, 0.84; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that the COMLEX-USA delivers useful information regarding the likelihood of a practitioner receiving state board disciplinary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Roberts
- W.L. Roberts is director, Psychometrics/Research, Clinical Skills Testing, National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-8059. G.A. Gross is vice president, Clinical Skills Testing, National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. J.R. Gimpel is president and chief executive officer, National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. L.L. Smith is senior psychometrician, Clinical Skills Testing, National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. K. Arnhart is senior research analyst, Research and Data Integration, Federation of State Medical Boards, Euless, Texas. X. Pei is senior research analyst, Research and Data Integration, Federation of State Medical Boards, Euless, Texas. A. Young is assistant vice president, Research and Data Integration, Federation of State Medical Boards, Euless, Texas
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Gallagher CT. Factors associated with severity of sanctions among pharmacy professionals facing disciplinary proceedings. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:638-641. [PMID: 32381422 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of disciplinary proceedings against a pharmacy professional can strongly impact their career. The severity of outcomes at tribunal is often attributed to specific factors outside the control of the practitioner, including area of practice and level of experience; as well as to personal choices, including attendance at the hearing and the presence of a legal representative. OBJECTIVE To determine which of these factors are associated with removal from the professional register at General Pharmaceutical Council's (GPhC) disciplinary hearings. METHODS Pearson's Χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were carried out for associations between all variable pairs identified in 127 case determinations published by the GPhC between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2019. Relative risk calculations were applied to compare the likelihood of an event occurring between two groups. RESULTS Personal characteristics are unrelated to seriousness of regulatory outcomes in these cases. The composition of the panel is unrelated to the outcome. Engagement with the regulatory process (attendance and legal representation) is strongly associated with less severe sanctions. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrates that failing to engage with the fitness to practise process virtually invites removal from the Register.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal T Gallagher
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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Bondi SA, Tang SFS, Altman RL, Fanaroff JM, McDonnell WM, Rusher JW. Trends in Pediatric Malpractice Claims 1987-2015: Results From the Periodic Survey of Fellows. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-0711. [PMID: 32213648 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatricians are less frequently sued than other physicians. When suits are successful, however, the average payout is higher. Little is known about changes in the risk of litigation over time. We sought to characterize malpractice lawsuit trends for pediatricians over time. METHODS The Periodic Survey is a national random sample survey of American Academy of Pediatrics members. Seven surveys between 1987 and 2015 asked questions regarding malpractice (n = 5731). Bivariate and multivariable analyses examined trends and factors associated with risk and outcome of malpractice claims and lawsuits. Descriptive analyses examined potential change in indemnity amount over time. RESULTS In 2015, 21% of pediatricians reported ever having been the subject of any claim or lawsuit, down from a peak of 33% in 1990. Report of successful outcomes in the most-recent suit trended upward between 1987 and 2015, greatest in 2015 at 58%. Median indemnity was unchanged, averaging $128 000 in 2018 dollars. In multivariate analysis, male sex, hospital-based subspecialty (neonatology, pediatric critical care, pediatric emergency medicine, and hospital medicine), longer career, and more work hours were associated with a greater risk of malpractice claim. CONCLUSIONS From 1987 to 2015, the proportion of pediatricians sued has decreased and median indemnity has remained unchanged. Male pediatricians and hospital-based subspecialists were more likely to have been sued. Greater knowledge of the epidemiology of malpractice claims against pediatricians is valuable because it can impact practice arrangements, advise risk-management decisions, influence quality and safety projects, and provide data to guide advocacy for appropriate tort reform and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bondi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;
| | | | - Robin L Altman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Touro College and University System and Maria Fareri Children's Hospital, Westchester Medical Center Health Network, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jonathan M Fanaroff
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William M McDonnell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - John W Rusher
- Department of General Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Caballero JA, Brown SP. Engagement, not personal characteristics, was associated with the seriousness of regulatory adjudication decisions about physicians: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2019; 17:211. [PMID: 31771585 PMCID: PMC6880351 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes of processes questioning a physician's ability to practise -e.g. disciplinary or regulatory- may strongly impact their career and provided care. However, it is unclear what factors relate systematically to such outcomes. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we investigate this via multivariate, step-wise, statistical modelling of all 1049 physicians referred for regulatory adjudication at the UK medical tribunal, from June 2012 to May 2017, within a population of 310,659. In order of increasing seriousness, outcomes were: no impairment (of ability to practise), impairment, suspension (of right to practise), or erasure (its loss). This gave adjusted odds ratios (OR) for: age, race, sex, whether physicians first qualified domestically or internationally, area of practice (e.g. GP, specialist), source of initial referral, allegation type, whether physicians attended their outcome hearing, and whether they were legally represented for it. RESULTS There was no systematic association between the seriousness of outcomes and the age, race, sex, domestic/international qualification, or the area of practice of physicians (ORs p≥0.05), except for specialists who tended to receive outcomes milder than suspension or erasure. Crucially, an apparent relationship of outcomes to age (Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.009) or domestic/international qualification (χ2,p=0.014) disappeared once controlling for hearing attendance (ORs p≥0.05). Both non-attendance and lack of legal representation were consistently related to more serious outcomes (ORs [95% confidence intervals], 5.28 [3.89, 7.18] and 1.87 [1.34, 2.60], respectively, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS All else equal, personal characteristics or first qualification place were unrelated to the seriousness of regulatory outcomes in the UK. Instead, engagement (attendance and legal representation), allegation type, and referral source were importantly associated to outcomes. All this may generalize to other countries and professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Caballero
- General Medical Council, 350 Euston Rd, London, NW1 3JN, UK. .,University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,The University of Sheffield, Dept of Psychology, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Steve P Brown
- General Medical Council, 350 Euston Rd, London, NW1 3JN, UK
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Silver JK, Bean AC, Slocum C, Poorman JA, Tenforde A, Blauwet CA, Kirch RA, Parekh R, Amonoo HL, Zafonte R, Osterbur D. Physician Workforce Disparities and Patient Care: A Narrative Review. Health Equity 2019; 3:360-377. [PMID: 31312783 PMCID: PMC6626972 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ensuring the strength of the physician workforce is essential to optimizing patient care. Challenges that undermine the profession include inequities in advancement, high levels of burnout, reduced career duration, and elevated risk for mental health problems, including suicide. This narrative review explores whether physicians within four subpopulations represented in the workforce at levels lower than predicted from their numbers in the general population—women, racial and ethnic minorities in medicine, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities—are at elevated risk for these problems, and if present, how these problems might be addressed to support patient care. In essence, the underlying question this narrative review explores is as follows: Do physician workforce disparities affect patient care? While numerous articles and high-profile reports have examined the relationship between workforce diversity and patient care, to our knowledge, this is the first review to examine the important relationship between diversity-related workforce disparities and patient care. Methods: Five databases (PubMed, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, and EBSCO Discovery Service) were searched by a librarian. Additional resources were included by authors, as deemed relevant to the investigation. Results: The initial database searches identified 440 potentially relevant articles. Articles were categorized according to subtopics, including (1) underrepresented physicians and support for vulnerable patient populations; (2) factors that could exacerbate the projected physician deficit; (3) methods of addressing disparities among underrepresented physicians to support patient care; or (4) excluded (n=155). The authors identified another 220 potentially relevant articles. Of 505 potentially relevant articles, 199 (39.4%) were included in this review. Conclusions: This report demonstrates an important gap in the literature regarding the impact of physician workforce disparities and their effect on patient care. This is a critical public health issue and should be urgently addressed in future research and considered in clinical practice and policy decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allison C Bean
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chloe Slocum
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie A Poorman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheri A Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca A Kirch
- National Patient Advocate Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ranna Parekh
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,American Psychiatric Association, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hermioni L Amonoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ross Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Network, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Osterbur
- Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Croft E, Clark MT, Efstathiou N, Bradbury-Jones C. A focused mapping review and synthesis of a priori risk factors associated with medical misconduct. BMJ Open Qual 2019; 8:e000538. [PMID: 31321315 PMCID: PMC6606077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medical misconduct is an international problem. It is judged according to whether a doctor has endangered the health of the public. Little is known about the risk factors associated with medical misconduct. To inform patient safety, we undertook a focused mapping review and synthesis (FMRS) of tribunal reports retrieved from the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service (MPTS). Methods A four-phase FMRS was undertaken: (1) identification and retrieval of 1-year tribunal transcripts from the MPTS (focus), (2) analysis of transcripts to identify patterns mapped to 'a priori' risk factors (mapping), (3) peer review of the data (calibration) and (4) creation of a risk profile (synthesis). Results Out of the 351 investigative tribunals, 249 (70.94%) resulted in a guilty verdict. 82.73% of all guilty verdicts led to the removal of the doctor from practice. Through the identification of four a priori risk factors, we developed a model of risk associated with medical misconduct: (1) being male, (2) primary medical qualification (PMQ) outside of the UK, (3) working within general practice and surgical specialties, and (4) having passed PMQ more than 20 years ago. Notable 'unconfirmed' factors, such as locum work, PMQ achieved outside of the European Union, increasing age and lack of clinical guidance are also relevant to what is deemed professional behaviour and what is not. Conclusions The findings can inform debates about patient safety and lay the groundwork for further research into medical misconduct. Prospective studies should focus on confirming the contributory factors and relationship between these four a priori risk factors for medical misconduct: being male, PMQ outside of the UK, increasing age and working in general practice or surgical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Tighe Clark
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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Kornmehl H, Singh S, Adler BL, Wolf AE, Bochner DA, Armstrong AW. Characteristics of Medical Liability Claims Against Dermatologists From 1991 Through 2015. JAMA Dermatol 2019; 154:160-166. [PMID: 29214284 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Importance Recognizing malpractice trends in the field of dermatology is important for establishing safeguards for patient care and minimizing liability. However, there is a lack of published data on malpractice claims against dermatologists. Objective To determine characteristics of medical professional liability claims in the field of dermatology and to compare these claims with those against all physicians. Design, Setting, and Participants We examined malpractice liability data collected on dermatologists and other physicians insured by companies that report data to the Physician Insurers Association of America Data Sharing Project (PIAA-DSP), a nationally representative liability claims registry. Data analyzed spanned the years 1991 through 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Demographic characteristics of dermatologists subject to claims, characteristics of closed claims, medical errors associated with closed claims, and patient outcomes leading to closed claims. Results Data on a total of 90 743 closed claims were analyzed, 1084 (1.2%) against dermatologists and 89 659 (98.8%) against nondermatologists. More lawsuits were brought against male (n = 753, 69.5%) than female dermatologists (n = 270, 24.9%); 5.6% of claims (n = 61) did not identify the physician's sex. Full-time practitioners (n = 1035, 95.5%) and those in solo practice (n = 600, 55.4%) were more likely to be sued than those in group practices (n = 429, 39.6%) and institutions (n = 31, 2.9%). Most claims against dermatologists were abandoned, withdrawn, or dismissed (n = 735, 67.8%). Between 2006 and 2015, trial verdicts favoring defendants exceeded trial verdicts favoring plaintiffs by a factor of 7. Errors that occurred during a procedure spawned the most claims (n = 305), of which 102 were paid. Misdiagnoses comprised the second-highest number of claims (n = 192), of which 62 were paid. The average recovery per claim was $238 145. The most common procedure leading to claims was skin operations (420 claims, of which 130 were paid). The most common adverse patient outcome associated with claims was dyschromia, resulting in 171 claims, of which 40 were paid. Conclusions and Relevance Male dermatologists were sued more often than female dermatologists. Overall, alleged errors in procedures and misdiagnosis gave rise to the most lawsuits. Dyschromia was the most common adverse outcome alleged in lawsuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Kornmehl
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Brandon L Adler
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | - April W Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Studdert DM, Spittal MJ, Zhang Y, Wilkinson DS, Singh H, Mello MM. Changes in Practice among Physicians with Malpractice Claims. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1247-1255. [PMID: 30917259 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsa1809981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians with poor malpractice liability records may pose a risk to patient safety. There are long-standing concerns that such physicians tend to relocate for a fresh start, but little is known about whether, how, and where they continue to practice. METHODS We linked an extract of the National Practitioner Data Bank to the Medicare Data on Provider Practice and Specialty data set to create a national cohort of physicians 35 to 65 years of age who practiced during the period from 2008 through 2015. We analyzed associations between the number of paid malpractice claims that physicians accrued and exits from medical practice, changes in clinical volume, geographic relocation, and change in practice-group size. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 480,894 physicians who had 68,956 paid claims from 2003 through 2015. A total of 89.0% of the physicians had no claims, 8.8% had 1 claim, and the remaining 2.3% had 2 or more claims and accounted for 38.9% of all claims. The number of claims was positively associated with the odds of leaving the practice of medicine (odds ratio for 1 claim vs. no claims, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 1.11; odds ratio for ≥5 claims, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.74). The number of claims was not associated with geographic relocation but was positively associated with shifts into smaller practice settings. For example, physicians with 5 or more claims had more than twice the odds of moving into solo practice than physicians with no claims (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.79 to 3.20). CONCLUSIONS Physicians with multiple malpractice claims were no more likely to relocate geographically than those with no claims, but they were more likely to stop practicing medicine or switch to smaller practice settings. (Funded by SUMIT Insurance and the Australian Research Council.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Studdert
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
| | - Yifan Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
| | - Derek S Wilkinson
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
| | - Harnam Singh
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
| | - Michelle M Mello
- From the Departments of Medicine (D.M.S., Y.Z.) and Health Research and Policy (M.M.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Law School (D.M.S., M.M.M.) - both in Stanford, CA; the Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (D.S.W., H.S.)
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Woolf K, Jayaweera H, Unwin E, Keshwani K, Valerio C, Potts H. Effect of sex on specialty training application outcomes: a longitudinal administrative data study of UK medical graduates. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025004. [PMID: 30837254 PMCID: PMC6429837 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine sex differences in the specialty training recruitment outcomes of UK medical graduates; and whether sex differences were explained by prior academic attainment and previous fitness to practise (FtP) declarations. DESIGN Retrospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Administrative data on entrants to all UK medical schools from the UK Medical Education Database. PARTICIPANTS 10 559 doctors (6 155; 58% female) who entered a UK medical school in 2007 or 2008 and were eligible to apply for specialty training by 2015. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Odds of application, offer and acceptance to any specialty training programme, and on to each of the nine largest training programmes, adjusting for sex, other demographics, prior academic attainment, FtP declaration and medical school. RESULTS Across all specialties, there were no sex differences in applications for specialty training, but women had increased odds of getting an offer (OR=1.40; 95% CI=1.25 to 1.57; p<0.001) and accepting one (OR=1.43; 95% CI=1.19 to 1.71; p<0.001). Seven of the nine largest specialties showed significant sex differences in applications, which remained after adjusting for other factors. In the adjusted models, Paediatrics (OR=1.57; 95% CI=1.01 to 2.46; p=0.046) and general practice (GP) (OR=1.23; 95% CI=1.03 to 1.46; p=0.017) were the only specialties to show sex differences in offers, both favouring women. GP alone showed sex differences in acceptances, with women being more likely to accept (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.03 to 1.76; p=0.03). Doctors with an FtP declaration were slightly less likely to apply to specialty training overall (OR=0.84; 95% CI=0.71 to 1.00; p=0.048) and less likely to accept an offer to any programme (OR=0.71; 95% CI=0.52 to 0.98; p=0.036), after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Sex segregation between medical specialties is due to differential application, although research is needed to understand why men are less likely to be offered a place on to GP and Paediatrics training, and if offered GP are less likely to accept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Woolf
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Hirosha Jayaweera
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Unwin
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Karim Keshwani
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
- North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher Valerio
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, London, UK
- North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Henry Potts
- Centre for Health Informatics and Multiprofessional Education, UCL, London, UK
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Shouhed D, Beni C, Manguso N, IsHak WW, Gewertz BL. Association of Emotional Intelligence With Malpractice Claims. JAMA Surg 2019; 154:250-256. [DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shouhed
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine Beni
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Nicholas Manguso
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Bruce L. Gewertz
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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Foong EAL, Grindrod KA, Houle SKD. Will I lose my license for that? A closer look at Canadian disciplinary hearings and what it means for pharmacists' practice to full scope. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2018; 151:332-344. [PMID: 31080533 DOI: 10.1177/1715163518790773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Concerns about liability from clinical errors have been cited as a barrier preventing greater adoption of practice change. Our objective was to determine the most common actions or omissions that result in disciplinary action for pharmacists and the restrictive actions imposed. Methods Canadian disciplinary reports were reviewed. Cases were coded as charges of professional misconduct, unskilled practice or dishonest business practices. Results There were 558 disciplinary cases from 10 provinces that occurred between January 2010 and July 2017. Professional misconduct charges commonly involved stealing/diverting or inappropriately dispensing narcotic drugs, pharmacy supervision/premises charges and refusing to cooperate with the college. Charges of unskilled practice included dispensing the wrong drug, failing to assess the appropriateness of a drug order, providing the wrong dose and failing to counsel. Fraudulent billing practices and accepting rebates from generic drug companies were the most common dishonest business practices. Professional misconduct, unskilled practice and dishonest business practice charges were involved in 342 (61%), 169 (30%) and 191 (34%) cases, respectively. Most cases occurred in community pharmacies and were not caused by an isolated clinical error. Fines were the most common penalty, followed by temporary license suspensions, professional development and reprimands. License revocations were the least common (4%), often involving professional misconduct. Conclusion This review suggests that disciplinary action against a pharmacist for an isolated, unintentional clinical error is uncommon and that losing a license is rare. Fear of disciplinary action should not be a barrier to practice change or the provision of full-scope patient care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ai-Leng Foong
- University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy, Waterloo, Ontario
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Linzer M, Harwood E. Gendered Expectations: Do They Contribute to High Burnout Among Female Physicians? J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33:963-965. [PMID: 29435727 PMCID: PMC5975148 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients have differing expectations of female versus male physicians. Female patients tend to seek more empathic listening and longer visits, especially with female physicians; however, female doctors are not provided more time for this. Female doctors have more female patients than male doctors, and more patients with psychosocial complexity. We propose that gender differences in patient panels and gendered expectations of female physicians may contribute to the high rate of burnout among female clinicians, as well as to the many female physicians working part-time to reduce stress in their work lives. We propose several mechanisms for addressing this, including brief increments in visit time (20, 30 and 40 min), staff awareness, training in patient expectations during medical school, adjusting for patient gender in compensation plans, and co-locating behavioral medicine specialists in primary care settings. Beneficial outcomes could include fewer malpractice suits, greater patient satisfaction, higher quality care, and lower burnout among female physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Linzer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Office of Professional Worklife, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Eileen Harwood
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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Unwin E, Potts HWW, Dacre J, Elder A, Woolf K. Passing MRCP (UK) PACES: a cross-sectional study examining the performance of doctors by sex and country. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29625566 PMCID: PMC5889582 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much discussion about the sex differences that exist in medical education. Research from the United Kingdom (UK) and United States has found female doctors earn less, and are less likely to be senior authors on academic papers, but female doctors are also less likely to be sanctioned, and have been found to perform better academically and clinically. It is also known that international medical graduates tend to perform more poorly academically compared to home-trained graduates in the UK, US, and Canada. It is uncertain whether the magnitude and direction of sex differences in doctors' performance is variable by country. We explored the association between doctors' sex and their performance at a large international high-stakes clinical examination: the Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (UK) Practical Assessment of Clinical Examination Skills (PACES). We examined how sex differences varied by the country in which the doctor received their primary medical qualification, the country in which they took the PACES examination, and by the country in which they are registered to practise. METHODS Seven thousand six hundred seventy-one doctors attempted PACES between October 2010 and May 2013. We analysed sex differences in first time pass rates, controlling for ethnicity, in three groups: (i) UK medical graduates (N = 3574); (ii) non-UK medical graduates registered with the UK medical regulator, the General Medical Council (GMC), and thus likely to be working in the UK (N = 1067); and (iii) non-UK medical graduates without GMC registration and so legally unable to work or train in the UK (N = 2179). RESULTS Female doctors were statistically significantly more likely to pass at their first attempt in all three groups, with the greatest sex effect seen in non-UK medical graduates without GMC registration (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.65-2.39; P < 0.0001) and the smallest in the UK graduates (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.03-1.35; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS As found in a previous format of this examination and in other clinical examinations, female doctors outperformed male doctors. Further work is required to explore why sex differences were greater in non-UK graduates, especially those without GMC registration, and to consider how examination performance may relate to performance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Unwin
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, GF 664, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Henry W. W. Potts
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA UK
| | - Jane Dacre
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, GF 664, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
- Royal College of Physicians, 11 St Andrews Place, London, NW1 4LE UK
| | - Andrew Elder
- Royal College of Physicians, 11 St Andrews Place, London, NW1 4LE UK
| | - Katherine Woolf
- Research Department of Medical Education, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, GF 664, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF UK
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Paton LW, Tiffin PA, Smith D, Dowell JS, Mwandigha LM. Predictors of fitness to practise declarations in UK medical undergraduates. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2018; 18:68. [PMID: 29622041 PMCID: PMC5887261 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misconduct during medical school predicts subsequent fitness to practise (FtP) events in doctors, but relatively little is known about which factors are associated with such issues during undergraduate education. This study exploits the newly created UK medical education database (UKMED), with the aim of identifying predictors of conduct or health-related issues that could potentially impair FtP. The findings would have implications for policies related to both the selection and support of medical students. METHODS Data were available for 14,379 students obtaining provisional registration with the General Medical Council who started medical school in 2007 and 2008. FtP declarations made by students were available, as were various educational and demographic predictor variables, including self-report 'personality measures' for students who participated in UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) pilot studies. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the predictors of FtP declarations. RESULTS Significant univariable predictors (p < 0.05) for conduct-related declarations included male gender, white ethnicity and a non-professional parental background. Male gender (OR 3.07) and higher 'self-esteem' (OR 1.45) were independently associated with an increased risk of a conduct issue. Female gender, a non-professional background, and lower self-reported 'confidence' were, among others, associated with increased odds of a health-related declaration. Only 'confidence' was a significant independent predictor of a health declaration (OR 0.69). Female gender, higher UKCAT score, a non-professional background and lower 'confidence' scores were significant predictors of reported depression, and the latter two variables were independent predictors of declared depression. CONCLUSIONS White ethnicity and UK nationality were associated with increased odds of both conduct and health-related declarations, as were certain personality traits. Students from non-professional backgrounds may be at increased risk of depression and therefore could benefit from targeted support. The small effect sizes observed for the 'personality measures' suggest they would offer little potential benefit for selection, over and above those measures already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W. Paton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Paul A. Tiffin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Daniel Smith
- General Medical Council, Regent’s Place, London, NW1 3JN UK
| | - Jon S. Dowell
- School of Medicine Deanery, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | - Lazaro M. Mwandigha
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Saint S, Vaughn VM, Chopra V, Fowler KE, Kachalia A. Perception of Resources Spent on Defensive Medicine and History of Being Sued Among Hospitalists: Results from a National Survey. J Hosp Med 2018; 13:26-29. [PMID: 29068439 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The United States spends substantially more per capita for healthcare than any other nation. Defensive medicine is 1 source of such spending, but its extent is unclear. Using a national survey of approximately 1500 US hospitalists, we report the estimates the US hospitalists provided of the percent of resources spent on defensive medicine and correlates of their estimates. We also ascertained how many reported being sued. Sixty-eight percent of eligible recipients responded. Overall, respondents estimated that 37.5% of healthcare costs are due to defensive medicine. Just over 25% of our respondents, including 55% of those in practice for 20 years or more, reported being sued for medical malpractice. Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital affiliation, more years practicing as a physician, being male, and being a non-Hispanic white individual were all independently associated with decreased estimates of resources spent for defensive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Saint
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Health Policy and Innovation & Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- The Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Valerie M Vaughn
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Health Policy and Innovation & Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vineet Chopra
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Health Policy and Innovation & Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen E Fowler
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Patient Safety Enhancement Program, University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allen Kachalia
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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The Purse Strings of Radiology. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 15:362-363. [PMID: 29275084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cuddy MM, Young A, Gelman A, Swanson DB, Johnson DA, Dillon GF, Clauser BE. Exploring the Relationships Between USMLE Performance and Disciplinary Action in Practice: A Validity Study of Score Inferences From a Licensure Examination. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2017; 92:1780-1785. [PMID: 28562454 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physicians must pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) to obtain an unrestricted license to practice allopathic medicine in the United States. Little is known, however, about how well USMLE performance relates to physician behavior in practice, particularly conduct inconsistent with safe, effective patient care. The authors examined the extent to which USMLE scores relate to the odds of receiving a disciplinary action from a U.S. state medical board. METHOD Controlling for multiple factors, the authors used non-nested multilevel logistic regression analyses to estimate the relationships between scores and receiving an action. The sample included 164,725 physicians who graduated from U.S. MD-granting medical schools between 1994 and 2006. RESULTS Physicians had a mean Step 1 score of 214 (standard deviation [SD] = 21) and a mean Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) score of 213 (SD = 23). Of the physicians, 2,205 (1.3%) received at least one action. Physicians with higher Step 2 CK scores had lower odds of receiving an action. A 1-SD increase in Step 2 CK scores corresponded to a decrease in the chance of disciplinary action by roughly 25% (odds ratio = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.70-0.80). After accounting for Step 2 CK scores, Step 1 scores were unrelated to the odds of receiving an action. CONCLUSIONS USMLE Step 2 CK scores provide useful information about the odds a physician will receive an official sanction for problematic practice behavior. These results provide validity evidence supporting current interpretation and use of Step 2 CK scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Cuddy
- M.M. Cuddy is measurement scientist, Center for Advanced Assessment, National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A. Young is assistant vice president, Research and Data Integration, Federation of State Medical Boards, Euless, Texas. A. Gelman is professor, Departments of Statistics and Political Science, Columbia University, New York, New York. D.B. Swanson is vice president, Academic Programs and Services, American Board of Medical Specialties, Chicago, Illinois, and professor (honorary appointment), Department of Medical Education, University of Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Australia. D.A. Johnson is senior vice president, Assessment Services, Federation of State Medical Boards, Euless, Texas. G.F. Dillon is vice president, Licensure, National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. B.E. Clauser is vice president, Center for Advanced Assessment, National Board of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Garden A, Weller J. Speaking up: does anaesthetist gender influence teamwork and collaboration? Br J Anaesth 2017; 119:571-572. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mehdizadeh L, Potts HWW, Sturrock A, Dacre J. Prevalence of GMC performance assessments in the United Kingdom: a retrospective cohort analysis by country of medical qualification. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:67. [PMID: 28372544 PMCID: PMC5379692 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demographics of doctors working in the UK are changing. The United Kingdom (UK) has voted to leave the European Union (EU) and there is heightened political discourse around the world about the impact of migration on healthcare services. Previous work suggests that foreign trained doctors perform worse than UK graduates in postgraduate medical examinations. We analysed the prevalence by country of primary medical qualification of doctors who were required to take an assessment by the General Medical Council (GMC) because of performance concerns. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis of data routinely collected by the GMC. We compared doctors who had a GMC performance assessment between 1996 and 2013 with the medical register in the same period. The outcome measures were numbers experiencing performance assessments by country or region of medical qualification. RESULTS The rate of performance assessment varied significantly by place of medical qualification and by year; χ 2(17) = 188, p < 0.0001, pseudo-R2 = 15%. Doctors who trained outside of the UK, including those trained in the European Economic Area (EEA), were more likely to have a performance assessment than UK trained doctors, with the exception of South African trained doctors. CONCLUSIONS The rate of performance assessment varies significantly by place of medical qualification. This is the first study to explore the risk of performance assessment by individual places of medical qualification. While concern has largely focused on the competence of non-EEA, International Medical Graduates, we discuss implications for how to ensure European trained doctors are fit to practise before their medical licence in the UK is granted. Further research is needed to investigate whether these country effects hold true when controlling for factors like doctors' sex, age, length of time working in the UK, and English language skills. This will allow evidence-based decisions to be made around the regulatory environment the UK should adopt once it leaves the EU. Patients should be reassured that the vast majority of all doctors working in the UK are competent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mehdizadeh
- University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, room GF/664, Hampstead, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - H. W. W. Potts
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, 222 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DA UK
| | - A. Sturrock
- University College London Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, room GF/664, Hampstead, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - J. Dacre
- Royal College of Physicians, 11 St Andrews Place, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4LE UK
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Reuveni I, Pelov I, Reuveni H, Bonne O, Canetti L. Cross-sectional survey on defensive practices and defensive behaviours among Israeli psychiatrists. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014153. [PMID: 28320795 PMCID: PMC5372095 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatry is a low-risk specialisation; however, there is a steady increase in malpractice claims against psychiatrists. Defensive psychiatry (DP) refers to any action undertaken by a psychiatrist to avoid malpractice liability that is not for the sole benefit of the patient's mental health and well-being. The objectives of this study were to assess the scope of DP practised by psychiatrists and to understand whether awareness of DP correlated with defensive behaviours. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 213 Israeli psychiatry residents and certified psychiatrists during May and June 2015 regarding demographic data and experience with malpractice claims, medicolegal literature and litigation. Four clinical scenarios represented defensive behaviours and reactions (feelings and actions) to malpractice claims. RESULTS Forty-four (20.6%) certified psychiatrists and four (1.9%) residents were directly involved in malpractice claims, while 132 (62.1%) participants admitted to practising DP. Residents acknowledged the practice of DP more than did senior psychiatrists (p=0.038).Awareness of DP correlated with unnecessary hospitalisation of suicidal patients, increased unnecessary follow-up visits and prescribing smaller drug dosages than required for pregnant women and elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that DP is well established in the routine clinical daily practice of psychiatrists. Further studies are needed to reveal whether DP effectively protects psychiatrists from malpractice suits or, rather, if it impedes providing quality psychiatric care and represents an economic burden that leads to more harm for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Reuveni
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Pelov
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H Reuveni
- Department of Health Systems Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - O Bonne
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Canetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tiffin PA, Paton LW, Mwandigha LM, McLachlan JC, Illing J. Predicting fitness to practise events in international medical graduates who registered as UK doctors via the Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) system: a national cohort study. BMC Med 2017; 15:66. [PMID: 28316280 PMCID: PMC5357806 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND International medical graduates working in the UK are more likely to be censured in relation to fitness to practise compared to home graduates. Performance on the General Medical Council's (GMC's) Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) tests and English fluency have previously been shown to predict later educational performance in this group of doctors. It is unknown whether the PLAB system is also a valid predictor of unprofessional behaviour and malpractice. The findings would have implications for regulatory policy. METHODS This was an observational study linking data relating to fitness to practise events (referral or censure), PLAB performance, demographic variables and English language competence, as evaluated via the International English Language Test System (IELTS). Data from 27,330 international medical graduates registered with the GMC were analysed, including 210 doctors who had been sanctioned in relation to at least one fitness to practise issue. The main outcome was risk of eventual censure (including a warning). RESULTS The significant univariable educational predictors of eventual censure (versus no censures or referrals) were lower PLAB part 1 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 1.00) and part 2 scores (HR, 0.94; 0.91 to 0.97) at first sitting, multiple attempts at both parts of the PLAB, lower IELTS reading (HR, 0.79; 0.65 to 0.94) and listening scores (HR, 0.76; 0.62 to 0.93) and higher IELTS speaking scores (HR, 1.28; 1.04 to 1.57). Multiple resits at either part of the PLAB and higher IELTS speaking score (HR, 1.49; 1.20 to 1.84) were also independent predictors of censure. We estimated that the proposed limit of four attempts at both parts of the PLAB would reduce the risk in this entire group by only approximately two censures per 5 years in this group of doctors. CONCLUSIONS Making the PLAB, or any replacement assessment, more stringent and raising the required standards of English reading and listening may result in fewer fitness to practice events in international medical graduates. However, the number of PLAB resits permitted would have to be further capped to meaningfully impact the risk of sanctions in this group of doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Tiffin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Lewis W Paton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Lazaro M Mwandigha
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John C McLachlan
- School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University Queen's Campus, Thornaby, TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Jan Illing
- School of Medical Education, The Medical School, Newcastle University
- , Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Spittal MJ, Studdert DM, Paterson R, Bismark MM. Outcomes of notifications to health practitioner boards: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med 2016; 14:198. [PMID: 27908294 PMCID: PMC5134271 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical boards and other practitioner boards aim to protect the public from unsafe practice. Previous research has examined disciplinary actions against doctors, but other professions (e.g., nurses and midwives, dentists, psychologists, pharmacists) remain understudied. We sought to describe the outcomes of notifications of concern regarding the health, performance, and conduct of health practitioners from ten professions in Australia and to identify factors associated with the imposition of restrictive actions. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all notifications lodged with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency over 24 months. Notifications were followed for 30-54 months. Our main outcome was restrictive actions, defined as decisions that imposed undertakings, conditions, or suspension or cancellation of registration. RESULTS There were 8307 notifications. The notification rate was highest among doctors (IR = 29.0 per 1000 practitioner years) and dentists (IR = 41.4) and lowest among nurses and midwives (IR = 4.1). One in ten notifications resulted in restrictive action; fewer than one in 300 notifications resulted in suspension or cancellation of registration. Compared with notifications about clinical care, the odds of restrictive action were higher for notifications relating to health impairments (drug misuse, OR = 7.0; alcohol misuse, OR = 4.6; mental illness, OR = 4.1, physical or cognitive illness, OR = 3.7), unlawful prescribing or use of medications (OR = 2.1) and violation of sexual boundaries (OR = 1.7). The odds were higher where the report was made by another health practitioner (OR = 2.9) or employer (OR = 6.9) rather than a patient or relative. Nurses and midwives (OR = 1.8), psychologists (OR = 4.5), dentists (OR = 4.7), and other health practitioners (OR = 5.3) all had greater odds of being subject to restrictive actions than doctors. CONCLUSIONS Restrictive actions are the strongest measures health practitioner boards can take to protect the public from harm and these actions can have profound effects on the livelihood, reputations and well-being of practitioners. In Australia, restrictive actions are rarely imposed and there is variation in their use depending on the source of the notification, the type of issue involved, and the profession of the practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - David M Studdert
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Law School, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ron Paterson
- Auckland Law School, The University of Auckland, Private Bay 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Marie M Bismark
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Studdert DM, Bismark MM, Mello MM, Singh H, Spittal MJ. Prevalence and Characteristics of Physicians Prone to Malpractice Claims. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:354-62. [PMID: 26816012 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsa1506137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of malpractice claims among physicians is not well understood. If claim-prone physicians account for a substantial share of all claims, the ability to reliably identify them at an early stage could guide efforts to improve care. METHODS Using data from the National Practitioner Data Bank, we analyzed 66,426 claims paid against 54,099 physicians from 2005 through 2014. We calculated concentrations of claims among physicians. We used multivariable recurrent-event survival analysis to identify characteristics of physicians at high risk for recurrent claims and to quantify risk levels over time. RESULTS Approximately 1% of all physicians accounted for 32% of paid claims. Among physicians with paid claims, 84% incurred only one during the study period (accounting for 68% of all paid claims), 16% had at least two paid claims (accounting for 32% of the claims), and 4% had at least three paid claims (accounting for 12% of the claims). In adjusted analyses, the risk of recurrence increased with the number of previous paid claims. For example, as compared with physicians who had one previous paid claim, the 2160 physicians who had three paid claims had three times the risk of incurring another (hazard ratio, 3.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.84 to 3.41); this corresponded in absolute terms to a 24% chance (95% CI, 22 to 26) of another paid claim within 2 years. Risks of recurrence also varied widely according to specialty--for example, the risk among neurosurgeons was four times as great as the risk among psychiatrists. CONCLUSIONS Over a recent 10-year period, a small number of physicians with distinctive characteristics accounted for a disproportionately large number of paid malpractice claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Studdert
- From Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA (D.M.S., M.M.M.); Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (M.M.B., M.J.S.); and the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD (H.S.)
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