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Zhao L, Wang WZ, Jiang TT, Sun TZ, Liu B, Zhu B. Drug delivery system based on metal-organic framework improved 5-Fluorouracil against spring viremia of carp virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 226:105881. [PMID: 38604448 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), as a high pathogenicity pathogen, has seriously restricts the healthy and sustainable development of cyprinid farming industry. In this study, we selected 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) as the drug model based on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to construct a drug delivery system (5-Fu@ZIF-8), and the anti-SVCV activity was detected in vitro and in vivo. The results showed 5-Fu@ZIF-8 was uniform cubic particle with truncated angle and smooth surface, and the particle size was 90 nm. The anti-SVCV activity in vitro results showed that the highest inhibition rate of 5-Fu was 77.93% at 40 mg/L and the inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50) was 20.86 mg/L. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the highest inhibition rate was 91.36% at 16 mg/L, and the IC50 value was 5.85 mg/L. In addition, the cell viability was increased by 18.1% after 5-Fu treatment. Similarly, after 5-Fu@ZIF-8 treatment, the cell viability increased by 27.3%. Correspondingly, in vivo experimental results showed the viral loads reduced by 18.1% on the days 7 and the survival rate increased to 19.4% at 80 mg/L after 5-Fu treatment. For 5-Fu@ZIF-8, the viral loads reduced by 41.2% and the survival rate increased to 54.8%. Mechanistically, 5-Fu inhibits viral replication by regulating p53 expression and promoting early apoptosis in infected cells. All results indicated that 5-Fu@ZIF-8 improved the anti-SVCV activity; it may be a potential strategy to construct a drug-loaded system with ZIF-8 as a carrier for the prevention and treatment of aquatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wei-Ze Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Tian Jiang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tian-Zi Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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2
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Liu X, Zhu Y, Wang D, Feng R, Chen Z, Zheng Z, Li Y, Xu L, Zheng H, Fan Y, Yin Y, Xiao S. The natural compound Sanggenon C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the TRAF2/NF-κB signalling pathway. Vet Res 2023; 54:114. [PMID: 38037100 PMCID: PMC10691163 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious infectious disease and one of the major causes of death in the global pig industry. PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains have complex and diverse genetic characteristics and cross-protection between strains is low, which complicates vaccine selection; thus, the current vaccination strategy has been greatly compromised. Therefore, it is necessary to identify effective natural compounds for the clinical treatment of PRRS. A small molecule library composed of 720 natural compounds was screened in vitro, and we found that Sanggenon C (SC) was amongst the most effective natural compound inhibitors of PRRSV infection. Compared with ribavirin, SC more significantly inhibited PRRSV infection at both the gene and protein levels and reduced the viral titres and levels of protein expression and inflammatory cytokine secretion to more effectively protect cells from PRRSV infection and damage. Mechanistically, SC inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway by promoting TRAF2 expression, thereby reducing PRRSV replication. In conclusion, by screening natural compounds, we found that SC suppresses PRRSV infection by regulating the TRAF2/NF-κB signalling pathway. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the therapeutic targets and pathogenesis of PRRSV infection. More importantly, our results demonstrate that SC has potential as a candidate for the treatment of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ran Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Lele Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yupeng Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Akram T, Gul I, Parveez Zia M, Hassan A, Khatun A, Shah RA, Ahmad SM, Ganai NA, Chikan NA, Kim WI, Shabir N. Ribavirin inhibits the replication of infectious bursal disease virus predominantly through depletion of cellular guanosine pool. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1192583. [PMID: 37601760 PMCID: PMC10433155 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1192583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antiviral activity of different mutagens against single-stranded RNA viruses is well documented; however, their activity on the replication of double-stranded RNA viruses remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effect of different antivirals on the replication of a chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted Infectious Bursal Disease virus, FVSKG2. This study further explores the antiviral mechanism utilized by the most effective anti-IBDV agent. Methods The cytotoxicity and anti-FVSKG2 activity of different antiviral agents (ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, and amiloride) were evaluated. The virus was serially passaged in chicken embryo fibroblasts 11 times at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil or amiloride. Further, the possible mutagenic and non-mutagenic mechanisms utilized by the most effective anti-FVSKG2 agent were explored. Results and Discussion Ribavirin was the least cytotoxic on chicken embryo fibroblasts, followed by 5-fluorouracil, amiloride and 5-azacytidine. Ribavirin inhibited the replication of FVSKG2 in chicken embryo fibroblasts significantly at concentrations as low as 0.05 mM. The extinction of FVSKG2 was achieved during serial passage of the virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts at ≥0.05 mM ribavirin; however, the emergence of a mutagen-resistant virus was not observed until the eleventh passage. Further, no mutation was observed in 1,898 nucleotides of the FVSKG2 following its five passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 0.025 mM ribavirin. Ribavarin inhibited the FVSKG2 replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts primarily through IMPDH-mediated depletion of the Guanosine Triphosphate pool of cells. However, other mechanisms like ribavirin-mediated cytokine induction or possible inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through its interaction with the enzyme's active sites enhance the anti-IBDV effect. Ribavirin inhibits ds- RNA viruses, likely through IMPDH inhibition and not mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect may, however, be augmented by other non-mutagenic mechanisms, like induction of antiviral cytokines in chicken embryo fibroblasts or interaction of ribavirin with the active sites of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towseef Akram
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Irfan Gul
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mahrukh Parveez Zia
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Amreena Hassan
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Naveed Anjum Chikan
- Division of Computational Biology, Daskdan Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar, India
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Zheng S, Wang X, Hu H, Xia Y, Diao X, Qiu W, Xue C, Cao Y, Xu Z. Emodin from Aloe inhibits Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus in cell culture. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978453. [PMID: 36061121 PMCID: PMC9433657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea in neonatal piglets, leading to serious economic losses to the pig industries. At present, there are no effective control measures for SADS, making an urgent need to exploit effective antiviral therapies. Here, we confirmed that Aloe extract (Ae) can strongly inhibit SADS-CoV in Vero and IPI-FX cells in vitro. Furthermore, we detected that Emodin from Ae had anti-SADS-CoV activity in cells but did not impair SADS-CoV infectivity directly. The time-of-addition assay showed that Emodin inhibits SADS-CoV infection at the whole stages of the viral replication cycle. Notably, we found that Emodin can significantly reduce virus particles attaching to the cell surface and induce TLR3 (p < 0.001), IFN-λ3 (p < 0.01), and ISG15 (p < 0.01) expressions in IPI-FX cells, indicating that the anti-SADS-CoV activity of Emodin might be due to blocking viral attachment and the activation of TLR3-IFN-λ3-ISG15 signaling axis. These results suggest that Emodin has the potential value for the development of anti-SADS-CoV drugs.
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Xing J, Zheng Z, Cao X, Wang Z, Xu Z, Gao H, Liu J, Xu S, Lin J, Chen S, Wang H, Zhang G, Sun Y. Whole genome sequencing of clinical specimens reveals the genomic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses emerging in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2530-e2540. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐bao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Ze‐zhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Xin‐yu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Zhi‐yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Zhi‐ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Si‐jia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Jin‐sen Lin
- Guangzhou Sino‐science Gene Testing Service Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510700 China
| | - Sheng‐nan Chen
- Guangzhou Sino‐science Gene Testing Service Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510700 China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Gui‐hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
| | - Yan‐kuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Guangzhou 510642 China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
- Maoming Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture Maoming 525000 China
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Zhang H, Cao Z, Sun P, Khan A, Guo J, Sun Y, Yu X, Fan K, Yin W, Li E, Sun N, Li H. A novel strategy for optimal component formula of anti-PRRSV from natural compounds using tandem mass tag labeled proteomic analyses. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:179. [PMID: 35568854 PMCID: PMC9106989 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important porcine viral diseases which have been threatening the pig industry in China. At present, most commercial vaccines fail to provide complete protection because of highly genetic diversity of PRRSV strains. This study aimed to optimize a component formula from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)compounds with defined chemical characteristics and clear mechanism of action against PRRSV. METHODS A total of 13 natural compounds were screened for the anti-PRRSV activity using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Three compounds with strong anti-PRRSV activity were selected to identify their potential protein targets by proteomic analysis. The optimal compound formula was determined by orthogonal design based on the results of proteomics. MTT assay was used to determine the maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (MNTC) of each compound using PAMs. QPCR and western blot were used to investigate the PRRSV N gene and protein expression, respectively. The Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) technique of relative quantitative proteomics was used to detect the differential protein expression of PAMs treated with PRRSV, matrine (MT), glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and tea saponin (TS), respectively. The three concentrations of these compounds with anti-PRRSV activity were used for orthogonal design. Four formulas with high safety were screened by MTT assay and their anti-PRRSV effects were evaluated. RESULTS MT, GA and TS inhibited PRRSV replication in a dose-dependent manner. CCL8, IFIT3, IFIH1 and ISG15 were the top four proteins in expression level change in cells treated with MT, GA or TS. The relative expression of IFIT3, IFIH1, ISG15 and IFN-β mRNAs were consistent with the results of proteomics. The component formula (0.4 mg/mL MT + 0.25 mg/mL GA + 1.95 μg/mL TS) showed synergistic anti-PRRSV effect. CONCLUSIONS The component formula possessed anti-PRRSV activity in vitro, in which the optimal dosage on PAMs was 0.4 mg/mL MT + 0.25 mg/mL GA + 1.95 μg/mL TS. Compatibility of the formula was superposition of the same target with GA and TS, while different targets of MT. IFN-β may be one of the targets of the component formula possessed anti-PRRSV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Panpan Sun
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Ajab Khan
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, TX, 77843, College Station, USA
| | - Yaogui Sun
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Xiuju Yu
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - E Li
- Haowei Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Na Sun
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- Shanxi key lab. for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, 030801, Taigu, China.
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7
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Li Y, Ren C, Li C, Xiao Y, Zhou Y. A Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Stably Expressing a Gaussia Luciferase for Antiviral Drug Screening Assay and Luciferase-Based Neutralization Assay. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907281. [PMID: 35633700 PMCID: PMC9136234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse genetics system is a valuable tool in the virological study of RNA viruses. With the availability of reverse genetics, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been utilized as a viral vector for the expression of foreign genes of interest. Here, we constructed a full-length cDNA clone of a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) TA-12 strain. Using this cDNA clone, we generated a reporter virus expressing a gaussia luciferase (Gluc) via an additional subgenomic RNA between ORF7 and 3′UTR. This reporter virus exhibited similar growth kinetics to the wild-type (WT) virus and remained genetically stable for at least ten passages in MARC-145 cells. In cells infected with this reporter virus, the correlation between the expression levels of Gluc in culture media and the virus titers suggested that Gluc is a good indicator of the reporter virus infection. With this reporter virus, we further established the Gluc readout-based assays for antiviral drug screening and serum neutralizing antibody detection that exhibited comparable performance to the classical assays. Taken together, we established a reverse genetics system of HP-PRRSV and generated a novel reporter virus that could serve as a valuable tool for antiviral drug screening and serum neutralizing antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanhua Li,
| | - Cicheng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yanyang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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8
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The Antimalaria Drug Artesunate Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication via Activating AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways. J Virol 2021; 96:e0148721. [PMID: 34787456 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01487-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, vaccine strategies provide limited protection against PRRSV transmission, and no effective drug is commercially available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antiviral strategies to prevent PRRSV pandemics. This study showed that artesunate (AS), one of the antimalarial drugs, potently suppressed PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and ex vivo primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this suppression was closely associated with AS-activated AMPK (energy homeostasis) and Nrf2/HO-1 (inflammation) signaling pathways. AS treatment promoted p-AMPK, Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and thus inhibited PRRSV replication in Marc-145 and PAM cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects of AS were reversed when AMPK or HO-1 gene was silenced by siRNA. In addition, we demonstrated that AMPK works upstream of Nrf2/HO-1 as its activation by AS is AMPK-dependent. Adenosine phosphate analysis showed that AS activates AMPK via improving AMP/ADP:ATP ratio rather than direct interaction with AMPK. Altogether, our findings indicate that AS could be a promising novel therapeutics for controlling PRRSV and that its anti-PRRSV mechanism, which involves the functional link between energy homeostasis and inflammation suppression pathways, may provide opportunities for developing novel antiviral agents. Importance Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections have been continuously threatened the pork industry worldwide. Vaccination strategies provide very limited protection against PRRSV infection, and no effective drug is commercially available. We show that artesunate (AS), one of the antimalarial drugs, is a potent inhibitor against PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells and ex vivo primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that AS inhibits PRRSV replication via activation of AMPK-dependent Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, revealing a novel link between energy homeostasis (AMPK) and inflammation suppression (Nrf2/HO-1) during viral infection. Therefore, we believe that AS may be a promising novel therapeutics for controlling PRRSV, and its anti-PRRSV mechanism may provide a potential strategy to develop novel antiviral agents.
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9
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Jeong CG, Khatun A, Nazki S, Kim SC, Noh YH, Kang SC, Lee DU, Yang MS, Shabir N, Yoon IJ, Kim B, Kim WI. Evaluation of the Cross-Protective Efficacy of a Chimeric PRRSV Vaccine against Two Genetically Diverse PRRSV2 Field Strains in a Reproductive Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111258. [PMID: 34835189 PMCID: PMC8617800 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the routine use of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-modified live vaccines, serious concerns are currently being raised due to their quick reversion to virulence and limited cross-protection against divergent PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains circulating in the field. Therefore, a PRRS chimeric vaccine (JB1) was produced using a DNA-launched infectious clone by replacing open reading frames (ORFs) 3–6 with those from a mixture of two genetically different PRRSV2 strains (K07–2273 and K08–1054) and ORF1a with that from a mutation-resistant PRRSV strain (RVRp22) exhibiting an attenuated phenotype. To evaluate the safety and cross-protective efficacy of JB1 in a reproductive model, eight PRRS-negative pregnant sows were purchased and divided into four groups. Four sows in two of the groups were vaccinated with JB1, and the other 4 sows were untreated at gestational day 60. At gestational day 93, one vaccinated group and one nonvaccinated group each were challenged with either K07–2273 or K08–1054. All of the sows aborted or delivered until gestation day 115 (24 days post challenge), and the newborn piglets were observed up to the 28th day after birth, which was the end of the experiment. Overall, pregnant sows of the JB1-vaccinated groups showed no meaningful viremia after vaccination and significant reductions in viremia with K07–2273 and K08–1054, exhibiting significantly higher levels of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies than non-vaccinated sows. Moreover, the JB1-vaccinated groups did not exhibit any abortion due to vaccination and showed improved piglet viability and birth weight. The piglets from JB1-vaccinated sows displayed lower viral concentrations in serum and fewer lung lesions compared with those of the piglets from the nonvaccinated sows. Therefore, JB1 is a safe and effective vaccine candidate that confers simultaneous protection against two genetically different PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Yun-Hee Noh
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Sang-Chul Kang
- Animal Clinical Evaluation Center, Optipharm Inc., Cheongju-si 28158, Korea;
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratory, Daejeon 34055, Korea; (Y.-H.N.); (D.-U.L.); (I.-J.Y.)
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (C.-G.J.); (A.K.); (S.N.); (S.-C.K.); (M.-S.Y.); (N.S.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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10
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Replication of Equine arteritis virus is efficiently suppressed by purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10100. [PMID: 32572069 PMCID: PMC7308276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are responsible for a large variety of animal infections. Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus member of the family Arteriviridae from the order Nidovirales like the Coronaviridae. EAV causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in equids. Although two vaccines are available, the vaccination coverage of the equine population is largely insufficient to prevent new EAV outbreaks around the world. In this study, we present a high-throughput in vitro assay suitable for testing candidate antiviral molecules on equine dermal cells infected by EAV. Using this assay, we identified three molecules that impair EAV infection in equine cells: the broad-spectrum antiviral and nucleoside analog ribavirin, and two compounds previously described as inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the fourth enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. These molecules effectively suppressed cytopathic effects associated to EAV infection, and strongly inhibited viral replication and production of infectious particles. Since ribavirin is already approved in human and small animal, and that several DHODH inhibitors are in advanced clinical trials, our results open new perspectives for the management of EAV outbreaks.
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11
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Khatun A, Nazki S, Jeong CG, Gu S, Mattoo SUS, Lee SI, Yang MS, Lim B, Kim KS, Kim B, Lee KT, Park CK, Lee SM, Kim WI. Effect of polymorphisms in porcine guanylate-binding proteins on host resistance to PRRSV infection in experimentally challenged pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:14. [PMID: 32075688 PMCID: PMC7031929 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBP1 and GBP5) are known to be important for host resistance against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. In this study, the effects of polymorphisms in GBP1 (GBP1E2 and WUR) and GBP5 on host immune responses against PRRSV were investigated to elucidate the mechanisms governing increased resistance to this disease. Seventy-one pigs [pre-genotyped based on three SNP markers (GBP1E2, WUR, and GBP5)] were assigned to homozygous (n = 36) and heterozygous (n = 35) groups and challenged with the JA142 PRRSV strain. Another group of nineteen pigs was kept separately as a negative control group. Serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-challenge (dpc). Viremia and weight gain were measured in all pigs at each time point, and a flow cytometry analysis of PBMCs was performed to evaluate T cell activation. In addition, 15 pigs (5 pigs per homozygous, heterozygous and negative groups) were sacrificed at 3, 14 and 28 dpc, and the local T cell responses were evaluated in the lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALc), lymph nodes and tonsils. The heterozygous pigs showed lower viral loads in the serum and lungs and higher weight gains than the homozygous pigs based on the area under the curve calculation. Consistently, compared with the homozygous pigs, the heterozygous pigs exhibited significantly higher levels of IFN-α in the serum, proliferation of various T cells (γδT, Th1, and Th17) in PBMCs and tissues, and cytotoxic T cells in the lungs and BALc. These results indicate that the higher resistance in the pigs heterozygous for the GBP1E2, WUR and GBP5 markers could be mediated by increased antiviral cytokine (IFN-α) production and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Suna Gu
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Sameer Ul Salam Mattoo
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Myun-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Byeonghwi Lim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Suk Kim
- College of Agriculture, Life & Environment Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyoungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54596, South Korea.
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Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of (E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (DiNap), a Natural Product Analog, on the Replication of Type 2 PRRSV In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050887. [PMID: 30832429 PMCID: PMC6429065 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DiNap [(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-one], an analog of a natural product (the chalcone flavokawain), was synthesized and characterized in this study. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most challenging threat to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, commercially available vaccines are ineffective for controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs. Therefore, a pharmacological intervention may represent an alternative control measure for PRRSV infection. Hence, the present study evaluated the effects of DiNap on the replication of VR2332 (a prototype strain of type 2 PRRSV). Initially, in vitro antiviral assays against VR2332 were performed in MARC-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Following this, a pilot study was conducted in a pig model to demonstrate the effects of DiNap following VR2332 infection. DiNap inhibited VR2332 replication in both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and viral growth was completely suppressed at concentrations ≥0.06 mM, without significant cytotoxicity. Consistent with these findings, in the pig study, DiNap also reduced viral loads in the serum and lungs and enhanced the weight gain of pigs following VR2332 infection, as indicated by comparison of the DiNap-treated groups to the untreated control (NC) group. In addition, DiNap-treated pigs had fewer gross and microscopic lesions in their lungs than NC pigs. Notably, virus transmission was also delayed by approximately 1 week in uninfected contact pigs within the same group after treatment with DiNap. Taken together, these results suggest that DiNap has potential anti-PRRSV activity and could be useful as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment drug to control PRRSV infection in pigs.
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13
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Shabir N, Khatun A, Nazki S, Gu S, Lee SM, Hur TY, Yang MS, Kim B, Kim WI. In vitro immune responses of porcine alveolar macrophages reflect host immune responses against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:380. [PMID: 30509265 PMCID: PMC6278023 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, an in vitro immunogenicity screening system for the immunological assessment of potential porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine candidates is highly desired. Thus, in the present study, two genetically divergent PRRSVs were characterized in vitro and in vivo to identify an in vitro system and immunological markers that predict the host immune response. Porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from PRRSV-negative pigs were used for in vitro immunological evaluation, and the response of these cells to VR2332c or JA142c were compared with those elicited in pigs challenged with the same viruses. RESULTS Compared with VR2332c or mock infection, JA142c induced increased levels of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12) in PAMs, and these elevated levels were comparable to the cytokine induction observed in PRRSV-challenged pigs. Furthermore, significantly greater numbers of activated CD4+ T cells, type I helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and total IFN-γ+ cells were observed in JA142c-challenged pigs than in VR2332c- or mock-challenged pigs. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, the innate immune response patterns (particularly IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12) to specific PRRSV strains in PAMs might reflect those elicited by the same viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Shabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.,Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Suna Gu
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myoung Lee
- College of Environmental & Biosource Science, Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, 31000, South Korea
| | - Myoun-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Korea.
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14
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Platycodin D Suppresses Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus In Primary and Established Cell Lines. Viruses 2018; 10:v10110657. [PMID: 30469357 PMCID: PMC6266211 DOI: 10.3390/v10110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a continuous threat to the pork industry as it continues to cause significant economic loss worldwide. Currently, vaccination strategies provide very limited protection against PRRSV transmission. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral strategies. Platycodin D (PD) is one of the major bioactive triterpenoid saponins derived from Platycodon grandiflorum, a traditional Chinese medicine used as an expectorant for pulmonary diseases and a remedy for respiratory disorders. Here, we demonstrate that PD exhibits potent activity against PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages. PD exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activities in vitro against high pathogenic type 2 PRRSV GD-HD strain and GD-XH strain as well as classical CH-1a and VR2332 strains. PD at concentrations ranging 1–4 μM significantly inhibited PRRSV RNA synthesis, viral protein expression and progeny virus production in a dose-dependent manner. EC50 values of PD against four tested PRRSV strains infection in Marc-145 cells ranged from 0.74 to 1.76 μM. Mechanistically, PD inhibited PRRSV replication by directly interacting with virions therefore affecting multiple stages of the virus life cycle, including viral entry and progeny virus release. In addition, PD decreased PRRSV- and LPS-induced cytokine (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) production in PAMs. Altogether, our findings suggested that PD is a potent inhibitor of PPRSV infection in vitro. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to confirm PD as a potential novel and effective PPRSV inhibitor in swine.
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15
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Ge M, Xiao Y, Chen H, Luo F, Du G, Zeng F. Multiple antiviral approaches of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro. Antiviral Res 2018; 158:52-62. [PMID: 30048655 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains an economically important pathogen in the global pig industry, effective measures to control the virus are still lacking. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and bioactive catechin in green tea, has been reported to have antiviral effect against the diverse groups of viruses. In this study, the comprehensive anti-PRRSV activity of EGCG was investigated using various in vitro assays. EGCG effectively inhibited PRRSV infection and replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), regardless of whether it was administrated pre- or post-infection, and the cytotoxicity to PAMs was low. Next, anti-PRRSV approaches of EGCG were characterized in MARC-145 cells. EGCG was demonstrated to be able to significantly prevent PRRSV from infecting MARC-145 cells either through blocking of EGCG-treated viruses docking to susceptible cells involving a direct virus-EGCG interaction or by blocking of the infective virus binding to EGCG pre-treated cells via triggering down-regulation of viral receptors and/or related proteins required for infection. In addition, PRRSV replication was suppressed in MARC-145 cells treated with EGCG post-infection, likely because of down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. Taken together, these data showed that treatment of primary PAMs with EGCG can inhibit PRRSV infection and revealed that multiple antiviral approaches of EGCG operate in PRRSV-susceptible MARC-145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fatao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guangshi Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fanya Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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16
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Ding YZ, Lv JL, Zhang ZW, Ma XY, Zhang J, Zhang YG. The program of antiviral agents inhibits virus infection. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:841-846. [PMID: 29846759 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus infections are the root cause of epidemics in the world. Vaccines and antiviral agents have been the two important methods to control viral diseases; in recent times, RNA-mediated therapeutics and prevention have received much attention. In this review, we provide an overview of the current information regarding the use of vaccines, antiviral agents, and RNA-mediated methods in controlling or preventing viral infections. We stress specifically on the potential of existing RNA-mediated methods in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jan-Liang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong-Wang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Guang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Zhang M, Wu Q, Chen Y, Duan M, Tian G, Deng X, Sun Y, Zhou T, Zhang G, Chen W, Chen J. Inhibition of proanthocyanidin A2 on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193309. [PMID: 29489892 PMCID: PMC5831109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a widely prevalent and endemic swine pathogen that causes significant economic losses for the global pig industry annually. Currently, the most prevalent strategy for PRRSV control remains the prevention of virus transmission, with highly effective therapeutic agents and vaccines still lacking. Proanthocyanidin A2 (PA2) belongs to the family of tea polyphenols, which have been reported to exhibit a range of biological activities including anti-oxidative, cardio-protective, anti-tumoural, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro as well as in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that PA2 exhibits potent anti-viral activity against PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also found in porcine alveolar macrophages, the primary target cell type of PRRSV infection in pigs in vivo. For traditional type II PRRSV CH-1a strain and high pathogenic GD-XH strain and GD-HD strain, PA2 exhibited broad-spectrum and comparable inhibitory activities in vitro with EC50 ranging from 2.2 to 3.2 μg/ml. Treatment of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells with PA2 significantly inhibited viral RNA synthesis, viral protein expression and progeny virus production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, PA2 treatment reduced gene expressions of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-1β and IL-6) induced by PRRSV infection in PAMs. Mechanistically, PA2 inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting multiple pathways including blockade of viral entry and progeny virus release. Altogether, our findings suggest that PA2 has the potential to serve as a novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ge Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Lee DU, Je SH, Yoo SJ, Kwon T, Shin JY, Byun JJ, Park JH, Jeong KW, Ku JM, Lyoo YS. Hematological adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs following intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:561-568. [PMID: 28205288 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin (RBV) is a synthetic guanosine analog that is used as a drug against various viral diseases in humans. The in vitro antiviral effects of ribavirin against porcine viruses were demonstrated in several studies. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin following its intramuscular (IM) injection in pigs. Ribavirin was formulated as a double-oil emulsion (RBV-DOE) and gel (RBV-Gel), which were injected into the pigs as single-dose IM injections. After injection of RBV, all of the pigs were monitored. The collected serum and whole blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and complete blood count analysis, respectively. All of the ribavirin-treated pigs showed significant decreases in body weight compared to the control groups. Severe clinical signs including dyspnea, anorexia, weakness, and depression were present in ribavirin-treated pigs until 5 days postinjection (dpi). The ribavirin-treated groups showed significant decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration until 8 dpi. The mean half-life of the RBV-DOE and RBV-Gel was 27.949 ± 2.783 h and 37.374 ± 3.502 h, respectively. The mean peak serum concentration (Cmax ) and area under the serum concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUCinf ) of RBV-DOE were 8340.000 ± 2562.577 ng/mL and 16 0095.430 ± 61 253.400 h·ng/mL, respectively. The Cmax and AUCinf of RBV-Gel were 15 300.000 ± 3764.306 ng/mL and 207526.260 ± 63656.390 h·ng/mL, respectively. The results of this study provided the index of side effect and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in pigs, which should be considered before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-U Lee
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Je
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S J Yoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Kwon
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Y Shin
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J J Byun
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - K-W Jeong
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - J-M Ku
- Bio-Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Y S Lyoo
- Department of Immunopathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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The Attenuation Phenotype of a Ribavirin-Resistant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Is Maintained during Sequential Passages in Pigs. J Virol 2016; 90:4454-4468. [PMID: 26889041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02836-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a previous study, ribavirin-resistant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) mutants (RVRp13 and RVRp22) were selected, and their resistance against random mutation was shown in cultured cells. In the present study, these ribavirin-resistant mutants were evaluated in terms of their genetic and phenotypic stability during three pig-to-pig passages in comparison with modified live virus (MLV) (Ingelvac PRRS MLV). Pigs challenged with RVRp22 had significantly lower (P< 0.05) viral loads in sera and tissues than pigs challenged with MLV or RVRp13 at the first passage, and the attenuated replication of RVRp22 was maintained until the third passage. Viral loads in sera and tissues dramatically increased in pigs challenged with MLV or RVRp13 during the second passage. Consistently, all five sequences associated with the attenuation of virulent PRRSV in RVRp13 and MLV quickly reverted to wild-type sequences during the passages, but two attenuation sequences were maintained in RVRp22 even after the third passage. In addition, RVRp22 showed a significantly lower (P< 0.001) mutation frequency in nsp2, which is one of the most variable regions in the PRRSV genome, than MLV. Nine unique mutations were found in open reading frames (ORFs) 1a, 2, and 6 in the RVRp22 genome based on full-length sequence comparisons with RVRp13, VR2332 (the parental virus of RVRp13 and RVRp22), and MLV. Based on these results, it was concluded that RVRp22 showed attenuated replication in pigs; further, because of the high genetic stability of RVRp22, its attenuated phenotype was stable even after three sequential passages in pigs. IMPORTANCE PRRSV is a rapidly evolving RNA virus. MLV vaccines are widely used to control PRRS; however, there have been serious concerns regarding the use of MLV as a vaccine virus due to the rapid reversion to virulence during replication in pigs. As previously reported, ribavirin is an effective antiviral drug against many RNA viruses. Ribavirin-resistant mutants reemerged by escaping lethal mutagenesis when the treatment concentration was sublethal, and those mutants were genetically more stable than parental viruses. In a previous study, two ribavirin-resistant PRRSV mutants (RVRp13 and RVRp22) were selected, and their higher genetic stability was shown in vitro Consequently, in the present study, both of the ribavirin-resistant mutants were evaluated in terms of their genetic and phenotypic stability in vivo RVRp22 was found to exhibit higher genetic and phenotypic stability than MLV, and nine unique mutations were identified in the RVRp22 genome based on a full-length sequence comparison with the RVRp13, VR2332, and MLV genomes.
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