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Penrith ML, Kivaria FM. One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: where have we been, where are we now, where are we going? Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1179-e1200. [PMID: 35104041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the first paper on African swine fever (ASF) was published by Montgomery in 1921. With no vaccine, ineffectiveness of prevention and control measures, and lack of common interest in eradicating the disease, ASF has proven to be one of the most devastating diseases because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. The rapid spread of the disease on the European and Asian continents and its recent appearance in the Caribbean puts all countries at great risk because of global trade. The incidence of ASF has also increased on the African continent over the last few decades, extending its distribution far beyond the area in which the ancient sylvatic cycle is present with its complex epidemiological transmission pathways involving virus reservoirs in ticks and wild African Suidae. Both in that area and elsewhere, efficient transmission by infected domestic pigs and virus resistance in infected animal products and fomites mean that human driven factors along the pig value chain are the dominant impediments for its prevention, control, and eradication. Control efforts in Africa are furthermore hampered by the lack of information about the size and location of the fast-growing pig population, particularly in the dynamic smallholder sector that constitutes up to 90% of pig production in the region. A vaccine that will be both affordable and effective against multiple genotypes of the virus is not a short-term reality. Therefore, a strategy for management of ASF in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to provide a roadmap for the way forward for the continent. This review explores the progression of ASF and our knowledge of it through research over a century in Africa, our current understanding of ASF, and what must be done going forwards to improve the African situation and contribute to global prevention and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Fredrick Mathias Kivaria
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Block P, Level 3, United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, PO Box: 30470, GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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Uwishema O, Chalhoub E, Zahabioun A, David SC, Khoury C, Al-Saraireh TH, Bekele BK, Mwazighe RM, Onyeaka H. The rising incidence of African swine fever during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: Efforts, challenges and recommendations. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37:561-567. [PMID: 34636084 PMCID: PMC8652873 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Uwishema
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elie Chalhoub
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirsaman Zahabioun
- Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapell Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Success Chekwube David
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Carlo Khoury
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Joseph of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Taif Haitham Al-Saraireh
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Faculty of Surgery and Medicine, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan
| | - Bezawit Kassahun Bekele
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rehema Mkamburi Mwazighe
- Research and Education, Oli Health Magazine Organization, Kigali, Rwanda.,Medical Laboratory Technologist, The Mombasa Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Helen Onyeaka
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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