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Zhang J, Suo Y, Wang L, Liu D, Jia Y, Fu Y, Fan W, Jiang Y. Association between atherogenic index of plasma and gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study based on the Korean population. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:237. [PMID: 38970008 PMCID: PMC11227226 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is a non-traditional lipid parameter that can reflect the burden of atherosclerosis. A lipid profile resembling atherosclerosis emerged during pregnancy. Although lipid metabolism is pivotal in diabetes pathogenesis, there is no evidence linking AIP to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Therefore, our objective was to explore the relationship between AIP and GDM and assess AIP's predictive capability for GDM. METHODS This was a secondary analysis based on data from a prospective cohort study in Korea involving 585 single pregnant women. AIP was calculated as log10 (TG/HDL). We examined the relationship between AIP and GDM using logistic regression models, curve fitting, sensitivity analyses, and subgroup analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was also used to determine the ability of AIP to predict GDM. RESULTS The average age of the participants was 32.06 ± 3.76 years. The AIP was 0.24 ± 0.20 on average. The GDM incidence was 6.15%. After adjustment for potentially confounding variables, AIP showed a positive linear relationship with GDM (P for non-linearity: 0.801, OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.27-1.97). The robustness of the connection between AIP and GDM was demonstrated by sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. An area under the ROC curve of 0.7879 (95% CI 0.7087-0.8671) indicates that AIP is an excellent predictor of GDM. With a specificity of 75.41% and sensitivity of 72.22%, the ideal AIP cut-off value for identifying GDM was 0.3557. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the AIP at 10-14 weeks of gestation was independently and positively correlated with GDM risk. AIP could serve as an early screening and monitoring tool for pregnant women at high risk of GDM, thereby optimizing GDM prevention strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT02276144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yaoyu Suo
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yue Jia
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yajuan Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Weining Fan
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Yideng Jiang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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Zheng X, Lai K, Liu C, Chen Y, Zhang X, Wu W, Luo M, Gu C. Association between maternal lipid profiles and vitamin D status in second trimester and risk of LGA or SGA: a retrospective study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1297373. [PMID: 39010896 PMCID: PMC11246877 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1297373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has linked dyslipidemia during pregnancy to the risk of delivering infants born either large for gestational age (LGA) or small for gestational age (SGA). However, the effects of the vitamin D status on these relationships require further investigation. This study investigated whether the relationship between lipid profiles and the risk of LGA or SGA was influenced by vitamin D levels during the second trimester. Methods Maternal lipid profile levels, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and vitamin D levels, were measured in a cohort of 6,499 pregnant women during the second trimester. Multivariate regression models and subgroup analyses were employed to evaluate the potential associations between maternal lipid profiles, vitamin D levels, and the risk of LGA or SGA. Results The prevalence of SGA infants was 9.8% (n=635), whereas that of LGA infants was 6.9% (n=447). Maternal TG levels were found to be positively associated with the risk of LGA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.17-1.70), whereas a negative association was observed between maternal TG, TC, LDL-C levels, and risk of SGA. Additionally, mothers with higher HDL-C levels were less likely to give birth to an LGA infant (OR=0.58, 95% CI:0.39-0.85). Importantly, associations between TG, TC, LDL-c, and SGA as well as between TG and LGA were primarily observed among pregnant women with insufficient vitamin D levels. As for HDL-C, the risk of LGA was lower in mothers with sufficient vitamin D (OR = 0.42, 95% CI:0.18-0.98) compared to those with insufficient vitamin D (OR = 0.65, 95% CI:0.42-0.99). Conclusion Vitamin D status during the second trimester exerts a modifying effect on the association between lipid profiles and the risk of LGA and SGA infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunming Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Mulder JW, Kusters DM, Roeters van Lennep JE, Hutten BA. Lipid metabolism during pregnancy: consequences for mother and child. Curr Opin Lipidol 2024; 35:133-140. [PMID: 38408036 PMCID: PMC11064913 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Accommodating fetal growth and development, women undergo multiple physiological changes during pregnancy. In recent years, several studies contributed to the accumulating evidence about the impact of gestational hyperlipidemia on cardiovascular risk for mother and child. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on lipid profile alterations during pregnancy and its associated (cardiovascular) outcomes for mother and child from a clinical perspective. RECENT FINDINGS In a normal pregnancy, total and LDL-cholesterol levels increase by approximately 30-50%, HDL-cholesterol by 20-40%, and triglycerides by 50-100%. In some women, for example, with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a more atherogenic lipid profile is observed. Dyslipidemia during pregnancy is found to be associated with adverse (cardiovascular) outcomes for the mother (e.g. preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome, unfavorable lipid profile) and for the child (e.g. preterm birth, large for gestational age, preatherosclerotic lesions, unfavorable lipid profile). SUMMARY The lipid profile of women during pregnancy provides a unique window of opportunity into the potential future cardiovascular risk for mother and child. Better knowledge about adverse outcomes and specific risk groups could lead to better risk assessment and earlier cardiovascular prevention. Future research should investigate implementation of gestational screening possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke W.C.M. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Cardiovascular Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | | | - Jeanine E. Roeters van Lennep
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Cardiovascular Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam
| | - Barbara A. Hutten
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Diabetes & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lewek J, Bielecka-Dąbrowa A, Toth PP, Banach M. Dyslipidaemia management in pregnant patients: a 2024 update. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL OPEN 2024; 4:oeae032. [PMID: 38784103 PMCID: PMC11114474 DOI: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Over several decades, the approach to treating dyslipidaemias during pregnancy remains essentially unchanged. The lack of advancement in this field is mostly related to the fact that we lack clinical trials of pregnant patients both with available as well as new therapies. While there are numerous novel therapies developed for non-pregnant patients, there are still many limitations in dyslipidaemia treatment during pregnancy. Besides pharmacotherapy and careful clinical assessment, the initiation of behavioural modifications as well as pre-conception management is very important. Among the various lipid-lowering medications, bile acid sequestrants are the only ones officially approved for treating dyslipidaemia in pregnancy. Ezetimibe and fenofibrate can be considered if their benefits outweigh potential risks. Statins are still considered contraindicated, primarily due to animal studies and human case reports. However, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses as well as data on familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) in pregnant patients have indicated that their use may not be harmful and could even be beneficial in certain selected cases. This is especially relevant for pregnant patients at very high cardiovascular risk, such as those who have already experienced an acute cardiovascular event or have homozygous or severe forms of heterozygous FH. In these cases, the decision to continue therapy during pregnancy should weigh the potential risks of discontinuation. Bempedoic acid, olezarsen, evinacumab, evolocumab and alirocumab, and inclisiran are options to consider just before and after pregnancy is completed. In conclusion, decisions regarding lipid-lowering therapy for pregnant patients should be personalized. Despite the challenges in designing and conducting studies in pregnant women, there is a strong need to establish the safety and efficacy of dyslipidaemia treatment during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewek
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Bielecka-Dąbrowa
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Peter P Toth
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Carnegie 591, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- The Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St, Carnegie 591, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Zyty 28, 65-417 Zielona Góra, Poland
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Wang R, Zhao J, Li L, Huo Y. Associations between lipid-lowering drugs and pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study. J Hypertens 2024; 42:727-734. [PMID: 38230624 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence has indicated that maternal dyslipidemia is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes, and the actions of lipid-lowering drugs in pregnant women remain controversial. Hence, this study aimed to appraise the causal relationship of lipid-lowering drugs [hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, and NPC1L1 inhibitors] with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes using drug-targeting Mendelian randomization analysis. METHODS As a proxy for lipid-lowering drug exposure, two genetic instruments were used: genetic variants within or near the gene linked to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the expression of quantitative trait loci of the drug target gene. Effect estimates were calculated using the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method and summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) method. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy were assessed by Mendelian randomization-Egger regression, the Cochran Q test, and MR-PRESSO analysis. RESULTS HMGCR inhibitors were ascribed to a reduced risk of preeclampsia in both the IVW-MR method [odds ratio (OR) 0.583; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.418-0.812; P = 0.001] and SMR analysis (OR 0.816; 95% CI 0.675-0.986; P = 0.036). The causal link between HMGCR inhibitors and offspring birthweight was statistically significant only in the analysis using the IVW method (OR, 0.879; 95% CI, 0.788-0.980; P = 0.020), and the combined results of the OR values supported the potential inhibitory effect of HMGCR inhibitors on offspring birthweight. Causal associations between lipid-lowering drugs and gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and congenital anomalies were not detected in either analysis. CONCLUSION No causal associations were observed between lipid-lowering drugs and gestational diabetes, preterm birth or congenital anomalies, whereas genetically predicted HMGCR inhibition dramatically reduced the risk of preeclampsia but attenuated offspring birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Hebei, China
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Wei H, Tang Y, Xia Y, Yu Y. Study of triglyceride changes during pregnancy and neonatal birth weight and adverse outcomes. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24075. [PMID: 38515310 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes of maternal triglyceride concentrations are closely associated with intrauterine fetal growth and development, but the effect of mid- to late-term triglyceride changes on birth weight is uncertain. This study investigated the association between changes in triglycerides in mid to late in pregnant women gestational age ≥ 35 weeks on neonatal birth weight and adverse outcomes. METHODS This cohort study was based on 931 pregnant women with a singleton delivery at gestational age ≥ 35 weeks from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 at Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital (NJLSPH) in China, with all maternal triglyceride concentrations measured at mid-term and late-term before delivery. The primary outcomes were neonatal birth weight and the risk of macrosomia. RESULTS Late term triglyceride levels were positively associated with birth weight (β = 126.40, 95% CI: 61.95, 190.84, p < .001) and risk of macrosomia (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.12, 3.98, p = .022). Late mid-term triglyceride was positively associated with birth weight (β = 27.58, 95% CI: 9.67, 45.50, p = .003), and no correlation with risk of macrosomia (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.31, p = .178). Mid-term triglyceride was not associated with birth weight (β = 45.79, 95% CI: -28.73, 120.30, p = .229) and risk of macrosomia (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 0.89, 3.78, p = .101). CONCLUSION Late triglyceride levels were associated with birth weight and risk of macrosomia, while late to mid-term triglyceride were associated with birth weight but not with risk of macrosomia. This suggests that maternal triglyceride changes may affect fetal growth and development, and more studies focusing on the effects of gestational triglyceride profiles are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Wei
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinyan Tang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Pediatric Department, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Pediatric Department, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Badon SE, Ferrara A, Gabriel KP, Dooley EE, Quesenberry CP, Avalos LA, Hedderson MM. Behavior reallocations within 24-h movement profiles and change in cardiometabolic biomarkers during pregnancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:623-632. [PMID: 38282117 PMCID: PMC10922563 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to investigate associations of reallocations within 24-h movement profiles and changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers from early to late pregnancy. METHODS In 137 individuals with prepregnancy overweight/obesity, waking movement was measured using wrist-worn accelerometers, sleep was self-reported, and biomarkers were measured in fasting serum samples at 12 and 32 weeks' gestation. We used compositional isotemporal substitution models. RESULTS On average, biomarkers increased 21%-83% across pregnancy. For those with guideline-recommended moderate/vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) in early pregnancy, reallocating 30 min from MVPA to sleep, sedentary behavior, or light-intensity physical activity (LPA) was associated with a 0.6 mmol/L greater increase in total cholesterol (95% CI: -0.1 to 1.2) and a 0.7 mmol/L greater increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (95% CI: 0.1 to 1.3) from early to late pregnancy. For those with low MVPA in early pregnancy, reallocating 30 min from sleep, sedentary behavior, or LPA to MVPA was associated with a 0.6 mmol/L lower increase in total cholesterol (95% CI: -1.3 to 0.1) and a 0.8 mmol/L lower increase in LDL cholesterol (95% CI: -1.4 to -0.1) from early to late pregnancy. There were no associations with change in glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, very low-density lipoprotein, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or free fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining or achieving a 24-h movement profile with guideline-recommended amounts of MVPA may be beneficial for reducing pregnancy-induced increases in total and LDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia E Badon
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus (UPSTREAM), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Assiamira Ferrara
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus (UPSTREAM), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Erin E Dooley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles P Quesenberry
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Lyndsay A Avalos
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus (UPSTREAM), Oakland, California, USA
| | - Monique M Hedderson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, California, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus (UPSTREAM), Oakland, California, USA
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Nichols AR, Chavarro JE, Oken E. Reproductive risk factors across the female lifecourse and later metabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:240-262. [PMID: 38280383 PMCID: PMC10871592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic health is characterized by optimal blood glucose, lipids, cholesterol, blood pressure, and adiposity. Alterations in these characteristics may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. Recent evidence suggests that female reproductive characteristics may be overlooked as risk factors that contribute to later metabolic dysfunction. These reproductive traits include the age at menarche, menstrual irregularity, the development of polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational weight change, gestational dysglycemia and dyslipidemia, and the severity and timing of menopausal symptoms. These risk factors may themselves be markers of future dysfunction or may be explained by shared underlying etiologies that promote long-term disease development. Disentangling underlying relationships and identifying potentially modifiable characteristics have an important bearing on therapeutic lifestyle modifications that could ease long-term metabolic burden. Further research that better characterizes associations between reproductive characteristics and metabolic health, clarifies underlying etiologies, and identifies indicators for clinical application is warranted in the prevention and management of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nichols
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Andraweera PH, Plummer MD, Garrett A, Leemaqz S, Wittwer MR, Aldridge E, Pathirana MM, Dekker GA, Roberts CT, Arstall MA. Early pregnancy cardio metabolic risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome 10 years after the first pregnancy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280451. [PMID: 36662760 PMCID: PMC9858479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to compare risk factors for CVD 10 years postpartum among women who had ≥ 1 compared to no cardio metabolic risk factor in early first pregnancy. METHODS Women of the SCOPE (Screening fOr Pregnancy Endpoints) study from Adelaide, South Australia were invited to participate in a cardiovascular risk assessment 10 years after the delivery of the first child. Data from 141 women who completed all the assessments are included in the analyses. RESULT Compared to women who did not have any cardio metabolic risk factor at 15 ± 1 weeks' gestation during the first pregnancy, those who had ≥ 1 risk factor were 5.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome 10 years postpartum (aOR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.8-17.3, p = 0.004). Women who had ≥ 1cardio metabolic risk factor during the first pregnancy were more likely to be obese (p = 0.001), have high total cholesterol levels (p <0.001) or have increased insulin resistance (p <0.001) 10 years later compared to women who had no risk factor during the first pregnancy. 63.5% of the women with no cardio metabolic risk factor compared to 39% of women who had ≥ 1 risk factor in first pregnancy, had neither a complicated first pregnancy nor was diagnosed with MetS 10 years postpartum (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION Cardio metabolic risk factors at the booking visit in the first pregnancy may be useful in identifying young women at risk of future CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha H. Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Plummer
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amy Garrett
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shalem Leemaqz
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Melanie R. Wittwer
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Emily Aldridge
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Maleesa M. Pathirana
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gus A. Dekker
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Division of Women’s Health, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
| | - Claire T. Roberts
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Margaret A. Arstall
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, Australia
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Adank MC, Johansen AK, Benschop L, Van Streun SP, Smak Gregoor AM, Øyri LKL, Mulder MT, Steegers EAP, Holven KB, Roeters van Lennep JE. Maternal lipid levels in early pregnancy as a predictor of childhood lipid levels: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:588. [PMID: 35870883 PMCID: PMC9308255 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal lipid levels in early pregnancy are associated with maternal health and foetal growth. It is however unclear if maternal lipids in early pregnancy can be used to predict childhood lipid levels. The aim of this study is to assess the association between maternal and offspring childhood lipid levels, and to investigate the influence of maternal BMI and diet on these associations. Methods This study included 2692 women participating in the Generation R study, an ongoing population-based prospective cohort study from early life onwards. Women with an expected delivery date between 2002 and 2006 living in Rotterdam, the Netherlands were included. Total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were measured in early pregnancy (median 13.2 weeks [90% range 10.6; 17.1]). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), remnant cholesterol and non-HDL-c were calculated. Corresponding lipid measurements were determined in 2692 children at the age of 6 (median 6.0 years [90% range 5.7; 7.5]) and 1673 children 10 years (median 9.7 years [90% range 9.5; 10.3]). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between maternal lipid levels in early pregnancy and the corresponding childhood lipid measurements at the ages of 6 and 10 years while adjusting for confounders. Results Maternal lipid levels in early pregnancy are positively associated with corresponding childhood lipid levels 6 and 10 years after pregnancy, independent of maternal body mass index and diet. Conclusions Maternal lipid levels in early pregnancy may provide an insight to the lipid profile of children years later. Gestational lipid levels may therefore be used as an early predictor of children’s long-term health. Monitoring of these gestational lipid levels may give a window-of-opportunity to start early interventions to decrease offspring’s lipid levels and possibly diminish their cardiovascular risk later in life. Future studies are warranted to investigate the genetic contribution on maternal lipid levels in pregnancy and lipid levels of their offspring years later. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04905-7.
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Ehsanbakhsh A, Abadi JMT, Khorashadizadeh N, Darabi A. Evaluation of risk factors and diseases associated with metabolic and atherosclerotic disorders in different abdominal fat distribution patterns assessed by CT-scan. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2022; 64:754-761. [PMID: 36876546 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.64.e67744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is defined as an increase in body fat composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Azadeh Darabi
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lewek J, Banach M. Dyslipidemia Management in Pregnancy: Why Is It not Covered in the Guidelines? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:547-556. [PMID: 35499807 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the elevation of lipid values during pregnancy is mostly physiological, evidence suggest that it may be associated with adverse events. This article reviews the characteristics of lipid disorders and the possible management with dyslipidemia in pregnant women. RECENT FINDINGS Among many available groups of lipid-lowering drugs, only bile acid sequestrants are approved for the treatment of dyslipidemia during pregnancy. Ezetimibe and fenofibrate might be considered if benefits outweigh the potential risk. Statins are still contraindicated due to the results mainly from animal studies and series of human cases. However, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses showed that their use may not be detrimental, and in some selected cases may be beneficial. Especially, in some groups of pregnant patients with very high cardiovascular risk-those already after an event, or with established cardiovascular disease, with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; in such cases the final decision should weight the potential risk of discontinuation of therapy. Finally, we need to wait for the data with new drugs, including PCSK9 inhibitors and especially inclisiran, which (still hypothetically) might be a very interesting option as it may be used just before the pregnancy and immediately after with the duration of about 9 months between injections. The decisions on lipid-lowering therapy in pregnant patients should be individualized. Despite design and ethical difficulties with such studies, further investigations on dyslipidemia treatment during pregnancy are highly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewek
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-228, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska 281/289, 93-228, Lodz, Poland. .,Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland. .,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Zielona Góra, Poland.
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Comparison of global definitions of metabolic syndrome in early pregnancy among the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort participants in Sri Lanka. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2009. [PMID: 35132136 PMCID: PMC8821546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) in pregnancy shows epigenetic associations with intergenerational inheritance of metabolic diseases. The presence of different diagnostic criteria influences MetS prevalence estimates. We evaluated MetS and metabolic derangements to determine the utility of its assessment in early pregnancy. A cross-sectional analysis of metabolic derangements in pregnant women with period of gestation (POG) ≤ 12 weeks was done among Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort participants in Sri Lanka. 2682 women with mean age 27.9 year (SD-5.5) and median POG 8.0wk (IQR-3) were analyzed. Mean levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density-lipoprotein (HDL), low-density-lipoprotein (LDL), fasting plasma glucose, and 2 h oral glucose tolerance test were 87.71 (SD 38.7), 172.2 (SD 34.7), 49.6 (SD 11.5), 122.6 (SD 32.3), 82.2 (SD 12.8) and 120.3 (SD 11.5) respectively. All serum lipids except LDL increase significantly from 6 to 12 weeks, with TG by 23 and TC by 8 units. High MetS prevalence was observed with AHA/NHLBI (n = 150, 5.6%, 95% CI 4.8–6.5) followed by IDF (n = 144, 5.4%, 95% CI 4.6–6.3), NCEP-ATP III (n = 112, 4.2%, 95% CI 3.4–5.0) and WHO (n = 81, 3.0%, 95% CI 2.4–3.7) definitions respectively. Significant difference in prevalence was noted among different sociodemographic characteristics (p < 0.001). Regardless of the criterion used, the change of metabolic parameters in early pregnancy leads to significant differences in prevalence estimates of MetS. The best MetS definition concerning pregnancy outcomes needs to be determined with prospective studies.
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Zhu SM, Zhang HQ, Li C, Zhang C, Yu JL, Wu YT, Huang HF. Maternal lipid profile during early pregnancy and birth weight: A retrospective study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951871. [PMID: 36187100 PMCID: PMC9521310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated maternal serum lipid concentrations have been related to an adverse intrauterine environment and lead to abnormal birth weight. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to explore the association between maternal lipid profiles during early pregnancy and birth weight with stratified pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). METHODS This retrospective cohort study was based on a large population from two major maternity centers in Shanghai, China. We included 57,516 women with singleton live birth between January 2018 and October 2020. All of the enrolled women had fasting lipid concentrations measured in early pregnancy. The primary outcomes were birth weight and risks of adverse birth outcomes, including macrosomia, large for gestational age (LGA), low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA). RESULTS Higher maternal concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density cholesterol (LDL-c) in early pregnancy were associated with increased birth weight. Ln transformed TG and levels exhibited a positive association with LGA and macrosomia (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.42 and OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.52) and showed a negative relationship with SGA (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62, 0.85). High TG (>75th percentile, 1.67 mmol/L) group also showed higher risks of LGA and macrosomia (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.28 and OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.31) and decreased prevalence of SGA (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61, 0.83). Moreover, significant combined effects of pre-pregnancy BMI and lipid profiles on LGA and macrosomia were identified. CONCLUSIONS Elevated maternal lipid profiles in early pregnancy are associated with higher birth weight and increased risks of LGA and macrosomia. We propose that serum lipid profiles in early pregnancy and pre-pregnancy BMI could serve as screening indexes for high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Meng Zhu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Qiu Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Le Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Ting Wu, ; He-Feng Huang,
| | - He-Feng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Disease, Shanghai, China
- Research Units of Embryo Original Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Ting Wu, ; He-Feng Huang,
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