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Wang J, Liu D, Xie Y. GHRL as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates and progression of precancerous lesions in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1142017. [PMID: 37469414 PMCID: PMC10353738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin is a protein that regulate appetite and energy balance in the human body, which is encoded by the ghrelin prepropeptide gene (GHRL). GHRL is linked with carcinogenesis and immune regulation. However, the correlation of GHRL to prognosis and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Methods In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, prognosis, and different clinicopathological features about GHRL and the correlation between GHRL and tumor infiltration immune cells in GC patients based on the data published in the following databases: TIMER, GEPIA, GEO, STRING, UALCAN, TISIDB, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Furthermore, R software analysis for GC Correa' cascade was also provided. Finally, GHRL expression in GC tissues was assayed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results We found that GHRL expression in GC samples was lower than in normal samples and verified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. However, sample type, cancer stage, and worse survival were correlated to high GHRL expression. We also found that the expression of GHRL in dysplasia was significantly lower than that in CNAG and in GC. High GHRL expression was connected with immunomodulators, chemokines, and infiltrating levels of B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in GC. Conclusions GHRL is a prognostic biomarker for GC patients, and it is correlated with progression of precancerous lesions in GC. It might lead to poor prognosis by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Studies are important to explore therapeutic targeting GHRL in the future.
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Thomas AS, Sassi M, Angelini R, Morgan AH, Davies JS. Acylation, a Conductor of Ghrelin Function in Brain Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831641. [PMID: 35845996 PMCID: PMC9280358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-ghrelin (AG) is an orexigenic hormone that has a unique octanoyl modification on its third serine residue. It is often referred to as the “hunger hormone” due to its involvement in stimulating food intake and regulating energy homeostasis. The discovery of the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT), which catalyses ghrelin acylation, provided further insights into the relevance of this lipidation process for the activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) by acyl-ghrelin. Although acyl-ghrelin is predominantly linked with octanoic acid, a range of saturated fatty acids can also bind to ghrelin possibly leading to specific functions. Sources of ghrelin acylation include beta-oxidation of longer chain fatty acids, with contributions from fatty acid synthesis, the diet, and the microbiome. In addition, both acyl-ghrelin and unacyl-ghrelin (UAG) have feedback effects on lipid metabolism which in turn modulate their levels. Recently we showed that whilst acyl-ghrelin promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis and enhances memory function, UAG inhibits these processes. As a result, we postulated that the circulating acyl-ghrelin:unacyl-ghrelin (AG:UAG) ratio might be an important regulator of neurogenesis and cognition. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence behind the relevance of ghrelin acylation in the context of brain physiology and pathology, as well as the current challenges of identifying the provenance of the acyl moiety.
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Al-Shuhaib MBS, Al-Thuwaini TM, Fadhil IA, Aljubouri TRS. GHRL gene-based genotyping of ovine and caprine breeds reveals highly polymorphic intronic sequences in Awassi sheep with several RNA motifs. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 17:3. [PMID: 31659533 PMCID: PMC6821144 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-019-0004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to identify the genetic polymorphism of ghrelin (GHRL) gene of sheep and goats, as well as to determine whether these polymorphisms were associated with the evolutionary genetic differences in the involved species. This study was performed on 233 sheep and 91 goats. Two genetic loci of 113 bp and 262 bp partially spanning over exon 2/intron 2 and intron 4/exon 5 of GHRL gene respectively were amplified and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing methods. RESULTS The SSCP banding pattern of 262-bp locus indicated the presence of four diplotypes (BC, BB, AC, and AB) in Awassi sheep, three diplotypes (BC, BB, and AB) in Karadi sheep, and only two diplotypes (BC and BB) in all goats' samples. The current study detected several novel SNPs in the ovine-caprine populations as well as two SNPs that are observed only in sheep, including intron4:119 C>A and intron4:123 T>G. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the observed diplotypes resided within ovine sequences and were closely related to caprine counterparts. Computational analyses indicated the presence of various intronic RNA motifs. However, all these motifs were gathered in Awassi breed. CONCLUSION It is stated that the intron 4 is highly diverse amongst goats and sheep as well as within sheep with a particular emphasis on Awassi. This genetic peculiarity may in turn suggest a high polymorphic pattern of this breed in comparison with other related counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, 8-Al-Qasim, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
| | - Tahreer M Al-Thuwaini
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, 8-Al-Qasim, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq
| | - Israa A Fadhil
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, 8-Al-Qasim, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq
| | - Thamer R S Aljubouri
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, 8-Al-Qasim, Hillah, Babil, 51001, Iraq
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Bertucci JI, Blanco AM, Sánchez‐Bretaño A, Unniappan S, Canosa LF. Ghrelin and NUCB2/Nesfatin‐1 Co‐Localization With Digestive Enzymes in the Intestine of Pejerrey (
Odontesthes bonariensis
). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:973-982. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)‐Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de BiologíaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Aida Sánchez‐Bretaño
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Neuroscience InstituteMorehouse School of Medicine 720 Westview Drive, GA, 30310 Atlanta Georgia
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Luis Fabián Canosa
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)‐Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Wang J, Peng J, Fan H, Xiu X, Xue L, Wang L, Su J, Yang X, Wang R. Development of mazF-based markerless genome editing system and metabolic pathway engineering in Candida tropicalis for producing long-chain dicarboxylic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:971-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Candida tropicalis can grow with alkanes or plant oils as the sole carbon source, and its industrial application thus has great potential. However, the choice of a suitable genetic operating system can effectively increase the speed of metabolic engineering. MazF functions as an mRNA interferase that preferentially cleaves single-stranded mRNAs at ACA sequences to inhibit protein synthesis, leading to cell growth arrest. Here, we constructed a suicide plasmid named pPICPJ-mazF that uses the mazF gene of Escherichia coli as a counterselectable marker for the markerless editing of C. tropicalis genes to increase the rate of conversion of oils into long-chain dicarboxylic acids. To reduce the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the carnitine acetyltransferase gene (CART) was deleted using the gene editing system, and the yield of long-chain acids from the strain was increased to 8.27 g/L. By two homologous single exchanges, the promoters of both the cytochrome P450 gene and the NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase gene were subsequently replaced by the constitutively expressed promoter pGAP, and the production of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by the generated strain (C. tropicalis PJPP1702) reached 11.39 g/L. The results of fed-batch fermentation showed that the yield of long-chain acids from the strain was further increased to 32.84 g/L, which was 11.4 times higher than that from the original strain. The results also showed that the pPICPJ-mazF-based markerless editing system may be more suited for completing the genetic editing of C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Fan
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xiu
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Xue
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- grid.443420.5 State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
- grid.443420.5 Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) 250353 Jinan Shandong People’s Republic of China
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Gastrointestinal Spatiotemporal mRNA Expression of Ghrelin vs Growth Hormone Receptor and New Growth Yield Machine Learning Model Based on Perturbation Theory. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30174. [PMID: 27460882 PMCID: PMC4962052 DOI: 10.1038/srep30174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of ruminant growth yield has economic importance. The current work presents a study of the spatiotemporal dynamic expression of Ghrelin and GHR at mRNA levels throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of kid goats under housing and grazing systems. The experiments show that the feeding system and age affected the expression of either Ghrelin or GHR with different mechanisms. Furthermore, the experimental data are used to build new Machine Learning models based on the Perturbation Theory, which can predict the effects of perturbations of Ghrelin and GHR mRNA expression on the growth yield. The models consider eight longitudinal GIT segments (rumen, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and rectum), seven time points (0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 d) and two feeding systems (Supplemental and Grazing feeding) as perturbations from the expected values of the growth yield. The best regression model was obtained using Random Forest, with the coefficient of determination R2 of 0.781 for the test subset. The current results indicate that the non-linear regression model can accurately predict the growth yield and the key nodes during gastrointestinal development, which is helpful to optimize the feeding management strategies in ruminant production system.
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Seim I, Jeffery PL, Thomas PB, Walpole CM, Maugham M, Fung JNT, Yap PY, O’Keeffe AJ, Lai J, Whiteside EJ, Herington AC, Chopin LK. Multi-species sequence comparison reveals conservation of ghrelin gene-derived splice variants encoding a truncated ghrelin peptide. Endocrine 2016; 52:609-17. [PMID: 26792793 PMCID: PMC4879156 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone ghrelin is a potent orexigen produced predominantly in the stomach. It has a number of other biological actions, including roles in appetite stimulation, energy balance, the stimulation of growth hormone release and the regulation of cell proliferation. Recently, several ghrelin gene splice variants have been described. Here, we attempted to identify conserved alternative splicing of the ghrelin gene by cross-species sequence comparisons. We identified a novel human exon 2-deleted variant and provide preliminary evidence that this splice variant and in1-ghrelin encode a C-terminally truncated form of the ghrelin peptide, termed minighrelin. These variants are expressed in humans and mice, demonstrating conservation of alternative splicing spanning 90 million years. Minighrelin appears to have similar actions to full-length ghrelin, as treatment with exogenous minighrelin peptide stimulates appetite and feeding in mice. Forced expression of the exon 2-deleted preproghrelin variant mirrors the effect of the canonical preproghrelin, stimulating cell proliferation and migration in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. This is the first study to characterise an exon 2-deleted preproghrelin variant and to demonstrate sequence conservation of ghrelin gene-derived splice variants that encode a truncated ghrelin peptide. This adds further impetus for studies into the alternative splicing of the ghrelin gene and the function of novel ghrelin peptides in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- />Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Penny L. Jeffery
- />Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Patrick B. Thomas
- />Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Carina M. Walpole
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Michelle Maugham
- />Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Jenny N. T. Fung
- />Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Pei-Yi Yap
- />Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006 Australia
| | - Angela J. O’Keeffe
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - John Lai
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Eliza J. Whiteside
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Adrian C. Herington
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Lisa K. Chopin
- />Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Ghrelin Research Group, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (TRI-IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
- />Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
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